Thesaurus Research Articles

Penggunaan Aplikasi Kamus Sinonim Antonim Sebagai Media Pembelajaran di MTS. Al-Hijrah NU Medan

Community service is an activity aimed at assisting specific communities in various activities. This activity is a part of the Tri Dharma of Higher Education, an educational activity for the community in the form of formal and non-formal education for children or students. In community service, it is expected to increase students' interest through an Indonesian language learning approach at MTS. AL-HIJRAH NU Medan, the learning approach is conducted using the play-for-study method, where Indonesian language learning will utilize a learning media in the form of a synonym and antonym dictionary application. Through the approach of learning by playing in groups, skills in understanding antonyms and synonyms are developed, so that through this game, it is hoped that students will be able to understand the similarities/differences in vocabulary. This approach provides an opportunity for students to interact with each other and express various arguments in their minds. From this activity, it is hoped that the use of the synonym and antonym dictionary application as a facility that accommodates students' learning, practicing, and playing activities through word-guessing skills can be fulfilled and beneficial to the surrounding community.

Compilation and uses of the 'Yonsei Korean Synonyms Dictionary for Learners'

The purpose of this study is to introduce the compilation process and characteristics of the new Yonsei Korean Synonyms Dictionary (YKSD), and to suggest how the synonym dictionary could be used in teaching language. Despite the importance of synonym distinction for language learners and teachers, thus far, synonym dictionaries have generally presented lists of synonyms, in a manner similar to a thesaurus. We would like to introduce the YKSD as a new model for a Korean thesaurus, and discuss what information is presented and how the information is illustrated. We provide the lexical information and description of synonyms based on an analysis of corpus rather than the intuition of dictionary compilers. The macrostructure and microstructure of the YKSD are specially designed to assist in distinguishing synonyms. The contents of this dictionary can be used in various ways in the course of developing teaching materials for language learners. In this study, we will look at the uses of this dictionary.

Mechanisms of Concept Verbalization in the Ethnolinguistic Context.

This article investigates the verbalization mechanisms of the 'family' concept within the Kazakh, Russian, and English linguistic cultures. The research aims to examine the verbal representation mechanisms of the 'family' concept within the linguistic worldviews of the aforementioned cultures. The research material comprises dictionary definitions of the primary lexemes as presented in explanatory dictionaries and synonym dictionaries, proverbs and sayings, phraseological units, and data derived from an associative experiment. The employed analysis methods include component analysis, the descriptive method, the experimental method (psycholinguistic experiment), and the statistical method. This article furnishes a thorough analysis of the linguistic representation methods of the 'family' concept, illuminating its intricate and multidimensional nature. The authors endeavored to identify the concept's structure and describe linguistic units via the interpretation of semantic components. Based on the data procured from the psycholinguistic experiment, the components and layers of the 'family' concept, identified during the analysis, substantiate the theory that this concept plays a fundamental role in the shaping of society and individuals.

Analysis of coal mining accident risk factors based on text mining

Frequently occurring coal mine safety accidents have caused great casualties and economic losses. Coal mine intelligence is the core technical support for the high-quality development of the coal industry. The deep integration of coal mining safety production management and Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology is practically significant to achieve accident prevention. To efficiently identify mining accident risk factors and explore mechanism of coupling between risk factors, this study mined 400 reported cases of mining accidents in Shanxi Province and identified 64 accident risk factors through custom, stopword, synonym dictionary construction, keyword extraction and keyword correlation analysis. Then, this study constructed association rules and a Bayesian causal network. The major risk factors are identified using a comprehensive high-frequency, sensitivity, strength and key path analysis of the Bayesian causal network. The following seven risk factors are found to play a major role in the occurrence of mine accidents: inadequate safety supervision, disordered safety management, illegal organization of production, inadequate staff safety education and training, operation against rules, command against rules and weak safety consciousness among the staff. Finally, a case study is conducted to validate the reliability of the results. This study solves the problem of incomplete extraction of key feature information in coal mine reports and the lack of analyses of coupling mechanisms between coal mine risk factors in traditional accident analysis methods, providing the methodological support for the effective use of unstructured coal mine safety production data for risk analysis.

Leksikos vartosenos tyrimai ir leksikografinė praktika

The article presents research on the usage of Lithuanian lexis and lexicographical works on the Lithuanian language from the beginning of the 20th century to the present day. It reveals how scientific research has been related to academic activity and lexicographic work (data gathering, analysis, dictionary development), and vice versa. Talking about the early and mid-20th century, the focus lies on the well-grounded articles on appropriate language use by Kazimieras Būga and on the preparation of the “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language”, as well as on Jonas Jablonskis’ interest in the standard language, creation of new words, his work on the dictionary of Antanas Juška and his reviews of earlier dictionaries. Jablonskis’ own “Mūsų žodynėlis” [Our Dictionary] is also briefly discussed. Further on, the article talks about the work of Juozas Balčikonis and the beginnings of the academic “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language”. Particular mention is made of Pranas Skardžius’ and Antanas Salys’ research on word structure and usage. In addition, various articles in language journals as well as the structure and editorial principles of the journal “Kalbos patarėjas” are reviewed. The research in the Soviet era is mainly associated with the lexicographical activities of Jonas Kruopas and Kazys Ulvydas and the editorial work on both the (historical) “Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language” and the “Dictionary of the Present Lithuanian Language”. The research interest of this period lies primarily in the analysis of lexical structure and systemic relations, whereas publication activity focuses on editing special dictionaries (such as dictionaries of synonyms, antonyms, valency, phraseology, and comparisons), and the publication of textbooks and monographs in the field of lexicology. The article gives an overview of studies that analyse the development and change of various lexical items, describe different semantic groups, language variation, and its phrasal components. Furthermore, lexical databases and the information system e.kalba are given an overview. The main focus here lies on reviewing lexical research and lexicographical projects carried out in the 1990s and the early 21st century, and on revealing lexicographical problems.

SEMANTIC SYNONYMS IN THE EVEN LANGUAGE

Background. The topic of synonymy in the Even language has been insufficiently studied so far. The relevance of the study lies primarily in the fact that semantic synonyms have not yet received sufficient coverage in the Even language, while they play an important role in the development of the lexical system of the language.
 The purpose of the study is to identify the characteristics of the functioning of synonyms in the Even language, which is of value in typological comparative studies of both related and unrelated languages. The novelty is that for the first time in the Even language, semantic synonyms by shades of values are considered on the basis of analysis.
 Materials and methods. As a source of research, artistic and folklore works, the Even-Russian Dictionary by V.A. Robbek, M.E. Robbek. When studying semantic synonyms of the Even language, the methods of continuous sampling and linguistic analysis was used.
 Results. Based on the analysis of semantic synonyms in the Even language, it was revealed that they differ in shades of meaning and introduce an additional concept into the disclosure of the expressed reality, being stylistically neutral. Shades of meaning are expressed in the degree of manifestation of the feature, in the scope of the covered phenomena, actions, in abstractness and specificity, in additional meaning. Semantic synonymy is characteristic of parts of speech such as the noun, adjective, verb, adverb.
 Practical implications. The results of the study can be applied in teaching the Even language, compiling a dictionary of synonyms of the Even language.

Колкость как речевой поступок

The aim of the article is to look into the frame structure of the speech act KOLKOST’ (stinging remark) in the lexico-semantic system of the Russian language and Russian discourse. The combination of the frame theory and the theory of prototypes in the research helps to figure out the peculiarities of naming and the characteristics of the lexemes, taking into account the human aspect in the language. The research draws on the data from explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language, the dictionaries of synonyms, the dictionaries of concepts. The Russian National corpus is used as a source of the contemporary contexts. Taking into consideration the existing definitions of an act, the research suggests viewing a speech act as an act driven by a certain intention, always performed in the society, that leads to certain consequences and gets evaluation (positive or negative) from other people. The study shows that the conceptualization of the speech act “a stinging remark” is closely related to the linguo-cognitive frame model constituted by the following elements: an intention, action, subject, object, valuation, result. The article points out how the elements of this frame model are represented in the Russian language-system and discourse. Through the analysis of lexicographic and speech data, the paradigmatic and syntagmatic peculiarities of the words that represent the frame-model, the prototypical characteristics of the structural elements of the slots were figured out. These elements (slots) of the frame-model are interrelated and represent different aspects of the situation called KOLKOST’ (stinging remark) in Russian. The research shows that the frame-model of the speech act called KOLKOST’ (stinging remark) is a complex structure, a linguo-cognitive model which reflects the fragment of the world with all the relations between its elements.

The concept of "gardening": lexicographic representation of its notional component

In this article, special attention is paid to the analysis of the lexicographic representation of the concept of "gardening", which is the subject of research, while the object of research is to study the verbalization of the concept of "gardening". The concept of "gardening" is considered as one of a number of concepts that make up a more complex concept of "Englishness". The purpose of the article is to determine the core and periphery of the concept of "gardening", as well as a thorough analysis of its lexical representation in various lexicographic sources. In this study, the authors relied on explanatory dictionaries and a dictionary of synonyms of the English language, namely its British version. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that the representations of the linguistic and cultural components of the concept "gardening" were analyzed on the material of explanatory dictionaries and synonyms in order to clarify the lexico-semantic explication of its notional component. Having studied the obtained meanings of synonyms and the nuclear lexeme of the concept "gardening" on the basis of dictionaries, it can be concluded that the notional component of the concept can be represented in the following forms: plant study; preparation and use of soil for growing plants in the garden; landscape design of a garden or park; arrangement of gardens or parks; decorative gardening; planting plants; floriculture.

The study of Hebrew synonyms in the early Haskalah period

One of the most prominent trends among Jewish scholars during the Haskalah (Jewish Enlightenment) era was the aspiration to find and determine differences in the meanings and uses of Hebrew synonyms. This trend developed parallel to German scholars’ occupation with discriminating synonymy – differentiating German synonyms – which had reached its apogee at that time and was most likely the main source of inspiration for the Jewish trend. This inspiration is clearly reflected in R. Solomon Pappenheim’s lexicon of Hebrew synonyms, Yeri̔oth Shlomo, which shows several rather strong affinities with the main German dictionary of synonyms of its time, Johann Ernst Stosch’s lexicon. Pappenheim’s familiarity with German linguistics is probably reflected also in his original theory of Hebrew roots, which underlies the etymological-semantic discussions in Yeri̔oth Shlomo. The Jewish occupation with synonyms during the Haskalah era in general, and Pappenheim’s linguistic methodology in particular, are therefore manifestations of German cultural influence on contemporaneous Jewish scholars.

ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ ТА ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЯ ЕМОТИВНОЇ ЛЕКСЕМИ СТРАХ У СУЧАСНІЙ УКРАЇНСЬКІЙ МОВІ

У статті шляхом аналізу дефініцій лексеми страх в академічному Словнику української мови, Етимологічному, Словнику синонімів подано опис поняттєвих ознак цієї лексеми, визначено її граматичні особливості, досліджено функціонування та транспозицію емотивної лексеми страх у сучасній українській мові, розкрито її семантику як лінгвокультурного поняття, визначено особливості мовного вираження. Автор наголошує, що граматична трансформація аналізованого слова вплинула не тільки на втрату первинного значення, але й на його сполучуваність з іншими словами.

Dynamic Synoptic Scheme as a Tool for Searching Phraseological Synonyms

Most of today's dictionaries of synonyms cover the lexeme level, whereas the clichés, aphorisms, and phraseology are underrepresented in their entries. One of the best ways of ordering the phrase-level synonyms is by relating them to the keyword descriptors within an onomasiological dictionary macrostructure, which would provide easier access to the users. Onomasiological dictionaries scarcely appear in modern lexicography due to difficulties of their usage. In the computational format, they become much more manageable thanks to the possibilities of the formal search. Since these dictionaries base on classificatory synoptic schemes, their compilation requires deep analytical data processing and intellectual efforts. An extremely detailed hierarchy would be difficult to use, and, conversely, a simple one hardly covers the most relevant semantic features of the entries.

Synonymy from a Prototype Theory Perspective and its Symbiosis with Polysemy: Towards a New Dictionary of Synonyms

This paper presents an attempt at providing a model for comprehensive, precise and systematic presentation of a word's synonymy within a dictionary entry, especially in the case of highly polysemous words. It is founded on the complementarity of polysemy and synonymy and a prototype-based view of the latter lexical relation. The proposed model is presented through four steps of tailoring an entry in a new dictionary of synonyms: the analysis of a word's polysemous structure, the compilation of a word's synonym sets viewed as prototype-based categories, the definition of synonyms within a set and the structure and organisation of an individual synonym set and the whole entry. Comprehensiveness of synonymy presentation according to the model is reflected in the fact that an entry lists synonym sets corresponding to different senses of the given headword as well as in the tendency for each set to offer a wide range of synonyms. Systematicity and precision in synonymy presentation are achieved primarily due to the application of prototype-based principles to the structuring and organizing of synonym sets and the defining of synonyms. The model also opens up the possibility of a transparent diagram-based visual repre­sentation of a word's synonymy in an electronic dictionary offering a more convenient visual organisation of large amounts of information. Keywords: polysemy, synonymy, symbiosis, complementarity, prototype theory, model, dictionary entry, synonym set, sense defining, entry struc­ture

МОВНА ОСОБИСТІCТЬ ІВАНА СВІТЛИЧНОГО КРІЗЬ ПРИЗМУ ЕПІСТОЛЯРІЮ: ПСИХОЛІНГВІСТИЧНІ АСПЕКТИ

The aim of the study. By means of the epistolary, namely through selected pages of correspondence with friends and colleagues in Ukraine and the Diaspora, to describe the fi gure of I. Svitlychny – poet, translator, subtle connoisseur of the word. Research methods. The article describes the descriptive, functional-stylistic method used, a comparative analysis of Ivan Svitlychny’s epistolary text and the memoirs of his associates. The peculiarity of such methods is to perceive the in-tegrity of the text (textual semantics) and to explain the coherence of the material (the meaning of the text), the task of which is to reveal the intrathecal features of the epistolary of a famous dissident. The study of extralinguistic intentions of the represented text of Ivan Svetlichny is involved in the method of discourse analysis, which sheds light on the external factors that infl uence the cognitive component of the verbal picture of the individual style of the writer. Ivan Svitlychny’s epis-tolary creativity concentrates important social, moral, ethical ideals of modernity, reveals depth of thinking, sharpness of worldview, ability to skillfully reveal the inner world of man. The artistic perfection of individual speech, the aesthetic taste are manifested in the choice of lexical means of expression The Dictionary of I. Svitlychnyk’s language contains a considerable amount of expressive vocabulary, which is used as a stylistic attribute of individual style. One of the decisive fac-tors infl uencing the functioning of special forms in epistolary text is the individual author’s style, the general concept and the ideological and aesthetic orientation of the writer’s work. The study of I. Svetlichny’s letters makes it possible to consider the whole use of lexical means as a single stylistic complex, formed not only by objectively defi ned properties of words, but also by their subjective authorial in terpretation, which is an essential aspect in the context analysis. So, analyzing the process of personality formation of I. Svitlychny, we can distinguish the following factors that determined the linguistic and psychological features of the writer and scientist’s linguistic creation: comprehensive erudition, high education, studying at the Kharkiv University, postgraduate studies of the Institute of Literature of NAS of Ukraine; communication with peasants, workers, repressed; long-term edito-rial activity; natural linguistic sense and intuition, individual-language practice in four styles (artistic, scientifi c, journalistic, epistolary); editing and refi ning the Dictionary of Synonyms of the Ukrainian Language; participation in the socio-political dissident current of the Sixties

Landscape of DILI-related adverse drug reaction in China Mainland.

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a type of bizarre adverse drug reaction (ADR) damaging liver (L-ADR) which may lead to substantial hospitalizations and mortality. Due to the general low incidence, detection of L-ADR remains an unsolved public health challenge. Therefore, we used the dataof6.673 million of ADR reports from January 1st, 2012 to December 31st, 2016 in China National ADR Monitoring System to establish a new database of L-ADR reports for future investigation. Results showed that totally 114,357 ADR reports were retrieved by keywords searching of liver-related injuries from theoriginal heterogeneous system. By cleaning and standardizing the data fields by the dictionary ofsynonyms and English translation, we resulted 94,593 ADR records reported to liver injury andthencreated anew database ready for computer mining. The reporting status of L-ADR showed a persistent 1.62-fold change over the past five years. The national population-adjusted reporting numbers of L-ADR manifested an upward trend with age increasing and more evident in men. The annual reporting rate of L-ADR in age group over 80 years old strikingly exceeded the annual DILI incidence rate in general population, despite known underreporting situation in spontaneous ADR reporting system. The percentage of herbal and traditional medicines (H/TM) L-ADR reports in the whole number was 4.5%, while 80.60% of the H/TM reports were new findings. There was great geographical disparity of reported agents, i.e. more cardiovascular and antineoplastic agents were reported in higher socio-demographic index (SDI) regions and more antimicrobials, especially antitubercular agents, were reported in lower SDI regions. In conclusion, this study presented a large-scale, unbiased, unified, and computer-minable L-ADR database for further investigation. Age-, sex- and SDI-related risks of L-ADR incidence warrant to emphasize the precise pharmacovigilance policies within China or other regions in the world.

SiBERT: A Siamese-based BERT network for Chinese medical entities alignment.

Entity alignment aims at associating semantically similar entities in knowledge graphs from different sources. It is widely used in the integration and construction of professional medical knowledge. The existing deep learning methods lack term-level embedding representation, which limits the performance of entity alignment and causes a massive computational overhead. To address these problems, we propose a Siamese-based BERT (SiBERT) for Chinese medical entities alignment. SiBERT generates term-level embedding based on word embedding sequences to enhance the features of entities in similarity calculation. The process of entity alignment contains three steps. Specifically, the SiBERT is firstly pre-trained with synonym dictionary in the public domain, and transferred to the task of medical entity alignment. Secondly, four different categories of entities (disease, symptom, treatment, and examination) are labeled based on the standard terms selected from standard terms dataset. The entities and their standard terms form term pairs to train SiBERT. Finally, combined with the entity alignment algorithm, the most similar standard term is selected as the final result. To evaluate the effectiveness of our method, we conduct extensive experiments on real-world datasets. The experimental results illustrate that SiBERT network is superior to other compared algorithms both in alignment accuracy and computational efficiency.

Aligning and extending technologies of parallel corpora for the Kazakh language

The paper presents the two-stage alignment and extending methods of parallel corpora for the Kazakh language. The Kazakh language is agglutinative with rich morphology and related to the Turkic language group. So, the traditional alignment methods for similar languages do not work for the Kazakh language. The alignment is used primarily to ensure that the fragment corresponding to the original is found in the translation. After that, identical fragments of parallel texts are compared with each other. At the initial stage, the question is what needs to be leveled. It is possible to align word by word, but this often becomes almost impossible for several reasons: sets of lexemes and expressions do not match in different languages. Considering the linguistic peculiarities of languages, the developed technologies and ways of universal alignment of parallel text may not work in languages with agglutination. It means that the form of the word is formed by additional affixes and auxiliary words that carry semantic and morphological information. The approach presented in this paper is to use a two-stage alignment, which uses a bilingual dictionary of synonyms. The evaluation with the use of the English-Kazakh corpus verifies that our method shows an average of 89 % correct alignment. The second method is designed to expand the parallel corpus due to the lack of natural parallel corpora of the Kazakh-English language pair with good quality. The developed method uses a combinatorial method taking into account the semantic and grammatical features of the Kazakh language. Different tenses of the Kazakh language are used for sentence generation, and different endings for parts of speech are also considered.

THE REPRESENTATION OF THE SEMANTIC FIELD ‘AGGRESSION’

The paper is dedicated to the definition of the semantic content of the lexeme ‘aggression’ on the basis of the comparative study of its dictionary definitions, the associative field and the discourse in the network. The purpose of the research is to determine the semantic content of the lexeme ‘aggression’ on the basis of the comparative analysis of its dictionary definitions and associative field. The main tasks specified: 1) to form the lexical-semantic field of the lexeme ‘aggression’ on the basis of the dictionary definitions; 2) to develop the associative field of the lexeme-stimulus ‘aggression’ based on the based on the results of the associative experiment; 3) to expand the developed field structure according to the comparative analysis of the formed fields; 4) to clarify the structure of the lexical-semantic field ‘aggression’ using the material of the social media texts. The object of the research is the semantic content of the lexeme ‘aggression’, and the subject is the lexico-semantic and associative fields of the said lexeme. Lexicographic sources, the associative experiment and the Ukrainian-speaking segment of the social network Facebook as of 2021 serve as the main source base of the study. At the first stage, the lexicographic sources were analyzed, and it was discovered that the interpretation of aggression as an armed attack of one state towards another is primary. However, modern dictionaries extend the meaning of this lexeme to the area of human relationships and the environment. It was established that the physical component of the concept of aggression prevails in the dictionaries of synonyms, while the lexeme-stimulus ‘aggression’ isn’t present in the associative dictionaries. Taking this into account, the core and the periphery of the lexical-semantic field ‘aggression’ were defined. At the second stage, a linguistic associative experiment was carried out. The experiment involved 90 people, a total of 90 responses to the stimulus ‘aggression’ were obtained, 44 of which were unique. Based on those, the core and the periphery of the associative field ‘aggression’ were developed, taking into account the criteria of non-random association. At the third stage, the lexical-semantic and the associative fields were compared, and it was discovered that the dictionary definitions of the lexeme ‘aggression’ only partially correlate with the resulting associates. At the final stage, the discourse in the social networks was analyzed. Based on the comparative analysis of the vocabulary definitions, the associative experiment and the analysis of the social media texts, seven main lexical-semantic groups were identified, forming the lexical-semantic field of ‘aggression’: "Feelings", "Manifestation of feelings", "State of hostility", "Violent act", "Object of aggression", "Aggressor", "Colors". The proposed structure is subjective, therefore the improvement of the given lexical-semantic field is considered the next top priority.

BASIC MEANINGS OF THE CONCEPT “TENDERNESS” IN RUSSIAN AND SPANISH LANGUAGE PICTURES

The article is devoted to the description of the representation of the concept of “tenderness” in comparison and is the final part of the study of this concept, conducted on the basis of the Russian and Spanish language pictures of the world. In the course of the study, the connection between language and culture was identified, reflected in the linguistic picture of the world through the functioning of the concept of “tenderness” as its functional unit. The investigation showed that the studied context is important for the perception of differences between Spanish and Russian linguistic cultures. A comprehensive analysis consisting of three stages was carried out. At the first stage, were analyzed the data of etymological, historical and explanatory dictionaries, dictionaries of synonyms and antonyms, which made it possible to identify the semantic scope of the concept, that is, its nuclear zone. At the second stage, a contextual analysis of the use of words that make up the concept of “tenderness” in the texts of the Spanish and Russian language corpora was carried out. Based on the analysis of the functioning and compatibility of the unit “tenderness”/“ternura” in Russian and Spanish-language texts, the main characteristics and components of the values of the nuclear zone of the concept were identified, characterizing “tenderness” as a feeling and the nature of relations between people. In the course of studying the near-nuclear zone of the concept “tenderness”, its expression in the text space was analyzed, including semantic exits beyond the data recorded in dictionaries. At the third stage, the ethnospecific features of the concept were investigated, that is, its peripheral zone, revealing the representation of the concept in the perception of representatives of modern linguistic cultures, live conversational speech and consciousness of modern speakers of Russian and Spanish. Based on a linguoassociative experiment among representatives of the Russian and Spanish linguocultures, conducted in two stages (2011 and 2022), conclusions were drawn about the semantic content of the concept and the change of its components in dynamics. At the end of the research, it was concluded that, despite the preservation of the integrity of the semantic scope of the concept of “tenderness”, its internal content undergoes transformation and redistribution of the components of meaning, occurring in accordance with the priorities of social life and consonance with the needs of society.

LEXICAL MEANS OF NOMINATION OF THE EMOTIONAL CONCEPT “FEAR” IN THE KAZAKH AND ENGLISH LANGUAGES

This study presents the nominations of the emotional concept "fear" on the material of the Kazakh and English languages. The means of linguistic representation of the concept are analyzed on the basis of the definitions of the main lexemes in explanatory dictionaries, dictionaries of synonyms and examples from fiction. Comparative analysis of the concept identifies the national-cultural specifics and peculiarities of the perception of the concept. Lexical means of nomination in the Kazakh and English languages reflect physiological processes at the moment of experiencing the emotion, the reasons, intensity and subsequent emotional state of a person. The relevance of this research is determined by the modern general theoretical problems of linguistics, its interest in the problems of the interaction of language, thinking and culture, also by the focus on the study of fragments of the picture of the world through their linguistic representations. Fear is one of the basic emotional concepts that make up the core of the linguistic worldview. Basic emotions are universal, so are emotional concepts. However, emotional concepts are characterized by national and cultural specificity, which is reflected in the semantic differentiation associated with the assessment and comprehension of the people. Research prospects consist in further study of the structure and semantics of the concept “fear” (“қорқыныш/ fear”), in a more in-depth study of complex studies of the concept's verbalization in linguistic consciousness.

La verbalisation du concept «coeur» en français

Language is not just a communication tool. The expression of our thoughts is articulated on a cognitive system encompassing a set of mental processes. Language is characterized as an instrument of expression of thought and allows the transmission of information about the world. This research aims to analyze and understand the use of the concept heart in the French language as a cultural object through symbolic or metaphorical expressions, through paremias and other language expressions originating from a oral memory, literature or popular wisdom and also belonging to the socio-cultural heritage. The sociolinguistic study makes it possible to question the ways of thinking of French speakers, to understand their way of communicating and of seeing things, but also to understand the variety of language and its linguistic crossbreeding. In order to study the concept heart in a global way, we use several types of analysis: cognitive linguistic analysis and contrastive analysis, which allows us to determine the use of the word heart as a concept on several levels. The authors approach in a non-exhaustive way the epistemological meaning of the word heart to determine a close peripheral level and define its core meaning as a vital organ. Explanatory and encyclopedic dictionaries of the modern French language, dictionaries of aphorisms, aphoristic expressions and proverbs of the French language served as a source of linguistic material. Dictionaries of synonyms and antonyms were used as supplementary material. The results obtained during the analysis confirm that concepts cannot exist without context and without the culture to which they belong. Thus, the analysis also confirms the position of subjectivity in the perception of the concept, due to the absence of its limitations, due to the fact that speech does not reflect reality, but a conceptual picture in the human mind.