Thermoplastic Polyurethane Research Articles

Comprehensive and Robust Anti-Jamming Dual-Electrode Pair Sensor.

Capacitive flexible sensors often encounter instability caused by temperature fluctuations, electromagnetic interference, stray capacitance effects, and signal noise induced by ubiquitous vibrations. The challenge lies in achieving comprehensive anti-jamming abilities while preserving a simplistic structure and manufacturing process. To tackle this dilemma, a straightforward and effective design is utilized to achieve comprehensive and robust anti-jamming properties in capacitive sensors. Electrospinning thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) fiber mats soak with ionic liquid (IL) to create a co-continuous structure (TPU@IL) with high ionic conductivity and dielectric constant, which acts as the sensing units. The sensing mechanism of the TPU@IL with multiple electrode pairs encapsulated by polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is systematically elucidated. The optimal dual-electrode pair design for capacitive and resistive sensors, which have different sensitivities to temperature and stress, simultaneous realizes temperature-stress dual-mode sensing. Remarkably, the sensitivity curve of the TPU@IL/PET capacitive sensor exhibits an intriguing rarely reported S-shape with an adjustable step stress point. No liquid leakage even during extensive stress-strain cycling (>4000 cycles). Despite a slight compromise in sensitivity and response time, the TPU@IL/PET sensor demonstrates exceptional electromechanical stability, reliability, and powerful anti-jamming abilities against various interferences. A simple yet innovative sensor design enhances the performance and applicability of capacitive sensors in challenging environments.

Bead‐to‐Bead Analysis: Introducing an Innovative Methodology for Accelerated Quantitative Analysis of the Welding Behavior of Bead Foams

ABSTRACTPerformant lightweight components made of bead foams are essential for a sustainable transformation of industry in multiple areas. An in‐depth understanding of the welding process is key in reaching maximum mechanical properties. This study presents the novel methodology of Bead‐to‐Bead analysis, providing a superior way in directly and quantitatively evaluating the welding behavior of bead foams compared with current approaches. Individual beads of expanded polystyrene (EPS) and expanded thermoplastic polyurethane (ETPU) are welded in a rheometer at defined parameters. A subsequent tensile test in combination with the analysis of the welded surface allows the evaluation of shrinkage/softening of the beads during welding and their tensile strength. For EPS, softening of the amorphous material is observed at the beginning of glass transition (~95°C) in addition to an increased welding quality. Residual stresses in ETPU lead to initial shrinkage followed by softening above 140°C. Welding of ETPU starts at 100°C and reaches a maximum at 140°C. The subsequent thermal analysis of the welded beads show the importance of recrystallization processes during cooling due to the formation of new crystalline domains across the bead interfaces. In the absence of such domains, sufficient bonding between beads is not possible.

Quantitative Analysis of TPU Microstructure and Performance Optimization across Various Processing Conditions.

Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) is essential in resource exploration, healthcare, automotive, and high-end recreational sports. Despite extensive research on TPU's microstructures and their macroscopic properties, the impact of processing conditions like compression and injection molding remains underexplored. This study investigates the influence of processing conditions on TPU by preparing samples with varying hard segment contents using compression molding at 205 °C and injection molding at melt temperatures of 205, 210, 215, and 220 °C, followed by heat treatment at 120 °C for 12 h. Results indicate that injection-molded TPU at 205 °C exhibits lower hydrogen bonding, crystallinity, long period, interfacial thickness, and lamella thickness than compression-molded TPU, leading to higher Young's modulus but lower elongation at break. As melt temperatures increase, these microstructural parameters decrease, reducing Young's modulus and increasing elongation at break. Post heat treatment, microstructural parameters increase, aligning Young's modulus with that of compression-molded samples, while elongation at break surpasses them. This suggests that heat treatment enhances microphase separation by rearranging hard and soft segments. our research reveals a consistent pattern across TPUs with varying hard segment contents, indicating that adjusting processing parameters can effectively regulate microstructure and performance, offering valuable insights for developing high-performance polyurethanes.

A sequential treatment strategy by copper ion-doped nanofiber dressing for highly efficient biofilm combating and rapid wound healing

Copper ions are considered as a promising alternative to combat infected wound and accelerate wound healing. However, exhibiting good antibiofilm activity meanwhile minimizing cell toxicity remains a great challenge. To address this issue, we provide a sequential treatment strategy to combat biofilm infected wound with low copper ion (Cu2+) release (as low as 1.2 μg·mL−1). Polydopamine (PDA) adherent copper ion complex is constructed on thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) to develop the Cu2+@PTPU nanofibers. With the application of Cu2+@PTPU wound dressing, nitric oxide (NO) gas is released by catalyzing endogenous donor, thereby rapidly eliminating more than 90 % biofilm biomass. Subsequent moderate photothermal treatment (∼47℃) significantly enhanced bactericidal effect by deconstructing bacteria membrane. As a result, the biofilm infection was eradicated in only ∼ 6h, significantly more effective than existing methods (∼24 h). Additionally, Cu2+@PTPU dressing not only exhibits excellent cell compatibility, but also promotes wound healing. In vivo study demonstrates that it reduces the level of inflammatory responses by 104 % and increases angiogenesis capacity by 115 %, compared with untreated group, thereby narrowing the wound site area by 72 % at day 14 after treatment. Overall, the Cu2+@PTPU dressing and sequential treatment strategy provide quick, safe, yet efficacious biofilm combating outcomes and facilitates rapid wound healing.

Polypyrrole-Coated Thermoplastic Polyurethane Nanofiber-Based Flexible Sensor for Biomarker Detection

Polypyrrole-Coated Thermoplastic Polyurethane Nanofiber-Based Flexible Sensor for Biomarker Detection

Bio-Based Polyurethane Composites with Adjustable Fluorescence and Ultraviolet Shielding for Anti-Counterfeiting and Ultraviolet Protection.

Polyurethane and its composites play an important role in innovative packing materials including anticounterfeiting and ultraviolet protection, however, they are mainly derived from petroleum resources that are not sustainable. In this study, a 100% biobased thermoplastic polyurethane (Bio-TPU) was synthesized using biobased poly(trimethylene ether) glycol, pentamethylene disocyanate, and 1,4-butanediol. Subsequently, biobased tannic acid (TA) was employed to prepare biobased composites. The structures and properties of Bio-TPU and its composites were systematically evaluated. The results showed that the Bio-TPU/TA composite films had excellent and controllable fluorescence and UV-shielding properties. The fluorescence colors of the Bio-TPU/TA composite films could be adjusted to blue, green, and yellow by varying the TA content and adding coupling agents. Moreover, the UV transmittance of the Bio-TPU/TA composites decreased from 79.25 to 5.43% below 400 nm with an increasing TA content, indicating an excellent ultraviolet-barrier performance. Consequently, biobased TPU/TA composite films can be utilized as innovative anticounterfeiting materials and UV-shielding protection films. This study is expected to facilitate sustainable development in the polyurethane industry and broaden the high-end applications of polyurethane such as fashion, electronics, food manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, and finance.

Design, construction and mechanism of highly efficient flame retardant, UV shielding and transparent thermoplastic polyurethanes

Design, construction and mechanism of highly efficient flame retardant, UV shielding and transparent thermoplastic polyurethanes

In-Plane Cyclic Mechanical Properties of CF/PEEK/TPU Flexible Composite with Zero Poisson Ratio

This paper presents the in-plane deformation and cyclic mechanical properties of CF/PEEK (Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polyetheretherketone)-reinforced TPU (thermoplastic polyurethanes) flexible composites with a zero Poisson ratio. A novel CF/PEEK honeycomb reinforcement with a zero Poisson ratio was fabricated by using 3D-printing technology. Then, TPU was bonded in the two sides of the CF/PEEK honeycomb reinforcement. The in-plane deformation ability and cyclic mechanical properties were evaluated. The results show that the zero Poisson ratio flexible composite can achieve a large in-plane plastic deformation of more than 50% and can better maintain the zero Poisson ratio superstructure. By collecting and comparing the mechanical characteristic values of the CF/PEEK flexible composite under a cyclic load, the CF/PEEK flexible composite MH22-t0.6-CT has the best structural stability. The length of the structure was increased by about 12.53%. By studying the deformation mechanism and failure mechanisms of the flexible composites, the in-plane recyclability of the flexible composites was evaluated, which provides the basic research basis for large-scale in-plane deformation composites.

Radiopaque Polyurethanes Containing Barium Sulfate: A Survey on Thermal, Rheological, Physical, and Structural Properties

Radiopaque polyurethanes are extensively used in biomedical fields owing to their favorable balance of properties. This research aims to investigate the influence of particle concentration on various properties, including rheological, radiopacity, structural, thermal, and mechanical attributes, with a thorough analysis. The findings are benchmarked against a commercial product (PL 8500 A) that contains 10% weight barium sulfate. Two more thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU) were formulated with two different concentrations of barium sulfate (10 wt.% and 20 wt.%) and compared to the commercially available product. FTIR demonstrated similar absorption bands among all samples, indicating that the fabrication method did not impact the TPU matrix. DSC indicated a predominantly amorphous structure for PL 8500 A compared to the other samples, while the kinetic degradation was more influenced by the higher barium sulfate content. The rheological analysis showed a decrease in the complex viscosity and storage modulus with the radiopacifier and an increase in the radiopacity, as demonstrated by the X-radiography. X-ray microtomography showed a more spherical particle format with a heterogeneous particle structure for PL 8500 A compared to the other polyurethanes. These findings enhance the comprehension of the structure–property relationships inherent in these materials and facilitate the development of customized materials for targeted applications.

Staggered distribution structure Cu-Mn catalysts for mitigating smoke and gas toxicity in combustion: Unravelling mechanistic insight through operando studies

The integration of flame retardancy and environmental friendliness can be achieved by designing cost-effective, stable, and efficient catalysts to reduce smoke and toxicity during the combustion of polymeric materials. This work reports the development of non-precious metal catalysts for thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU), which exhibit a significant reduction in smoke and gases toxicity while providing flame retardancy. The use of MgB2 as a support enables the in-situ growth of highly efficient Cu-Mn based catalysts, resulting in a remarkable 51.5 % decrease in total smoke release and a 49.1 % reduction in peak rate of CO generation of TPU according to cone calorimeter test results. Furthermore, Cu-Mn/MgB2 demonstrates an impressive 83.1 % reduction in total CO production rate during the steady-state tube furnace test. Additionally, density functional theory is employed to analyze the binding energy between catalysts and TPU as well as the adsorption energy of gases. This elucidates the rational reaction mechanism behind the catalyst and smoke inhibiting process. By combining transition metal oxide catalyzed CO oxidation reaction with polymeric material combustion, this study presents a promising approach for efficient smoke suppression with potential applications.

Multilayer Bionic Tunable Strain Sensor with Mutually Non‐Interfering Conductive Networks for Machine Learning‐Assisted Gesture Recognition

AbstractFlexible strain sensors capable of acquiring tiny mechanical signals and attaching to various irregular surfaces are becoming prevalent in physiological measurement, soft robotics, and human‐machine interaction. However, the advancement of flexible strain sensors is substantially impeded by the intrinsic compromise between sensitivity and the range of detectable signals. Inspired by the multilayer structure of nacre in nature, a carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/graphene (GR)/graphene (GR)/thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) mat (CGGTM) is prepared by electrospinning and high‐pressure spraying technology. By designing a multilayer structure with mutually non‐interfering conductive networks, the resulting CGGTM possesses a low detection limit (0.05% strain), high sensitivity (gauge factor, GF > 152537), large detection range (up to 364% strain), fast response/recovery time (80 ms/100 ms), and excellent cyclic durability (up to 1000 cycles). Furthermore, the CGGTM also exhibits satisfactory triboelectric performances when assembled into a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG, 3 × 3 cm2), including high triboelectric output (open‐circuit voltage Voc = 135.4 V, short‐circuit current Isc = 1.25 µA) and power density (88 mW m−2), enabling reliable power supply, self‐powered sensing, and pulse monitoring capability. Finally, CGGTM is successfully applied to the collection of biological signals and multi‐gesture motion recognition assisted by machine learning algorithms, which holds promise for intelligent interaction with gestures in the future.

Investigating the influence of bending stiffness and processing parameters on single-leg bending geometries of additively manufactured composites

In less than a decade, additive manufacturing technologies have been developed so successfully that they already produce small and medium-sized lot sizes of prototypes or customised components in the industry. With its new possibilities such as combining materials and technologies, the benefits of different technologies can be merged and broaden future application fields. One way is to print with one technology on a part produced by another. Thus, a thermally bonded part composed of, e.g., selectively sintered and material-extruded components can be created. This combination of technologies was considered in this study to investigate the bonding strength of extrusion-based layers on selectively sintered surfaces and the impact of nozzle temperature, orientation, and thickness of imprinted materials. The extrusion-based layers covered stiff (fibre-reinforced polyamide) and soft (thermoplastic polyurethane) material properties with pre-cracked single-leg bending (SLB) specimens to study their effect on delamination tendencies. This combination of materials and additive manufacturing technologies has not yet been studied for the SLB testing method. The scope of this study is to obtain more information on how relatively hard-hard and hard-soft combinations behave for this special testing method. The results of this testing method were evaluated using two different fracture mechanical approaches to determine the energy release rate. A clear trend towards an improved bonding, thus, higher values, was found for higher nozzle temperatures. Furthermore, a limitation regarding the required bending stiffness of the composites was found. Overall, the single-leg bending testing method enables a relative ranking for material combinations with a certain bending stiffness.

Studying and analysis of deformation and stresses in horizontal-axis wind turbine using fluid-structure interaction method

Fluid-structure interaction (FSI) studies have become an important tool in the development of wind turbine blades as well as for analyzing and optimizing Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT). The most essential elements for estimating the turbine blade strength to withstand extreme wind loads and aerodynamic performance are the blade deformation and the associated stresses. This study aims to compare the strength and analyze the deformation behavior of two models of HAWT blades. A three-dimensional model was created and loaded into a Finite Element (FE) model for analysis. The Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) investigation was coupled with the structural model using one-way FSI. In this article, the effect of the aerodynamics on the blade surface of a small HAWT has been studied numerically and experimentally. The airfoil used for the blade profile is S826 airfoil. To provide an appropriate displacement for static measurements, the blade in the experimental investigation is made of thermoplastic polyurethane material (TPU). It is noted that the current experimental findings verify the simulation results, and a comparison between the simulations and the experimental findings reveals a reasonable agreement. The numerical simulations are also implemented on a HAWT epoxy E-glass unidirectional (EEGUD) material. It can be concluded from this study that the blade deformation and stress on the blades are related to the wind speed. The deformation along the span length exhibits nonlinear variation that gradually increases from the blade root and reaches its maximum at the blade tip position. The tip deflection and equivalent stress were found to increase with an increase in wind speed. The dynamic analysis at different tip speed ratios shows the highest deformation at λ = 4, for wind speed of 20 m/s.

Phase-Changeable Metafabric Enables Dynamic Subambient Humidity and Thermal Regulation.

A promising approach to prevent heat- and cold-related illnesses is the integration of zero-energy input control technology into personal thermal management (PTM) systems while reducing energy consumption. However, achieving optimal wearing comfort while maintaining subambient metabolic temperatures using thermally regulating materials without an energy supply remains challenging. In this study, we provide a simple and reliable methodology to produce a phase-changeable metafabric made of thermoplastic polyurethane and phase change capsule (PCC) particles with high moisture permeability and thermal comfort. This approach skillfully incorporates spray-formed PCC particles into a three-dimensional nanofibrous aggregate, forming a stable self-entangled network structure in a single step through simultaneous humidity-assisted electrospraying and electrospinning processes. Additionally, the metafabric demonstrates prominent water resistance and superhydrophobicity, which are attributed to the integration of PCC particles and nanofibers, resulting in the formation of a microporous/nanoporous structure resembling the surface of a lotus leaf. As a result, the phase-changeable metafabric shows an active and passive thermal control performance, with a water vapor transmittance rate of 13.1 kg m-2 d-1 and a phase change enthalpy of 115.05 J g-1 even after 100 thermal cycles. Furthermore, it displays excellent waterproofing capability, characterized by a water contact angle of 158.7° and the ability to withstand a high hydrostatic pressure of 87 kPa. In addition, the metafabric exhibits a good mechanical performance, boasting a tensile strength of 10.5 MPa. Overall, the proposed economical metafabric is an exemplary candidate material for next-generation PTM systems.

Study on the Effect of Jute CNFs Addition on the Water Absorption and Mechanical Properties of Geopolymer Concrete

This study investigates the influence of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) reinforced with jute cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) on the water absorption and mechanical properties of geopolymer concrete. The integration of TPU/jute CNF nanocomposites into geopolymer concrete is explored as a strategy to enhance both its durability and mechanical performance. Geopolymer concrete, a sustainable alternative to traditional Portland cement concrete, is known for its low carbon footprint, but it suffers from high brittleness and water absorption. The water absorption behavior of the modified concrete was assessed, revealing a significant reduction in water uptake due to the hydrophobic nature of TPU and the reinforcing effect of jute CNFs. Additionally, the mechanical properties, including compressive and flexural strengths, were evaluated to understand the impact of the nanocomposites on the structural integrity of the concrete. The addition of TPU/jute CNFs notably enhanced the splitting tensile strength (63.5%), compressive strength (59%), and water absorption (0.59%) of the composite, indicating a promising route for developing high-performance construction materials. The integration of 6 wt% of TPU/jute CNF nanocomposites was found to be optimal, resulting in a uniform matrix, reduced micro-cracks, and improved compressive strength due to enhanced adhesion between the nanocomposites and the geopolymer matrix. Furthermore, a curing temperature of 100 °C was identified as ideal, minimizing unreacted fly ash and enhancing adhesion strength, while higher temperatures (140 °C) led to material deterioration due to rapid water loss. The findings demonstrate that the addition of TPU/jute CNF nanocomposites not only improves resistance to water penetration but also enhances overall mechanical performance. This supports the development of more sustainable and resilient construction materials, contributing to global efforts to reduce the environmental impact of the construction industry. Future research should focus on the long-term durability of these composites under various environmental conditions to validate their effectiveness in real-world applications.

Effect of the filler content on some physical and mechanical properties of virgin- and recycled thermoplastic polyurethane composites

Effects of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) types (Recycled (R) and Virgin (V)) composites with 15 wt% and 30 wt% oakwood flour addition were studied. Selected physical, mechanical, morphological, and thermal properties of resulting polymer composites were analyzed. Test samples were manufactured using injection molding, except that abrasion resistance specimens were manufactured using a compression molding process. The findings indicated that the types of TPU and filler contents played a significant role in the density and mechanical properties of the TPU test samples. The increased oak wood flour contents in both TPU types showed improvement in density, tensile modulus, hardness, flexural strength flexural modulus, dynamic impact strength, and yield strength of the composite while decreasing the elongation at break values. In addition, both TPU types and filler contents significantly affected the densities of V-TPU and R-TPU. The TPUs type, filler content, and cycle-rpm affected Taber’s abrasion resistance values. Weight loss, which increased with the number of cycles for the control samples, decreased with increasing wood flour content. This study aimed to provide an overview of the effect of the wood flour content in the manufacturing of thermoplastic-reinforced composites and to provide a basis for further research and development efforts.

One-shot manufacturable soft-robotic pump inspired by embryonic tubular heart.

Soft peristaltic pumps, which use soft ring actuators instead of mechanical pistons or rollers, offer advantages in transporting liquids with non-uniform solids, such as slurry, food, and sewage. Recent advances in 3D printing with flexible thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) present the potential for single-step fabrication of these pumps, distinguished from handcrafted, multistep traditional silicone casting methods. However, because of the relatively high hardness of TPU, TPU-based soft peristaltic pumps contract insufficiently and thus cannot perform as well as silicone-based ones. Improving the performance is crucial for fully automated, one-step manufactured soft pumps to lead to industrial use. This study aims to enhance TPU-based soft pumps through bioinspired design. Specifically, it proposed a design inspired by embryonic tubular hearts, in contrast to previous studies that mimicked digestive tracts. The new design facilitated long-axis stretching of an elliptical lumen during non-concentric contractile motion, akin to embryonic tubular hearts. The design was optimized for ring actuators and pumps 3D-printed with shore hardness 85 A TPU filament. The ring actuator achieved over 99% lumen closure with the best designs. The soft pumps transported water at flow rates of up to 218 ml min-1and generated a maximum discharge pressure of 355 mm Hg, comparable to the performance of blood pumps used in continuous renal replacement therapy.

Evaluating the efficacy of a cost-effective, fully three-dimensional-printed vertebra model for endoscopic spine surgery training for neurosurgical residents.

A fused deposition modeling three-dimensional (3D)-printed model of the L4-5 vertebra for lumbar discectomy was designed. The model included separately printed dura mater, spinal cord, ligamentum flavum, intervertebral disc (from thermoplastic polyurethane), and bony structures (from polylactic acid), and the material cost approximately US$ 1 per model. A simple plumbing endoscope was used for visualization. Dura mater injury was assessed by painting two layers on the dura mater, which peeled off with trauma. Endoscopic spine surgery is a subject of high interest in neurosurgery given its minimally invasive nature; however, it has a steep learning curve. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a cost-efficient 3D-printed model when teaching this technique to neurosurgery residents. Only a few studies have investigated the efficacy of such a model. Eight residents with >2 years of training participated. Residents performed the procedure bilaterally and twice at 1-week intervals. From the 32 surgeries, four were excluded because of facet removal (as it widened the surgical corridor), leaving 28 surgeries for analysis. Initial surgeries demonstrated a mean operation time of 21 minutes 18 seconds (standard deviation [SD], 2 minutes 32 seconds), which improved to a mean of 6 minutes 45 seconds (SD, 37 seconds) in the fourth surgery (F(3, 17)=19.18, p <0.0001), demonstrating a significant reduction in surgical time over successive surgeries. The median area with the paint removed decreased, from 161.80 (85.55-217.83) to 95.13 mm2 (12.62-160.54), (F(2.072, Inf)=2.04, p =0.128); however, this was not significant. Resident feedback indicated high satisfaction with the educational value of the model. The developed fully 3D-printed model provides a viable and scalable option for neurosurgical training programs, enhancing the learning experience while maintaining low costs. This model may be an excellent stepping stone for learning lumbar spine endoscopy, acclimating to the two-dimensional view, progressing to cadaver models, and, eventually, independent surgery.

Effect of MoS2 particle size on tribological and vibration reduction properties of thermoplastic polyurethane

The incorporation of lubricating filler can improve the self-lubricating properties of polymers and mitigate friction-induced vibration under harsh conditions. However, filler performances significantly vary depending on its size. In this study, molybdenum bisulfide (MoS2) particles of various sizes were utilized as lubricating additives to reinforce thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). The results showed that an appropriate decrease in the particle size of MoS2 facilitated more efficient stress transfer from the polymer to the particle due to strengthened interfacial interaction, resulting in improved mechanical properties of the reinforced TPU composites. Additionally, the adsorption property of the MoS2 particle improved, extending the duration of the MoS2 tribo-film. These beneficial phenomena endow TPU composites with excellent tribological and frictional vibration reduction properties, with the 500 nm MoS2 presenting the best reinforcing effect. However, further reduction in particle size caused particle agglomeration, which adversely affected the mechanical and self-lubricating properties of the composite and eventually reduced the frictional vibration reduction properties. The findings obtained herein provide a valuable reference for developing a novel polymer with excellent friction and vibration reduction properties.

Multifunctional 3D-Printed Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU)/Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT) Nanocomposites for Thermal Management Applications

In this work, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were melt-compounded into a novel thermal energy storage system consisting of a microencapsulated paraffin, with a melting temperature of 6 °C (M6D), dispersed within a flexible thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) matrix. The resulting materials were then processed via Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), and their thermo-mechanical properties were comprehensively evaluated. After an optimization of the processing parameters, good adhesion between the polymeric layers was obtained. Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) images of the 3D-printed samples highlighted a uniform distribution of the microcapsules within the polymer matrix, without an evident MWCNT agglomeration. The thermal energy storage/release capability provided by the paraffin microcapsules, evaluated through Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), was slightly lowered by the FFF process but remained at an acceptable level (i.e., &gt;80% with respect to the neat M6D capsules). The novelty of this work lies in the successful integration of MWCNTs and PCMs into a TPU matrix, followed by 3D printing via FFF technology. This approach combines the high thermal conductivity of MWCNTs with the thermal energy storage capabilities of PCMs, creating a multifunctional nanocomposite material with unique thermal management properties.