Thermoluminescence Dose Response Research Articles

Thermoluminescence study of Mn doped lithium tetraborate powder and pellet samples synthesized by solution combustion synthesis

In this paper, the thermoluminescence (TL) dosimetric characteristics under beta-ray, x-ray and gamma-ray excitations of powder and pellet Mn-doped lithium tetraborates (LTB) which were produced by solution combustion synthesis technique were investigated, and the results were compared with that of TLD-100 chips. The chemical composition and morphologies of the obtained LTB and Mn-doped LTB (LTB:Mn) were confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with EDX. LTB:Mn was studied using luminescence spectroscopy. In addition, the effects of sintering and annealing temperatures and times on the thermoluminescence (TL) properties of LTB:Mn were investigated. The glow curves of powder samples as well as pellet samples exposed to different beta doses exhibited a low temperature peak at about 100°C followed by an intense principal high temperature peak at about 260°C. The kinetic parameters (E, b, s) associated with the prominent glow peaks were estimated using Tm–Tstop, initial rise (IR) and computerized glow curve deconvolution (CGCD) methods. The TL response of integral TL output increased linearly with increasing the dose in the range of 0.1–10Gy and was followed by a superlinearity up to 100Gy both for powder and pellet samples using beta-rays. Powder and pellet LTB:Mn were irradiated to a known dose by a linear accelerator with 6 and 18MV photon beams, 6–15MeV electron beams and a traceable 137Cs beam to investigate energy response. Further, TL sensitivity, fading properties and recycling effects related with beta exposure of LTB:Mn phosphor were evaluated and its relative energy response was also compared with that of TLD-100 chips. The comparison of the results showed that the obtained phosphors have good TL dose response with adequate sensitivity and linearity for the measurement of medical doses.

CaSO4:Dy microphosphor for thermal neutron dosimetry

Dysprosium-doped calcium sulphate (CaSO4:Dy) microphosphor was synthesized by acid re-crystallization method and its thermoluminescence (TL) properties irradiated with thermal neutrons was studied. Structural and morphological characteristics have been studied using X-ray diffraction and SEM which mainly exhibits a orthorhombic structure with particle size of 200 to 250µm. Moreover, thermal neutron dosimetric characteristics of the microphosphor such as thermoluminescence glow curve, TL dose–response have been studied. This microphosphor powder represents a TL glow peak (Tmax) centered at around 240°C. The TL response of CaSO4:Dy microphosphor as a function of thermal neutron fluence is observed to be very linear upto the fluence of 52×1011n/cm2 and further saturates. In addition, TL glow curves were deconvoluted by computerized glow curve deconvolution (CGCD) method and corresponding trapping parameters have been determined. It has been found that for every deconvoluted peak there is change in the order of kinetics. Overall, the experimental results show that the CaSO4:Dy microphosphor can have potential to be an effective thermal neutron dosimetry.

Gamma irradiated thermoluminescence response of Ge-doped SiO2 fibre

Over the past decade and more, considerable interest has been shown in the thermoluminescence (TL) properties of silica-based single-mode optical fibres, in particular investigating potential ionising radiation dosimetry applications. Herein, study has been made of TL glow curve, dose response, reproducibility and fading of 6mol% Ge-doped silica, fabricated in-house and produced in the form of cylindrical fibres. Three different pairings of doped-core and silica cladding diameters were produced: (40, 241)µm, (80, 483)µm and (100, 604)µm. The TL results were compared against that of TLD-100, one of the most sensitive commercially available LiF-based TL media. For all three pairings of diameters, closely similar TL glow curve were obtained, formed of a single peaked structure with a maximum TL yield located between the temperatures 250 and 310°C. The TL yield of the fibres were linear over the range of doses investigated, from 1Gy up to 10Gy, their dose response exceeding that of TLD-100, the samples also being found to be reusable, without evidence of degradation.

The Thermoluminescence Performance of Ge- Doped Optical Fibres To 6 Mv Photon Irradiations

The study focus on thermoluminescence (TL) response of five different diameters ~120, 241, 362, 483 and 604 μm of 8 mol% Ge-doped optical fibres. The irradiation was performed using Linear Accelerator (LINAC) Model Primus MLC Siemens provided by the Hospital Sultan Ismail, Johor Bahru at 6 MV photon irradiation with delivered doses ranging from 0.5 – 4.0 Gy. The results show the linear dose response against TL signals up to 4 Gy. The diameter of 483 μm optical fibre shows the highest in TL dose response and sensitivity compared to other fibres. The sensitivity of 483 µm optical fibre are almost 1.6 times more than 604 µm. The linear dose response at low dose makes this optical fibre suitable to be used in radiation dosimetry application.

Optical fiber based dosimeter sensor: Beyond TLD-100 limits

This work investigates the suitability of single mode optical fibers (SMFs) as ionizing radiation dosimeter sensors. Thermoluminescence (TL) response studies have been carried out to investigate the performance of two commercial optical fibers, SMF-1 and SMF-2, with different Ge-doping concentrations of 4.9 and 4.3wt%, respectively, exposed to 0.5 to 8Gy doses under 6, 9, and 20MeV electron radiations. The performance parameters include dose response linearity and sensitivity, energy dependency, glow curve analysis, minimum detectable dose, repeatability, fading effects and optical absorption. The TL dose response of SMF-1, the fiber with the greater Ge concentration of the two, was found to be in excess of 6.3 and 3.2 times that of SMF-2 and TLD-100, respectively. SMF-1 demonstrated capability for detecting a minimum dose of as low as 6mGy, being some 3.2 times superior to that of TLD-100. The results underline the potential of these optical fibers as next-generation alternative dosimeter sensors for detection of ionizing radiation.

Assessment of Ge-doped optical fibres subjected to x-ray irradiation

We have reported the thermoluminescence (TL) response of five different diameters ~120, 241, 362, 483, and 604 μm of 6 mol percent Ge-doped optical fibres. The perfomance of the Ge-doped optical fibre are compared with commercially available TLD-100 chips (LiF:Mg,Ti) in terms of their sensitivity and minimum detectable dose (MDD). The irradiation was performed using X-ray machine (Model ISO 'Narrow Spectrum Series') provided by the Malaysian Nuclear Agency (MNA) at 60 kV X-ray irradiation in low doses ranging from 1-10 mGy. The results show the linear TL dose response from the fibres up to 10 mGy. The smallest diameter of 120 pm optical fibre shows the highest TL dose response compared to above mentioned fibres. The minimum detectable dose (MDD) is 0.82, 0.20, 0.14, 0.08, and 0.13 mGy for Ge-doped with diameters of 120, 241, 362, 483 and 604 μm. All TL materials show the MDD value within the delivered dose 0.01-1.00 mGy subjected to x-ray irradiation. The Ge-doped fibre with diameter of 483 pm was matched the MDD value of TLD-100 chips that equivalent to 0.08 mGy at the same irradiation. We have observed that among the five different diameters of optical fibre, 120 μm shows the best results and its better response than TLD-100 chips (by a factor of 5). The linear response at low dose levels makes this optical fibre most suitable for medical application.

Thermoluminescence responses of the Yb- and Yb–Tb-doped SiO2 optical fibers to 6-MV photons

Characteristics of the thermoluminescence (TL) responses of Yb- and Yb–Tb-doped optical fibers irradiated with 6MV photons are reported. The concentration of Yb in the Yb-doped optical fiber was 0.26mol%; the concentrations of Yb and Tb in the Yb–Tb-doped optical fiber were 0.62 and 0.2mol%, respectively. The TL dose responses are linear in the dose range 0.5–4Gy. The radiation sensitivity of the Yb–Tb material is almost two orders of magnitude higher than the sensitivity of the material doped with Yb alone.

A kinetic model incorporating both localized and delocalized recombination: Application to the dependence of the TL dose response on photon energy

A conduction band/valence band kinetic model for thermoluminescence (TL) dose response is described which incorporates both localized and delocalized recombination mechanisms. The model is capable of simulating the linear/supralinear behaviour of TL dose response and, as well, the experimentally observed decrease of the supralinearity with decreasing photon energy. These characteristics are observed in the dose response of the various peaks in the glow curve of LiF:Mg,Ti and in other TL materials. In the irradiation stage, the model uses nanodosimetric considerations to describe the electron–hole concentration, ne–h and e-only concentration, ne, filling rates with dose of a spatially correlated trapping center/luminescent center (TC/LC) complex. The linear dose response arises from the dominant role of the geminate/localized recombination at low dose. The supralinearity arises due to the increased relative intensity of delocalized recombination at high dose coupled with a decrease in the efficiency of the competitive processes with increasing dose. The dependence of the supralinearity on photon energy is obtained by adopting different dose-filling-rates of ne–h and ne as a function of photon energy. Specifically, for low dose-levels below ~1–10Gy, ne–h/ne is assumed to increase slowly/linearly with dose and to increase slightly with decreasing photon energy below ~100keV due to the increasing average ionization density of the electron tracks. For levels of dose above ~10Gy, the ratio increases more rapidly in an exponential manner with later entry to maximum values with decreasing photon energy. The demarcation dose of ~1–10Gy separating the linear from the exponentially increasing behaviour of ne–h/ne corresponds to the approximate onset of supralinearity observed for composite peak 5 in LiF:Mg,Ti. This assumed behaviour for ne–h/ne is consistent with the structure/size of electron tracks and the onset and relative importance of intra-track versus inter-track recombination.

Synthesis and characterisation of BaSo4:Eu thermoluminescence phosphor

Polycrystalline powder samples of BaSO(4) doped with Eu(2+) were prepared by solid-state reaction in different reducing atmospheres. Photoluminescence (PL), thermoluminescence (TL), TL kinetic and dosimetric studies have been carried out in this phosphor. The TL glow curve of BaSO(4):Eu(2+) showed only a single peak at 513 K unlike other phosphors and the TL intensity is about three to four times higher than that of CaSO(4):Dy, which is currently used as the radiation dosemeter for personnel monitoring in India. The TL dose response of the phosphor was found to be linear up to the dose range of 10(3) Gy beyond which saturation sets in. PL and TL spectra showed the characteristic emission of Eu(2+) ion. The TL parameters such as trap depth (E) or the energy required to release the electron or hole from the trap, frequency factor (s) and the order of kinetics (b) are determined by different methods such as isothermal decay, initial rise and variable heating rate.

Thermoluminescece properties of BeO:Mg nanoparticles produced by sol-gel method

Beryllium oxide (BeO) nanopowder was synthesized using sol-gel method and the effects of changes of chemical reagents were investigated. Because of tissue equivalence and other outstanding thermoluminescence (TL) properties of the bulk material in X and γ dosimetry, the applicability of this nanostructure in TL dosimetry was studied following irradiation to the 137 Cs source. The TL glow curve of this nanoparticle shows 3 component glow peaks at 391, 429 and 481 K. Computerized glow curve deconvolution program was used for obtaining the number of constituent glow peaks and trapping parameters. Activation energies of three components were obtained to be 1.4, 1.39 and 1.39 eV with kinetic orders of 2.03, 2.12 and 2.09 respectively. TL dose response of this phosphor is also investigated.

Alpha particle and proton relative thermoluminescence efficiencies in LiF:Mg,Cu,P:is track structure theory up to the task?

Low-energy alpha particle and proton heavy charged particle (HCP) relative thermoluminescence (TL) efficiencies are calculated for the major dosimetric glow peak in LiF:Mg,Cu,P (MCP-N) in the framework of track structure theory (TST). The calculations employ previously published TRIPOS-E Monte Carlo track segment values of the radial dose in condensed phase LiF calculated at the Instituto National de Investigaciones Nucleares (Mexico) and experimentally measured normalised (60)Co gamma-induced TL dose-response functions, f(D), carried out at the Institute of Nuclear Physics (Poland). The motivation for the calculations is to test the validity of TST in a TL system in which f(D) is not supralinear (f(D) >1) and is not significantly dependent on photon energy contrary to the behaviour of the dose-response of composite peak 5 in the glow curve of LiF:Mg,Ti (TLD-100). The calculated HCP relative efficiencies in LiF:MCP-N are 23-87% lower than the experimentally measured values, indicating a weakness in the major premise of TST which exclusively relates HCP effects to the radiation action of the secondary electrons liberated by the HCP slowing down. However, an analysis of the uncertainties involved in the TST calculations and experiments (i.e. experimental measurement of f(D) at high levels of dose, sample light self-absorption and accuracy in the estimation of D(r), especially towards the end of the HCP track) indicate that these may be too large to enable a definite conclusion. More accurate estimation of sample light self-absorption, improved measurements of f(D) and full-track Monte Carlo calculations of D(r) incorporating improvements of the low-energy electron transport are indicated in order to reduce uncertainties and enable a final conclusion.

Luminescence properties of feldspars from the Northeast region of Brazil

The aim of this study is to investigate the thermoluminescence (TL) and infrared-stimulated luminescence (IRSL) properties of three types of feldspars from the districts of Solonópole and Parelhas located in the Northeast region of Brazil in order to propose a preheat procedure to minimize the anomalous fading effect in these materials. The feldspar samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). The XRD analysis showed that the feldspar from Solonópole and one of the samples from the Parelhas district were classified as microcline (K-feldspar). The other sample from Parelhas was classified as albite (Na-feldspar) mixed with low concentration of muscovite and quartz. Studies of the fading effects in TL and IRSL signals for 30 days and preheating effects from 50 to 250°C for 10 minutes were carried out with these samples. The results show that preheating at 125°C is sufficient to avoid the 30 days fading. The TL and IRSL dose responses for 60Co gamma radiation were studied in the range of 1 to 400 Gy. The results showed a linear response in the range of 1 to 100 Gy for the two types of Parelhas feldspars and from 50 to 400 Gy for the Solonópole feldspar. The low sensitivity showed by the feldspar from Solonópole is discussed in relation to its mineralogical composition. It is concluded that the TL and IRSL sensitivities are not associated with K- and Na- types of feldspar. The results of this paper will contribute to a standardized moderate annealing treatment for retrospective dosimetry and dating.

Linear–supralinear–sublinear beta‐ray dose dependences of TL, OSL and afterglow in undoped CVD diamond

AbstractThe thermoluminescence (TL), optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and afterglow (AG) properties of chemical vapour deposition (CVD) diamond film irradiated by beta rays with doses from 0.5 to 1000 Gy have been studied. The film (23 µm) was grown for 47 h on monocrystalline silicon. The TL dose responses are similar for all the peaks and exhibit the typical linear–supralinear–sublinear behaviour. The supralinear growth starts at about 1.0 Gy and goes up to 100 Gy. At higher doses the dose responses go to saturation. The AG and OSL dose responses are similar to the TL one and exhibit the supralinear–sublinear behaviour. The linear part (if it exists) is not observed due to low AG and OSL intensity at doses lower than 2.0 Gy. The diamond film that had been irradiated with high doses, partially preheated and irradiated again with low test dose, exhibits increased TL, OSL and AG sensitivity that can be considered as a mixture of the supralinearity and sensitization. Pure sensitization is observed for the 350 and 400 K TL peaks and AG after preheating the sample to temperatures higher than 500 K. This sensitization gradually decreases from 10 to 1 as the preheating increases from 500 to 770 K.

Thermoluminescence studies on Cu-doped Li 2B 4O 7 single crystals

Lithium tetraborate (Li 2B 4O 7) is a tissue equivalent material and single crystals of this material doped with Cu are promising for dosimetric applications. In the present study highly transparent single crystals of lithium tetraborate (Li 2B 4O 7) doped with Cu (0.5 wt%) have been grown using the Czochralski technique. The Li 2B 4O 7:Cu crystals were studied using photoluminescence, X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–vis transmission, time resolved fluorescence and thermoluminescence (TL) techniques. The TL readout of Li 2B 4O 7:Cu crystals showed two well-defined glow peaks at 402 K (peak-1) and 513 K (peak-2) for a 4 K/s heating rate. While the low temperature TL peak-1 fades completely within 24 h at room temperatures, the main dosimetric peak-2 remains the same. The TL sensitivity of the grown single crystal is found to be 3.3 times that of a conventional TL phosphor, TLD-100. The Li 2B 4O 7:Cu crystals showed a linear TL dose–response in the range from 1 mGy to 1 kGy. The TL analysis using a variable dose method revealed first order kinetics for both the peaks. Trap depth and frequency factor for peak-1 were found to be 0.81 eV and 5.2×10 9 s −1, whereas for peak-2 the values were 1.7 eV and 1.7×10 16 s −1, respectively.

Characterization and TSL dosimetric properties of Mn doped BaSO 4 phosphor prepared by recrystallisation method

Mn doped BaSO 4 powders were prepared by recrystallisation method and the formation of the compound was confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectra (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studies. The thermally stimulated luminescence (TSL) studies of Mn doped BaSO 4 sample (doping concentration is 0.5 mol%) showed glow curve having two glow peaks at 147 and 225 °C after heating at a constant heating rate of 4 °C/s. Comparison of TL intensity of the most intensive glow peak of Mn doped BaSO 4 compound with that of undoped BaSO 4 shows that the addition of Mn impurity in BaSO 4 compound enhances the thermoluminescence (TL) intensity by about 3 times. The trap parameters associated with the glow peaks in X-irradiated BaSO 4:Mn sample were obtained by glow curve shape method. The thermoluminescence dose response, reproducibility and fading of the BaSO 4:Mn phosphor were also studied.

Thermoluminescence properties of carbon doped Y3Al5O12 (YAG) crystal

In this work, carbon doped yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) (YAG:C) crystal was grown by the temperature gradient technique in a reducing atmosphere. The optical and thermoluminescence (TL) properties of the as-grown YAG:C crystal were investigated. Four absorption bands at 235, 255, 298, and 370 nm and a main blue emission peak at 400 nm are observed in the YAG:C crystal. The absorption coefficients of the bands at 235 and 370 nm, which are associated with the F+-center, increase sharply in YAG crystal by the introduction of carbon. As-grown YAG:C crystal shows high TL sensitivity, and three main glow peaks at 390 K (P1), 465 K (P2), 524 K (P3) and two weak glow peaks at 580 and 625 K are found. The TL dose responses of the three main glow peaks show linear-supralinear characteristic, and wide linearity dose response are found in P1 and P2 glow peaks. The temperature position and TL intensity of three main glow peaks show a strong dependence of heating rate in YAG:C crystal.

Influence of Pulling Rates on the Thermoluminescence and Optically Stimulated Luminescence of α-Al2O3:C Crystals Grown by the Edge-Defined, Film-Fed Growth Technique

In this work, α-Al2O3:C crystals were grown by the edge-defined, film-fed growth method with different pulling rates. The influence of pulling rate on the optical, thermoluminescence (TL), and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) properties of the as-grown α-Al2O3:C crystals was investigated. All the α-Al2O3:C crystals grown with different pulling rates show a single TL glow peak and an invariable blue emission band at 415 nm. With an increasing pulling rate in the 0.1–0.7 mm/min range, the absorption coefficient of optical absorption bands at 206 and 256 nm increased, the TL and OSL dose response improved, the TL peak shifted to higher temperatures, and the OSL decay rate increased. When the pulling rate is increased to 1 mm/min, the absorption coefficients of the bands at 206 and 256 nm, the TL temperature and intensity, the OSL intensity, and the decay rate declined. The TL and OSL dose response of the as-grown α-Al2O3:C crystals shows a linear–sublinear saturation characteristic. The pulling rates almost show no influence on the crystals' saturation dose. The α-Al2O3:C crystal grown with the pulling rate of 0.7 mm/min shows the best TL and OSL properties.

Thermoluminescence characteristics of NaSr 4(BO 3) 3:Ce 3+ under β-ray irradiation

The thermoluminescence (TL) properties of Ce 3+ doped NaSr 4(BO 3) 3 phosphor under the β-ray irradiation were reported. The polycrystalline sample was synthesized by high temperature solid-state reaction. The TL glow curve of NaSr 4(BO 3) 3:Ce 3+ phosphor was composed of only one peak. TL kinetic parameters of NaSr 4(BO 3) 3:Ce 3+ were deduced by the peak shape method, the activation energy ( E) was 0.590 eV and the frequency factor was 1.008×10 6 s −1. TL dose response was linear in the range of measurement. The 3-dimensional (3D) TL emission spectrum was also recorded, the emission spectrum consisted of two bands located at 441 and 479 nm respectively, corresponding to the characteristic 4f 05d 1→ 2F (5/2, 7/2) transitions of the Ce 3+ ion. The fading behavior of the NaSr 4(BO 3) 3:Ce 3+ phosphor over a period of 15 d was also studied.

Thermoluminescence kinetic parameters of microwave chemically vapour-deposited diamond films at different gamma dose rates†

Microwave chemically vapour-deposited (MWCVD) diamond films have been successfully used in dosimetric applications including radiotherapy and industrial dose assessments. The thermoluminescence (TL) properties and dose response, in a suitable MWCVD diamond film thermoluminescent dosimeter, should be independent of the irradiation dose rate used. Dose rate effects have been reported to exist, affecting the TL performance of polycrystalline CVD diamond. In the present work, dose rate effects on the TL kinetic parameters of two MWCVD diamond films of 6 and 12 μm thickness, exposed to 60Co gamma dose rates of 2.4, 5.94 and 13.1 Gy/min, were investigated using a computerised glow curve deconvolution method. The TL glow curves featured a single TL peak at different dose rates, which were best fitted with a first-order kinetic curve having 2–3% figure of merit. No significant dose rate effects on the TL kinetic properties of the studied samples were observed. †Paper presented as a contribution to the 10th International Symposium on Solid State Dosimetry, Mexico City(24–28 September 2007).

On the linearity of the high-temperature emission from 7LiF:Mg,Ti (TLD-700)

It is known since the early 1970s [e.g., Jähnert, B., 1972. The response of TLD-700 thermoluminescent dosemeters to protons and alpha particles. Health Phys. 23, 112–114.] that the high-temperature emission (HTE) from LiF:Mg,Ti thermoluminescence (TL) phosphors shows a distinctly different LET dependence than the dominant glow peak 5. This behaviour of the high-temperature structure can be attributed to the earlier onset of supralinearity compared to peak 5. The relative TL-efficiency of the high-temperature peaks after heavy ion irradiation with respect to 60Co was calculated by Waligórski and Katz [1980a. Supralinearity of peak 5 and 6 in TLD-700. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. 175, 48–50; 1980b. Supralinearity of peak 5 and 6 in TLD-700. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. 172, 463–470.], demonstrating that levels far exceeding 1 can be reached. The HTE from LiF:Mg,Ti has been applied in various ways, e.g., to determine an “effective” LET under mixed ion field conditions and, subsequently, to correct the absorbed dose deposited in the crystal for TL-efficiency [Berger, T., 2003. Dose assessment in mixed radiation fields—special emphasis on space dosimetry. Ph.D. Thesis, Vienna University of Technology; Berger, T., Hajek, M., Fugger, M., Vana, N., 2006a. Efficiency corrected dose verification with thermoluminescence dosemeters in heavy ion beams. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 120, 361–364; Berger, T., Reitz, G., Hajek, M., Vana, N., 2006b. Comparison of various techniques for the exact determination of absorbed dose in heavy ion fields using passive detectors. Adv. Space Res. 37, 1716–1721.]. This approach showed good results in the low dose region (≤100 mGy). A crucial requirement for this procedure is the linearity of the gamma dose–response of the HTE for the applied dose levels. The discussion whether a linear dose–response can be found is still ongoing: while some groups reported a linear dose–response [Pradhan, A.S., Rassow, J., Meissner, P., 1985. Dosimetry of d(14)+ Be neutrons with the two-peak method of LiF TLD-700. Phys. Med. Biol. 30, 1349–1354; Massillon-Jl, G., Gamboa-deBuen, I., Brandan, M.E., 2006. Onset of supralinear response in TLD-100 exposed to 60Co gamma-rays. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 39, 262–268.; Bilski, P., 2006. Response of various LiF thermoluminescent detectors to high energy ions—results of the ICCHIBAN experiment. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. B 251, 121–126.] others measured a pronounced supralinearity even at very low doses [Horowitz, Y.S., Satinger, D., Puks, E., Oster, L., Podgalov, 2003. On the use of LiF:Mg, Ti TLDs in space—a critical review. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 106, 7–25.; Horowitz, Y.S., Oster, L., Datz, H., 2007. The thermoluminescence dose–response and other characteristics of the high-temperature TL in LiF:Mg, Ti (TLD-100). Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 124, 191–205.]. This paper focuses on the results from a linearity study of the HTE in the dose region between 1 and 500 mGy.