Thermogravimetric Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Research Articles

Characterization and thermal degradation of protective layers in high‐rating fire‐resistant glass

SummaryFire‐resistant glass products are considered to have better performance against fire. They are developed to replace conventional glass products. However, the smoke emitted from these products can be potentially harmful during fires and cause injuries or even deaths. Six samples of insulating glass available in the local market were selected. A variety of techniques, including X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric FTIR, pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and tubular furnace coupled FTIR spectroscopy, were employed. According to the test results, there are two types of protective layers of the fire‐resistant glass. One consists of water, water‐soluble salt and polyamide with possible presence of alcohols, and the other consists of water metal silicates with possible presence of carboxylate and alcohols. Gases emitted from the protective layers heated in air, in argon and in vacuum are similar. Water vapor, carbon dioxide and hydrogen chloride are the main components of the gases emitted. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Structural analysis of lignin residue from black liquor and its thermal performance in thermogravimetric-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

Structural characteristics of benzene–ethanol-extracted lignin (BEL) and acetone-extracted lignin (AL) precipitated from black liquor were identified by elemental analysis, FTIR, 13C NMR, and 1H NMR, while the thermal behaviors were examined with thermogravimetric-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR). The frequency of β-O-4 bonds per 100 C9 monomeric units was 28 and 17 for BEL and AL. Two-stage pyrolysis processes were observed for the two lignins. The mass loss rate of the initial solvent evolution stage (110–180°C) of BEL was greater than that of AL. The two lignins presented slightly different mass loss curves and evolution profiles of gases in the main pyrolysis stage (280–500°C). A global kinetic model was proposed for lignin pyrolysis and activation energies of 39.5 and 38.8kJ/mol was obtained for BEL and AL. The results enhance understanding of lignin pyrolysis and facilitate commercial utilization of black-liquor lignin.

The effect of limestone on the combustion of fuel blends

Combustion profiles of coal-limestone-paper blends were studied using thermogravimetric/ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG/FTIR). The role of limestone in promoting the initial combustion of coal-paper blends and its ability to absorb sulphur oxides were examined.

TG/plus—a pyrolysis method for following maturation of oil and gas generation zones using Tmax of methane

Thermogravimetric Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR) analyses were carried out on two sets of isolated kerogens covering a wide maturity range from low mature (0.46% R o ) through the end of oil and gas generation (maximum R o = 5.32%). Data onweight percent and T max for evolution of methane, volatile tars, ethylene, SO 2, NH 3, CO 2, and CO are reported. The T max of methane shows the most consistent response to increasing maturation in both sets of samples. Results are comparable to those of whole rocks from an Alaskan North Slope well analyzed previously. The collective data for both whole rocks and isolated kerogens shows a generally linear correlation between % R o and T max of methane, with the exception of R o of about 2.0% where a dip in the curve occurs. The slope of the correlation line was steeper for the predominantly terrigenous Wilcox kerogen than for more marine Colorado kerogen or for the Alaskan North Slope whole rock samples, probably reflecting differences in the chemical nature of various kerogen sets, which is also reflected by differences in the shapes of the pyrolysis curves of SO 2, CO 2, CO, H 2O, and ethylene. These preliminary data indicate that T max of methane is a good maturation indicator for whole rocks and isolated kerogens up to an R o of about 4%, which includes all of the wet gas and a considerable portion of the dry gas generation zones. This correlation was also observed for samples containing migrated bitumen, where it was not possible to obtain a reliable T max for the volatile tar (S2) peak. The more terrigenous Wilcox kerogens also showed a good correlation of the T max of ethylene with % R o. T max of ammonia evolution did not correlate with maturity and occurred 100–200°C lower than previously found for whole rocks, consistent with a whole-rock source of pyrolytic ammonia for Alaskan whole rock samples. HI and OI indices were calculated in several ways and plotted to reflect kerogen type as well as both the residual oil and gas generation potential. The ratio of pyrolyzable to combustible sulfur (evolved as SO 2) was independent of maturity and showed a clear difference between the more terrigenous Wilcox kerogens and the more marine Colorado kerogens.