Performance Of Thermoelectric Generator Research Articles

Self-Powered Standalone Performance of Thermoelectric Generator for Body Heat Harvesting

Self-Powered Standalone Performance of Thermoelectric Generator for Body Heat Harvesting

Self-powered wireless sensor system utilizing a thermoelectric generator for photovoltaic module monitoring application

In this work, we demonstrate a self-powered wireless PV module monitoring system that utilizes a thermoelectric generator (TEG) to convert residual thermal energy from the PV module into electrical power. We investigated the TEG performance with and without the heat sink. Results show that the temperature difference between the hot and cold sides of the TEG increased to 7.2 °C with the heat sink, compared to only 1 °C without it, at a hot side temperature of 50 °C. We integrated the TEG/heat sink with the PV module, which served as the heat source, achieving a maximum output power of 0.981 mW at a voltage of 0.06 V under a temperature gradient of 3.6 °C in a 1 sun condition. We successfully demonstrated a self-powered wireless PV monitoring sensor system by integrating a step-up voltage converter, microcontroller, IR thermometer, Bluetooth communication module, and the TEG/heat sink, which generated sufficient power for the monitoring system operation. The findings introduce a novel solution for wireless PV module monitoring that operates independently of grid connections or battery power. This innovation not only signifies advancements in renewable energy management but also opens new opportunities in the Internet of Things (IoT) sector.

Boosting performance of heat-source free water-floating thermoelectric generators by controlling wettability by mixing single-walled carbon nanotubes with α-cellulose

Thermoelectric generation (TEG) using single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), which generate electricity simply by floating on the surface of water, is promising and has novel features that are not found in conventional TEG systems. However, water-floating SWCNT-TEGs generate only a small voltage owing to the hydrophobic nature of SWCNTs. In this study, to increase their output voltage, we added α-cellulose, which is hydrophilic in nature, to the SWCNT films for enhancing water evaporative thermal cooling, leading to an increase in the temperature gradient in the TEGs. When the TEGs were exposed to artificial sunlight, the TEG with SWCNT/α-cellulose (0.6 g) films exhibited the highest output voltage of 1.0 mV, which was more than three times higher than that exhibited for the SWCNT-TEG without α-cellulose. This phenomenon can be explained by the hydrophilic nature of the films, which increases the amount of water pumped to the film surface and enhances the evaporative cooling effect as this water evaporates, thereby creating a larger temperature difference within the TEGs. The results show their significant potential as a power source for sensors such as those monitoring water flow in water environments.

Optimization of material properties and performance of flexible thermoelectric generators with/without graphene

With the advancement of energy harvesting methods, the power level consumed by electronic circuits and sensors has been reduced so that self-sufficiency in power can be achieved, and the use of flexible thermoelectric generators to supply electrical energy is one of these methods. In this study, the manufacture of flexible thermoelectric generators is successfully developed and verified using a numerical method. The process follows the sandwich method of the conventional thermoelectric module and utilizes two different elastomers (polydimethylsiloxane and Eco-Flex) and thin copper sheets. Among the nine cases designed by the Taguchi method, the maximum tensile strength of the elastomer is 0.967 MPa, stemming from the operation conditions of 6 min stirring time, 85 °C heating temperature, and 3 h heating time. This strength is substantially higher than those of the other eight cases. The open-circuit voltage of the manufactured flexible thermoelectric generator with an internal resistance of 1.5 Ω is 0.011 V. The output power under a temperature difference of 75 °C is 11 μW. After blending graphene into polydimethylsiloxane, the elastomer’s thermal conductivity at 370 K rises by 9.6 folds. This results in the output power being lifted to 0.0515 W (75 °C temperature difference), accounting for an amplification of 4,681 times. Numerical simulations are also performed to aid in figuring out the detailed performance of the flexible thermoelectric generator. The errors between numerical simulations and experiments are between 4.6 % and 5.2 %, showing the reliability of the numerical predictions. The fabricated flexible thermoelectric generators can be practically used for green power generation by harvesting industrial low-temperature waste heat and biothermal energy, potentially driving sensors on industrial devices, the human body, and animals.

Concentrated solar thermoelectric power generator equipped with a novel ultrathin wet porous membrane cooling technique; experimental study

One side of any thermoelectric power generator (TEG) is hot while the other side should always stay cold. The higher the temperature difference, the greater the power generation. This paper offers a particular ultrathin wet porous membrane (UWPM) as a new cooling method for a solar thermoelectric power generator. According to the graphical abstract, the membrane has a capillary-wicking feature on one side, making it possible to be soaked spontaneously and create a steady thin water film on the ceramic layer of the thermoelectric, thereby serving as an energy-free, enthalpy of vaporization-based cooling method (surface vaporization). Interestingly, water is replenished spontaneously as long as the water exists in the tank. The suggested mechanism is tested under two weather conditions: one hot, dry day (ambient air around 40 °C) and one moderate day (ambient air around 30 °C), with different air speeds between 1.5 and 4.5 m/s to simulate different wind speeds in real applications. Power, cold side surface temperature, maximum conversion efficiency, etc., are measured, evaluated, discussed, and compared with the common fin-pin heatsink/fan thermal management tool. Notably, the implementation of the UWPM demonstrates a substantial enhancement in thermoelectric generator performance. It is noted that the lowest temperature that can be obtained through vaporization can be colder than ambient air temperature, approaching the wet-bulb temperature. The UWPM keeps the cold side temperature up to 10 degrees colder than that achieved in the heatsink method. This is why the generated power by the TEG is around 2.5 times higher when utilizing the UWPM. Furthermore, unlike the fin-pin heatsink (FPH) thermal management tool, warmer weather conditions do not diminish the cooling quality of the UWPM method. Indeed, the cold side temperature on a hot, dry day is almost the same as that on a moderate day using the UWPM technique. This is because hot ambient temperature induces greater and easier vaporization, leading to a higher cooling effect.

Hygroscopic ionogel for enhanced thermoelectric generation performance

Improving thermoelectric generators (TEGs) performance remains challenging in the context of energy crisis and thermal-pollution. Here, we present a strategy for thermal management and performance enhancement of TEGs by sustainable evaporative cooling utilizing highly hygroscopic and adhesive ionogels (PIGs). Rational swelling and poly-[2-(Methacryloyloxy)ethyl]dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide (PDMAPS) chains with group interactions prevent lithium chloride (LiCl) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([EMIM][Ac]) leakage, while carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and MIL-101(Cr) optimize the evaporative cooling of PIGs. PIGs possess high sorption (252.72% at 25 °C, 90% RH for 12 h) and steady sorption-desorption kinetics. Meanwhile, PIGs exhibit high adhesion (130.89 N m−1) on TEGs. The evaporative cooling of PIGs enhances the temperature difference of TEGs. The potential of PIG-TEG is increased by three times at heat source temperatures of 50–80 °C, and the output power density stabilizes at ∼706.25 mW m−2 after heating at 50 °C for 1 h. Moreover, the PIG-TEG maintains stable output enhancement for prolonged time (over 24 h). Additionally, we integrate PIG-TEGs for the durable power supply of devices and design a movable model car, which utilizes waste heat for self-powering. PIGs realize effective thermoelectric output enhancement of TEGs, and provide ideas in clean energy conversion, wearable devices, and mobile power.

Thermoelectric generator efficiency: An experimental and computational approach to analysing thermoelectric generator performance

TEGs are devices that convert heat directly into electricity through the Seebeck effect, offering a promising solution for waste heat recovery in various industries. In this research, COMSOL Multiphysics 6.0 was used to conduct a comprehensive 3-dimensional computational study of TEGs. Integrating thermal and electrical models in COMSOL facilitates a detailed understanding of the thermoelectric phenomenon. Applying six distinct temperature gradients, temperature and electrical distribution, power output, and efficiency of the TEG was thoroughly analysed. Experimental validation confirms strong agreement between simulation and experimental data, emphasizing accuracy. The average efficiency for the TEG at 1 Ω load is 3.12 %, increasing to 3.62 % for a 2 Ω load. The relative error between the computational model and the experimental model was 5 % for open circuit, 12.56 % for closed circuit at 1 Ω, and 12.14 % for closed circuit at 2 Ω, affirming the accuracy of the computational approach. Therefore, the computational model is validated by experimental results.Moreover, the findings highlight the relationship between external load resistance and power output, revealing that the maximum output power was achieved when the external load resistance matched the internal load resistance at 2 Ω. This work also significantly contributes to advancing the computational modelling of TEGs, validated through rigorous experimental analysis.

Thermoelectric Generator Applications in Buildings: A Review

With growing concerns about building energy consumption, thermoelectric generators (TEGs) have attracted significant attention for their potential to generate clean, green, and sustainable power. This comprehensive review explores the applications of thermoelectric generators (TEGs) in building systems, focusing on recent advancements from 2013 to 2024. The study examines TEG integration in building envelopes, including façades, walls, windows, and roofs, as well as non-integrated applications for waste heat recovery and HVAC systems. Key findings highlight the potential of TEGs in energy harvesting and thermal management, with façade-integrated systems generating up to 100.0 mW/m² and hybrid LCPV/T-TEG systems achieving overall efficiencies of 57.03%. The review also identifies critical parameters affecting TEG performance, such as solar intensity, thermoelectric arm length, and PCM melting temperature. Despite promising results, challenges remain in improving overall system efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and scalability. Future research directions include developing more efficient thermoelectric materials, optimizing system designs for various climatic conditions, and exploring integration with smart building management systems. This review provides valuable insights for researchers and practitioners working towards more energy-efficient and sustainable building designs using TEG technology.

A novel thermoelectric generator equipped with magnetized Ferro-Fluid coolant for automobile exhaust heat Recovery: A numerical study

Thermoelectric generator (TEG) is a promising energy-converting device that produces electricity from the temperature difference between a heat source and a heat sink. Enhancing the heat transfer between the TEG and the heat source or heat sink can improve the TEG performance. This study proposes a novel automobile exhaust TEG. The novelty originates from the fact that the proposed TEG uses magnetized Ferro-fluid flow as coolant to enhance cooling rate. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach, through C++ coding in the OpenFOAM open-source software package, is used to assess the system’s performance. The results indicate that employing the magnetized Ferro-fluid flow can favorably reduce the cold side temperature of the TEG module, leading to a 5.5 % voltage rise. It is also shown that to achieve the same voltage enhancement without the use of the proposed magnetized Ferro-fluid flow, a tough task of a 470 % rise in the cold side mass flow rate is required. A parametric study reveals that the effectiveness of using the magnetized Ferro-fluid flow decreases with the exhaust temperature but is almost independent of the exhaust mass flow rate. This study also introduces the best location for the magnetic sources.

Experimental analysis on the thermoelectric effect of various solid-state devices used for direct conversion of thermal energy into electrical energy

In this present investigation, the performance of thermoelectric generators (TEGs) was determined for the TEGs made of lead telluride (PbTe3), bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3), silicon germanium (SiGe), and aluminum oxide (Al2O3). In response to variations in the heat input rate and water flow rate, the electric power generated by the TEG was recorded and studied for the aforementioned TEG materials. During the investigation, the water flow rate to the TEG's cold side was chosen to be 0.5 lpm to 2 lpm in the step of 0.5 lpm, and the thermal energy input rate to the hot side was set at 30 W–120 W in the step of 30 W. Among all the TEGs Bi2Te3 was superior in terms of power generation potential in comparison to other TEGs in all the test conditions. The investigation also reveals that all TEGs appear to have a high-power generation when the cooling water flow rate was 2 lpm and the heat input rate was 120 W. At a water flow rate of 2 lpm for the case of Bi2Te3, the power generation potential was elevated by about 20.3 %, 14.4 %, and 6.5 % in comparison to Al2O3, PbTe3, and SiGe respectively.

Intercalation of V2O5 and Polypyrrole into a Graphene Oxide Layer: A Hybrid Multifunctional Photothermal Structure for Efficient Solar Evaporation, Water Purification, Disinfection, and Power Production.

Development of a hybrid multifunctional photothermal structure with multifunctional capabilities is deliberated as an effective approach for harvesting abundant solar energy for sustainable environmental applications. Achieving enhanced solar to thermal conversion efficiency utilizing a suitably designed, environmentally compatible thermal management structure however remains a significant challenge. Herein, we report the intercalation of V2O5 and polypyrrole into a graphene oxide layer to design a hybrid photothermal assembly (PPy-V2O5-GO) and its multifunctional proficiencies. The hybrid photothermal structure demonstrated synergistic photothermal conversion, buoyant porous structure sustaining water transmission, and efficient steam release. V2O5 and polypyrrole-intercalated optimized graphene oxide structure attained an evaporation rate of 1.9 kg m-2 h-1 with a conversion efficiency of 92% under 1 sun solar radiation. At maximum, the assembly's surface temperature hit 64 ± 2 °C, suggesting its suitability as a solar water purifier. Outdoor experiments suggest the evaporator assembly's capability to accumulate a total output of 15 kg m-2 over a single day. Cell viability investigations revealed strong antimicrobial properties of PPy-V2O5-GO against both Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, eliminating nearly all under 1 sun, making it a potential candidate for photothermal therapy. Furthermore, when combined with a commercial thermoelectric module, the framework displayed exceptional photothermal conversion efficiency, hinting at its potential for electrical power generation. The integration of PPy-V2O5-GO with a Bi2Te3-based thermoelectric module significantly boosted the thermoelectric generator's performance, offering an enhanced power output of 2.8 mW and a high power density of 1.24 mW/cm2, making them suitable for off-grid or remote-area application. Overall, the PPy-V2O5-GO photothermal assembly's stability, lack of leaching, effectiveness in producing pure water from seawater, antimicrobial efficacies, and recyclability make it an excellent choice for sustainable water treatment and power generation.

Analysis of transient energy conversion performance improvement of thermoelectric generator with penetrating crack under pulsed heat source

To simulate the performance of a thermoelectric generator (TEG) in practical applications more accurately and comprehensively analyse the influence of transient heat source and crack on such devices, it is necessary to examine the transient performance of TEGs with cracks under periodic pulsed heat source. In this study, a three-dimensional nonlinear dynamic finite element model with thermal, electrical, and mechanical coupling was established, and the laws describing the macroscopic electrical energy output and thermal stress distribution were derived. The position of the maximum thermal stress changed as the crack size varied. When the crack field axis was increased from 0.2 mm to 1.8 mm, the total output energy increased by 14.4 %, whereas the thermal stress increased to 447 MPa. The total energy growth rate under pulsed heat source conditions reached 52.3 % (from 62.71 J to 95.52 J) compared with that of the steady-state heat source. However, the maximum thermal stress increased by 173.6 % (from 91 MPa to 249 MPa). The results show that the crack and pulsed heat source can effectively improve the electrical output performance of TEGs; however, their mechanical properties deteriorated. This study is useful in terms of predicting the performance of TEGs in practical applications more accurately.

Simulation and experimental study of thermoelectric generators with an axial gradient metal foam heat exchanger

The utilization of metal foam for heat transfer augmentation is regarded as a highly efficient technique, albeit associated with significant pressure losses. To enhance the feasibility of employing metal foam in thermoelectric generators and mitigate the high-pressure drop, we propose an enhancement strategy involving the partial axial filling of gradient metal foam. Both analytical modeling and experimental investigation were employed to evaluate the effects of porosity, pore density, and gradient structure at various filling rates on the overall performance of thermoelectric generators. The results show that arranging metal foam with increasingly high frame density in the direction of fluid flow, rather than adopting increasingly sparse or constant structures, leads to improved voltage uniformity and reduced pressure drop. A positive gradient configuration with a pore density distribution of 5-10-20 PPI yielded the highest net power at 118.3 W, which is 12.5 % higher than that of metal foam with constant 20 PPI. Ultimately, empirical verification substantiates the comprehensive performance advantages of positive gradient configuration. For filling rates of 30 %, 60 %, and 100 %, pressure drop is reduced by 35.9 %, 33.4 %, and 29.2 %, respectively, in comparison to constant 20 PPI metal foam, despite a modest reduction in output power, which remains less than 3 %.

Optimization of the cold‐side heat exchanger design to improve the performance of the motorcycle exhaust thermoelectric generator

AbstractThis study optimizes the main parameters of the cold‐side heat exchanger (CHE) longitudinal fin, including fin quantity (Nf), fin thickness (Tf), and fin height (Hf), to enhance the performance of motorcycle exhaust thermoelectric generator units (TGUs) utilizing the computational fluid dynamics approach. The investigation shows that these parameters significantly affect the dissipation area of the CHE heat and the outside air velocity distribution in fin gaps, resulting in the fluctuation of TGU output power. The output power increases with respect to Hf; nevertheless, it first increases as Nf and Tf increase but decreases dramatically when Nf or Tf becomes too large. Besides, Hf significantly affects output power, and its impact is almost independent of Tf and Nf, and vice versa; meanwhile, Tf and Nf have a strong relation. This study proposes two Hf of 40 and 60 mm along with the optimal Tf of 1 mm and Nf of 29, providing significantly high output power, low weight, and compact size for TGU. This work contributes insight into the effect of CHE parameters on the TGU performance, and it is a crucial case study for selecting suitable heat sink parameters for TGU, considering practical requirements and conditions.

Boosting thermoelectric generator (TEG) performance with tandem radiative/evaporative/phase change cooler

Thermoelectric generator (TEG) is one of the promising methods to convert low-grade energy into power supply. Considering the benefits of radiative cooling, evaporative cooling, and phase change cooling, it is highly desirable to integrate the three cooling methods for the thermal management of TEGs. In this work, a tandem radiation/evaporation/phase change cooler is developed with solar energy as heat source to improve the temperature difference between cold and hot ends, thus enhancing the output power of TEGs. Compared to air coolers and radiative coolers, the designed tandem coolers presented the superior cooling performance for the outdoor thermal management of TECs with a maximum temperature difference of ∼140 °C. With the cooling benefits, the daytime power generation can reach ∼1.75 kJ/m2 with an improvement of ∼12.2 % compared to air coolers, indicating the huge potential in supplying power for small portable equipment.

Effects of temperature uniformity and nonuniformity on thermoelectric generator performance across hot and cold sides

Solar Thermoelectric Generators (STEG) are gaining attention for clean energy but face nonuniform temperature distribution due to optical concentrators and heat sinks. While prior studies used central circles or identical squares to represent temperature variations, this paper examines six circular and rectangular patterns. Using COMSOL, the TEG module was simulated under four boundary conditions: (1) uniform temperatures on both sides, (2) six patterns on the hot side, (3) six patterns on the cold side, and (4) six patterns on both sides for the first time. Experimentally, the I–V and P–V characteristics of STEG were measured using the capacitor technique for four concentration ratios (20, 40, 60, and 80 suns) obtained using the KIRAN-42 simulator. Simulations aligned well with all experiments under condition (1). The 3rd circular and rectangular pattern matched 11 times, while the 1st pattern matched once under conditions (2) − (4). The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) between the measured and simulated Pmax, based on average measured temperatures, was 0.505. For condition (1), the RMSE was 0.017, while for conditions (2) − (4), it was 0.027 (0.033), 0.031 (0.031), and 0.044 (0.047) for the 3rd circular (rectangular) pattern, respectively. These findings indicate improved alignment between experiments and simulations.

Experiment-Validated multiphysics modeling, generalizable deep learning and interpretable global sensitivity analyses for thermoelectric generators

Despite extensive studies on thermoelectric materials in a thermoelectric generator (TEG), the inverse design of TEG operating conditions remains challenging. Recent efforts in deep learning of TEGs using artificial neural network (ANN) lack global sensitivity analyses and interpretation of the connection-weights, leading to unknown coupling between input parameters and errors in importance ranking. This work reports a deep learning framework for TEGs using generalizable ANN, interpretable local (LSA) and global sensitivity analyses (GSA). Sensitivity analyses are applied to determine how energy conversion efficiency (η) under the practical Neumann and Robin thermal boundary conditions is affected by TEG operating conditions, including hot-side heat flux (qh), cold-side convective heat transfer coefficient (hf), temperature of the cooling medium (Ta), load resistance (RL), electric contact resistance (Rc), and thermal contact resistance (Kc). First, multiphysics TEG simulation results based on 3D finite element method (FEM) are validated by our experimental measurements using a self-built TEG performance evaluation system. The partial derivative-based LSA is done on a 1D theoretical TEG model to obtain the trend in sensitivity factors. Then, an ANN model is trained and validated based on the FEM simulation results and applied to the GSA process, aiming at reducing the computational load. Variance-based GSA is applied on the ANN model to determine the importance ranking and reflect the coupling between input parameters. The variance-based GSA ranks the importance as qh>hf>RL>Ta≈Rc≈Kc, and reflects the coupling between qh and hf. Finally, to interpret the ANN and the hidden deep learning process, a method combining the connection-weights algorithm and neural interpretation diagram (NID) is proposed to extract the hidden information in the connection weights. The ANN model is proven generalizable towards larger ranges of operating conditions. This work provides a framework to design TEG operating conditions towards higher energy conversion efficiencies.

Prediction of the effect of load resistance and heat input on the performance of thermoelectric generator using numerical and artificial neural network models

The load resistance in the thermoelectric generators (TEGs) is crucial for optimizing power output, and managing load resistances and operating conditions are integral elements of TEG system design. In this context, it is very important to predict the performance of TEGs at variable operating conditions. This research addresses an important problem in TEG by predicting the effects of load resistance and heat input on performance using both numerical and ANN models. The three-dimensional finite volume methods applied by employing ANSYS software, and the results were compared with experimental and ANN results in terms of voltage, current, power output and efficiency. In case of ambient temperature values of 17 °C, the average absolute errors of ANN and numerical model were calculated as 2.09 % and 4.22 % for voltage output, 0.79 % and 7.73 % for current output, 5.35 % and 12.09 % for power output, 4.14 % and 12.09 % for efficiency, respectively. As a result, it was observed that the ANN model gives better results compared to the numerical model. The highest power output was obtained at load resistance of 5.4 Ω and hot surface temperature of 150 °C, with the value of 0.827 W experimentally, 0.905 W numerically, and 0.824 W with ANN models. Besides, to evaluate the effect of ambient temperature, two additional temperatures (10 °C and 25 °C) were tested and it was found that decreasing the ambient temperature increased the TEG performance. The results showed that significant improvements on power and efficiency performance of the TEG can be achieved with optimised operating conditions.

Influence of Leg Geometry on the Performance of Bi2Te3 Thermoelectric Generators

This study utilized COMSOL Multiphysics to simulate the performance of a thermoelectric module (TEM) made by alumina (Al2O3), copper (Cu), and bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) materials, specifically exploring different leg geometries. The TEM design had Al2O3 for insulation, Cu for conducting, and Bi2Te3 for TE legs between the Cu layers. Investigated the influence of square and rectangular TE legs with heights of 2.0 mm, 2.75 mm, and 3.5 mm on critical parameters, including temperature gradient, electric potential, normalized current density, and total internal energy within the TEM. Furthermore, the impact of varying thicknesses in the insulator and conductor layers of the TEM was explored. The results consistently demonstrated that the square leg geometry, particularly when configured with a height of 2.75 mm, outperformed other leg geometries. Consequently, it is recommend the adoption of square-shaped Bi2Te3 TEM, measuring 1 mm × 1 mm × 2.75 mm, with a 0.50 mm Al2O3 thickness and 0.125 mm Cu thickness during the manufacturing process. Study how factors like the Seebeck coefficient (S), thermal conductivity (k), and electrical conductivity (σ) affect temperature differences in the leg design of TE devices. At lower temperatures, modeling reveals lower electrical conductivity and enhanced thermal conductivity, highlighting the significance of S = ± 2.37×10⁻⁴ V/K. This illustrates the high potential of TEM for applications in thermoelectric generator (TEG) manufacturing.

Simulation of the integration of PVT and TEG with a cooling duct filled with nanofluid

Recognizing the pivotal role of the cooling method in enhancing Photovoltaic-Thermal (PVT) efficiency, this study delves into the combined application of two innovative techniques: a finned tube and a confined jet. Additionally, the integration of a TEG (Thermoelectric Generator) is introduced to amplify output power. The improvement in cooling efficiency is achieved through infusing a composite of Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) and Fe3O4 into the coolant. The investigation encompasses three distinct cooling system configurations: 1) the base case employing a conventional pipe, 2) a system with a finned-tube cooling unit, and 3) a setup combining a confined jet with a finned tube. The introduction of hybrid nanoparticles results in an overall performance boost of around 2.64 % compared to the base case. Furthermore, the efficacy of the nanofluid concentration (φ) in the base case surpasses that of the Finned Jet case by a factor of 3.86. Notably, an increase in irradiance magnitude and jet inlet velocity contributes to a commendable enhancement in thermal performance, registering approximately 8.66 % and 3.48 %, respectively. The incorporation of fins and confined jets yields substantial improvements, resulting in an 86.13 % enhancement in TEG performance and a commendable 26.42 % rise in thermal performance.