Effect Of Thermal Treatment Research Articles

Effect of Thermal Treatment on the Extraction and Antioxidant and Antiglycation Activities of (Poly)phenols from Ribes magellanicum.

Phenolic compounds have antiglycation activity, but the changes occurring during thermal treatment (TT) in these activities are not completely understood. The effects of the extraction conditions of (poly)phenols from Ribes magellanicum fruits, before and after TT, on their antioxidant and antiglycation effects were assessed. (Poly)phenol-enriched extracts (PEEs) from raw and TT (90 °C, 1 h) Ribes magellanicum were extracted using three solvent mixtures (ethanol/water/acetic acid) with increasing water content (0, 24, and 49%) and three solvent-to-solid ratios (5, 10, and 20 mL/g). PEEs of raw samples showed increased values of total (poly)phenols (TPC), TEAC, and FRAP and decreased IC50 values of fluorescent advanced glycation end products (AGEs) with increasing water content. An increase in TPC and FRAP values was observed for TT samples, but an increase in the IC50 values of fluorescent AGEs for PEEs with increasing water content was observed. Antiglycation activity (IC50 raw/IC50 TT) depended on the solvent-to-solid ratio and the extracting solvent. HPLC-DAD-MS analysis of raw and TT samples showed degradation of anthocyanins, flavonoid fragmentation, and oxidation as the main changes in the phenolic composition of TT samples. We show that TT affects the (poly)phenolic composition of R. magellanicum, producing a decrease in the antiglycation activity when extractions are performed with increasing water content, despite increasing TPC and FRAP activity.

Effects of brick kiln thermal treatment on the transformation and migration behavior of heavy metals in sewage sludge: Solidification, volatilization and long-term leaching

Effects of brick kiln thermal treatment on the transformation and migration behavior of heavy metals in sewage sludge: Solidification, volatilization and long-term leaching

Non-Destructive Evaluation of Thermal Treatment Influence on Elastic Engineering Parameters of Poplar

Twelve elastic constants (Young’s modulus (EL, ER, and ET,), shear modulus (GLR, GLT, and GRT) and Poisson’s ratios (νLR, νLT, νRT, νTR, νRL, and νTL)) of Populus canadensis M. were determined by ultrasonic testing and evaluation, and the effect of thermal treatment on these constants was figured out. Samples were modified at 110, 160, and 210 °C for 3 and 6 h. The 2.25 MHz pressure and 1 MHz shear waves were propagated to calculate ultrasonic wave velocities, which were used to dynamically predict the constants. The control values for EL, ER, ET, GLR, GLT, GRT, νLR, νLT, νRT, νTR, νRL, and νTL were 4361 MPa, 1438 MPa, 476 MPa, 771 MPa, 480 MPa, 107 MPa, 0.795, 0.296, 0.863, 0.335, 0.19, and 0.027, respectively. Yet, no data for full elastic constants were reported, and some remarkable differences were observed for moduli and Poisson ratios when compared to other poplar species. Elasticity and shear moduli reached their highest at 160 °C 3h and 110 °C 3h conditions, respectively. The common point of the treatment on moduli was that intense application caused the highest adverse effect, particularly for ET and GRT. Contrary to moduli, apart from νRT and νTR, the lowest values for Poisson’s ratios were not obtained at the intense application. In general, none of the properties presented linear-like advancement or worsening by the increase in treatment conditions. Furthermore, not all the properties were significantly influenced by the treatment. Therefore, defining an optimum thermal treatment condition for improving the wood elastic constants is not easy when considering that the response to thermal treatment changes not only between the species but also within the species. Anyhow, preventing extended duration to elevated temperatures provides considerable advances.

The Effect of Different Thermal Treatments on The Chemical Composition and Amino and Fatty Acids Profiles in Fish Artificial Diets

The Effect of Different Thermal Treatments on The Chemical Composition and Amino and Fatty Acids Profiles in Fish Artificial Diets

Unravelling the benefits of thermal waters enhancing oral health: a pilot study

BackgroundOral health represents a public health problem due to its remarkable social impact and medical costs. Crenotherapy with sulfur water is shown to be a complementary, less toxic, and traumatizing therapy, but the number of studies that evaluate the effect of natural mineral waters effect on oral health are scarce. The aim of this pilot study is to evaluate the impact of thermal water therapy on the oral health of the participants, assessing parameters such as plaque index, gingival bleeding index and periodontal probing depth as well on the perception of symptoms of oral mucosa diseases (OMD).MethodsAn observational, longitudinal and comparative study was designed, and 90 thermalists were randomly allocated to two treatment groups for 14 days: Thermal sulfuric natural mineral water of the Amarante Thermal baths group (TW_TA group) (n = 45) or saline solution (control group) (n = 45), in May 2022. The study was based on clinical observation and application of a self-response questionnaire involving sociodemographic data and quality of life assessment. The evaluation was carried out in 2 different moments: before and at the end of treatment (14 days).ResultsThe study involved 90 thermal practitioners, evenly split between the TW_TA group and a control group. Most participants were women (70%), with a similar average age in both groups. Oral examination showed a high prevalence of filled and missing teeth, and around 25% of participants used removable prostheses, predominantly in the control group. Thermal treatment had a positive impact on oral health. In the TW_TA group, gingival bleeding significantly decreased from 68.9% to 40%, while it remained unchanged in the control group. Periodontal health improved, with no participants in the TW_TA group having pockets deeper than 5 mm by the end of the study, indicating reduced periodontal pathology. Also, plaque levels dropped in both groups after treatment, as assessed by the O’Leary index. Additionally, quality of life related to OMD improved, particularly in the TW_TA group. The overall reduction in symptoms was significant, although the differences between groups were not statistically significant.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates the positive effects of thermal water treatment on oral health, including reduced gingival bleeding and plaque levels, along with improved quality of life related to OMD. Further targeted research is needed to explore the benefits of thermal water effects and optimize oral health practices in Portugal using thermal waters.

Modeling and numerical analysis of concrete specimen under dynamic and thermal loading taking into account non-linearity

In this study, we propose a model describing the mechanical behavior of basalt aggregate concrete under high temperatures. Basalt aggregate concrete is formulated. The bulk density, residual mechanical (compressive strength, tensile strength and elastic modulus) and microscopic properties of basalt aggregate concrete specimens are analyzed. The damage basalt aggregate concrete, the geometry and nonlinear behavior of the material is investigated. Based on Newton’s second law, the investigation is conducted on the simultaneous effects of mechanical loading and thermal treatment. The finite difference method is used for the numerical solution of the problem to determine the peak stress and strain of normal basalt aggregate concrete as a function of temperatures and time. It follows from the results obtained that, after [3–5 min] the critical temperature at which material damage, for both stress and strain, is observed to be 350 °C at the center, corresponding to a 30% reduction in peak stress on the value initially obtained experimentally; And 300 °C at the free and fixed end of basalt aggregate concrete specimen respectively, corresponding to a 38 and 30% reduction in stress in the z-axis direction. Beyond these temperatures, it is observed that the amplitude of the deformations continues to increase whatever the position announcing an imminent collapse of the material, probably due to the loss of stiffness of the cement paste which significantly reduces the mechanical performance of the normal basalt aggregate concrete observed experimentally.

Unlocking higher methane yields and digestate nitrogen availability in soil through thermal treatment of feedstocks in a two-step anaerobic digestion

BackgroundThere is an increasing interest in using lignocellulosic feedstocks for biogas production. Treatment of these feedstocks prior to anaerobic digestion (AD) can enhance their accessibility to microorganisms involved in the process. To improve the digestion of recalcitrant feedstocks and boost biogas yields, many biogas plants now employ two-step AD systems, extending substrate residence times. However, the combined effect of feedstock treatment and two-step AD on methane yield and fertiliser value of digestates are underexplored. This study, therefore, evaluated the effectiveness of thermal treatment (TT) of pre-digested agricultural feedstocks before a secondary AD step on the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics of digestates following application to soil. It also investigated the effects of TT on methane yields. Pre-digested feedstock (PDF) was treated at three different temperatures (70 °C, 120 °C and 180 °C) for 60 min, followed by parallel secondary AD steps using lab-scale continuous stirred-tank reactors (CSTR) and a batch test. Thermally treated feedstocks with and without a secondary AD step were applied to soil to study C and N dynamics and turnover for 2 months.ResultsTT at 180 °C increased ultimate CH4 yields by 7.2%; however, it decreased the net mineral N release in soil from 42 to 34% (of N input). Adding a secondary AD step increased the net mineral N release in soil from an average of 39% to 47% (of N input), with the effect of TT levelling off. Moreover, the secondary AD step significantly reduced C mineralisation rates from an average of 37% to 26% (of C applied).ConclusionsOverall, TT at 120–180 °C can improve biogas yields of recalcitrant feedstocks, but it may lead to the formation of refractory nitrogen compounds resistant to further degradation during AD, potentially resulting in a lower N fertiliser value of digestates.Graphical

Exploring the Impact of Surface Thermal Treatments on WC-Co Blocks Subjected to Linear Scratching: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study

High-energy thermal treatments, such as electron beam irradiation, are crucial for enhancing the performance of tungsten carbide–cobalt (WC-Co) composites in cutting tools and wear-resistant coatings. This study utilizes molecular dynamics simulations to analyze the nanoscale effects of such treatments on WC-Co surfaces, focusing on cobalt evaporation and linear scratching phenomena. The results demonstrate that electron beam irradiation significantly accelerates cobalt evaporation, with rates depending on energy flux and local atomic environments. Embedded cobalt atoms within WC grains exhibit higher resistance to evaporation due to stronger bonding, while pure cobalt surfaces show greater susceptibility to material loss. Under high energy flux, WC-Co surfaces experience an interplay of thermal expansion, density reduction, and evaporation, resulting in accelerated degradation. Linear scratching simulations reveal that thermally treated WC-Co surfaces exhibit increased structural instability, as indicated by broader distributions of local entropy and von Mises stress, reflecting heightened susceptibility to deformation and failure. Stress concentrations from indentation and scratching are more pronounced in thermally treated samples, highlighting the influence of thermal history on mechanical behavior. Molecular dynamics simulations enable detailed insights into atomic-scale phenomena, allowing precise quantification of the effects of energy flux, material composition, and thermal treatment on structural and mechanical responses. These findings emphasize the need to optimize thermal treatment protocols to enhance the durability and performance of WC-Co composites, providing valuable guidance for the development of robust materials for industrial applications.

Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Input Control Variables and Thermal Treatments on the Impact Toughness of EN-31 Steel

To meet the engineering applications, mechanical and physical properties of materials especially steels and their alloys are improved through thermal treatments. This research aimed to augment the impact toughness of EN-31 steel by picking the combinations of different levels of Charpy impact test control variables and thermal treatments built in three-level (L9) Orthogonal Arrays (OAs). For this reason, the experimental runs were conducted to examine the influence of varying V-notch angles (30°, 45° and 60°), heights of the hammer (1370 mm, 1570 mm, and 1755 mm), temperatures (-196°C, -50°C, and 28°C), and heat treatments (hardening followed by cryogenic treatment and low-temperature tempering - HCTLTT, hardening followed by cryogenic treatment and medium-temperature tempering - HCTMTT, and hardening followed by cryogenic treatment and high-temperature tempering - HCTHTT) on the impact toughness of EN-31 Steel specimens. Several patterns of thermal treatment sequences were executed with an aim to modify the material properties. Cryogenic treatment (CT) was conducted through a cryocan at 77K. The hardness of specimens were measured by employing a Brinell hardness tester. The results reported that height of the hammer and thermal treatments enhanced the toughness and hardness of the specimens most significantly.

Effect of thermal treatments on processing and flavor quality of Acrossocheilus fasciatus

Effect of thermal treatments on processing and flavor quality of Acrossocheilus fasciatus

Effects of thermal treatment on mechanical performance of mortar with bottom ash replacing cement

Effects of thermal treatment on mechanical performance of mortar with bottom ash replacing cement

Microstructural design opportunities and phase stability in the spray-formed AlCoCr0.75Cu0.5FeNi high entropy alloy

Designing a microstructure with controlled morphology is one of the determining factors for the optimum performance of a material. High entropy alloys (HEAs) have gained significant attention due to their enhanced mechanical and functional properties compared to conventional alloys, particularly based on opportunities for microstructural design. In this fast-developing field, varied thermal treatments can be applied to engineer a material as per the requirements. In the present work, we have studied the effect of thermal treatment on the microstructural modifications in the spray-formed AlCoCr0.75Cu0.5FeNi HEA. The alloy was characterized by using a light microscope, scanning electron microscope equipped with EDS detector and electron probe micro analyzer (EPMA). The elemental distribution and microstructural evolution of the alloy were studied by giving the heat treatments at different time-temperature spaces. The evolution of phases and their composition were correlated with the CALPHAD predicted property diagram and phase composition. It is observed that at a higher temperature of 1300°C, the alloy shows the simple solid solution phases to be more stable due to the high entropy effect, which brings down the Gibbs free energy of the system. The formation of the disordered BCC, FCC and their derivatives along with the sigma phase were observed in the temperature range of 600-1000°C. This work also draws attention to why understanding the microstructural evolution and solidification behaviour is important in designing the HEAs to meet the industrial promises and the role of entropy, enthalpy and slow diffusion kinetics are discussed.

The effect of infrared-assisted thermal and hydrothermal treatments on low-quality wheat flour obtained from tail-end passages and cracker quality

Low-quality wheat flour (LQF) is a by-product with high nutritional value but poor shelf life and technological properties. In this study, infrared (IR)-assisted thermal and hydrothermal treatments were applied to stabilize LQF and improve its functional properties. For the hydrothermal treatments, LQF was adjusted to 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30% moisture content. Samples were processed at 800 W IR emitter power until moisture content dropped below 8%.While the treatments had little effect on the core composition of the flour, they led to an increase in its maximum, final, and setback viscosities. Thermal treatment increased water absorption and solvent retention capacity, shortened dough development time (DDT), and did not affect extensibility. Hydrothermal treatments, however, led to an increase in extension resistance and DDT. The 15% initial moisture content improved dough stability and extensibility, but these characteristics declined at higher moisture levels.In crackers produced from the treated flours, increasing initial moisture levels improved the spread ratio, though moisture levels of 25–30% reduced hardness and created a brittle texture. These findings revealed that varying initial moisture levels allowed for selective modifications in the stabilization of LQF, with acceptable changes in color and composition.

Superconducting Re-Mo Alloys from Electrodeposition

Rhenium, one of the rarest metals in the crust of earth, has many special properties and enables some unique applications, such as in high temperature high strength machines and in chemical and electrochemical catalysis. On the other hand, as a type I superconductor, rhenium is also of interest to interconnect applications for cryogenic quantum electronics. While the bulk crystalline rhenium has a superconducting transition temperature, or critical temperature (Tc), of 1.7 K, this temperature is strongly influenced by the form, stress, and preparation method of Re. For instance, tensile strain and compressive stress can increase and decrease the Tc of Re, respectively. This Tc increases to 2.7 K for powder rhenium, and to 6 K for electrodeposited amorphous Re films1,2. However, such an enhanced Tc deteriorates upon grain coarsening along thermal treatment. In an effort to stabilize the enhanced Tc or even further improve the Tc, doping elements can be introduced. For example, bulk tungsten-rhenium alloys exhibit superconductivity at 8 K3 and rhenium-molybdenum alloy (Re40Mo60) at above 10 K4. In this work, we report an effort to electrodeposit ReMo alloys from aqueous electrolytes and to study the properties of such films.ReMo films are codeposit from highly concentrated acetate solutions containing citric acid as a complexing agent. ReMo films with different Mo content are obtained by adjusting the concentrations of metal cations and citric acid. Pure Re and Mo films are also deposited for comparison. The thickness of all samples is controlled between 200 and 300 nm to mitigate the impact of thickness variation. The films are characterized by X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, as well as superconductivity measurements. The effects of thermal treatment are determined by annealing the films at various temperatures.Figure 1 shows the superconducting transition of a set of as-deposit ReMo alloy films with various Mo contents, presented as 4-probe resistance measurements with temperature sweep. Pure Re film shows a transition at 6.4 K. As the Mo content increases up to 20 at.%, the transition temperature stays approximately unchanged with a small variation between 5.5 to 6.5 K. In addition, this enhanced Tc due to the amorphous grain structure remains unchanged upon thermal annealing up to 400 C. It is evidence that alloying Re with up to 20 at.% Mo is expected to stabilize the gain structure of electrodeposited Re while not compromising the superconductivity. A two-step transition is observed when Mo reaches 25 at.% in the alloy, indicating a discontinuous Re-rich phase with a Tc of 5.5 K and a second Re-poorer phase with a Tc at 3 K. (We need to discuss this last sentence when we meet.) Detailed discussion on the deposition and film characterization will be presented in the talk.1 Hulm, J. K. & Goodman, B. B., "Superconducting Properties of Rhenium, Ruthenium, and Osmium," Physical Review 106, 659-671 (1957).2 Pappas, D. P., David, D. E., Lake, R. E., Bal, M., Goldfarb, R. B., Hite, D. A., Kim, E., Ku, H. S., Long, J. L., McRae, C. R. H., Pappas, L. D., Roshko, A., Wen, J. G., Plourde, B. L. T., Arslan, I. & Wu, X., "Enhanced superconducting transition temperature in electroplated rhenium," Applied Physics Letters 112 (2018).3 Neshpor, V. S., Novikov, V. I., Noskin, V. A. & Shalyt, S. S., "SUPERCONDUCTIVITY OF SOME ALLOYS OF THE TUNGSTEN--RHENIUM--CARBON SYSTEM," Zh. Eksp. Teor. Fiz., 54: 25-8(Jan. 1968). Medium: X 2009-2012-2015 (1968).4 Morin, F. J. & Maita, J. P., "Specific Heats of Transition Metal Superconductors," Physical Review 129, 1115-1120 (1963). Figure 1

Analysing the effect of thermal and acidic treatment on tensile properties and microstructure of Inconel-625

ABSTRACT Inconel 625 alloy, known for its excellent corrosion resistance and strength retention even at high temperature, is widely employed in a variety of industrial sectors. This study investigates the mechanical characteristics of Inconel 625 alloy following high-temperature heating and then subsequent quenching in 12.5%, 18.5%, and 24.5% H2SO4 solutions. Thermally treated and acidic quenched samples were compared with their untreated counterparts. Owing to acidic treatments, the weight per centage of Ni, Cr, and Mo have been improved a bit owing to the enrichment of γ phases over the surface. Heat and acidic treatments in Inconel-625 resulted in the production of secondary phases like (chromium oxides) which led to reduce the ultimate and yield strengths. Some pitting phenomena and element segregation were observed through ‘optical microscopy (OM)’ and ‘field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM)’. As soon as the chemical concentration increases, element precipitation occurs towards the austenite grain boundary which results in enhancement in elongation before tensile failure.

Effect of thermal treatment on thin films of NiO:WO3 for optoelectronic applications

Nickel oxide (NiO), a semiconducting metal oxide, with its exceptional optical, electrical, and magnetic properties make it highly sought after for use in optical, optoelectronic, and electrochromic devices. Recent advancements in NiO-optical devices relies on the optical parameters like intrinsic optical nonlinearities. The current study involves the deposition of NiO:WO3 thin films utilizing radio frequency (RF) sputtering at various substrate temperature (Ts) of 100, 200, and 300 °C. An investigation was carried out to analyse the significance of Ts on the structural, optical, morphological, & vibrational characteristics. The X-ray diffraction investigation revealed the amorphous nature of the films. Scanning electron microscopy confirms the compact pinhole free surface of the films. The results of energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) spectra verified the existence of nickel (Ni), oxygen (O), and tungsten (W) components in the films. XPS analysis confirms the presence of both Ni2+ and Ni3+ states. The optical transmittance increased, and the band gap decreased with increase in Ts. The impact of Ts on various optical parameters such as refractive index, extinction co-efficient, dielectric constants, optical non-linear susceptibility, and dispersion energy parameters obtained by the Wemple-DiDomenico theory has been calculated and extensively investigated. The results indicate that NiO:WO3 films can be used to fabricate electrochromic and optoelectronic devices.

Technical note: Effects of chemical, radiational, and thermal treatment of bone tissue on material stiffness and anisotropy.

We evaluated the effects of four treatments for pathogen inactivation in bone tissue (ethanol storage, formalin fixation, gamma irradiation, and heat treatment via autoclave) on stiffness and anisotropy values in bone samples. Cortical bone samples from the humerus of 14 bovine specimens were subjected to Knoop microindentation analysis in longitudinal and transverse planes of section and four indenter orientations within each section. From each specimen, individual samples were assigned to one of five treatment conditions: 50% ethanol-saline solution, formalin immersion, gamma irradiation, autoclave, and buffered saline (controls). Each sample was microindented 100 times and the resultant stiffness data were analyzed by a resampled factorial analysis of variance. First- and second-order interactions as well as main effects of indenter orientation, treatment, and specimen were significant for both transverse and longitudinal sections, with the sole exception that indenter orientation-treatment interaction was nonsignificant for longitudinal sections. Interaction plots reveal that thermal (autoclave) and irradiation treatments depress stiffness values the most, while patterns of indentation stiffness at different orientations are relatively unaffected. Patterns of anisotropy are relatively unaffected by preservative treatments, but elastic modulus changes are consistent and unambiguous. Formalin and ethanol treatments are most comparable to controls and represent the best preservative media for mechanical testing. These options, however, are likely to be the least effective for ensuring the inactivation or sterilization of potentially contaminated samples.

The effect of thermal and non-thermal treatments on shelf-life of ready to drink whey-based functional beverages

Whey protein-based beverages are popular because of their many health benefits, high protein, pleasant flavor and vibrant hue. The hue of protein beverages is the most reliable barometer of how various quality characteristics will influence buyers' decisions. Protein beverages are typically processed using conventional thermal treatment, which diminishes their nutritional content and alters their appearance. Controlling the protein beverage quality and approximating the nutritional change can be achieved by examining microbial load during storage. This study analyzed the total microbial load such as coliform, yeast and molds of protein beverages, along with the impacts of various thermal (microwave, retort-pasteurization) and nonthermal (ultrasonication) treatments. The microbiological evaluation of the protein beverage was carried out at regular intervals (weekly) during the storage period under refrigeration and room temperature. In results, the protein beverage remained good in terms of overall acceptability and maintained the quality up to 90 days and 65 days after thermosonication treatment and was stored at refrigerated temperature (4 °C) followed by room temperature (28 °C) respectively. Hence, this study focuses on maximizing the shelf-life efficiency and maintaining protein beverage quality by using thermal and non-thermal procedures in tandem.

Fracture Mode and Thermal Damage Evolution of Sandstone Under the Coupling Effect of Thermal Treatment and Impact Load

The dynamic properties of high-temperature sandstone quickly deteriorate with different cooling methods, which leads to the instability of underground engineering rock structures. Therefore, it is of great significance to quantify the changes in the dynamic characteristics of high-temperature cooled sandstone under impact loads. Therefore, the sandstone is heated to different temperatures and cooled using three methods. A dynamic tensile test is performed using the Splitting Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) test set for high-temperature cooled sandstone. At the same time, the transient process of rock failure was examined using high-speed cameras. The influence of different temperatures and cooling methods on the thermal damage value of sandstone was analyzed, and the prediction equation was formed. The change in rock energy during rock failure under impact load was calculated.

Tumor vascular occlusion by calcium-based thermosensitizer provokes continuous cavitation effect and thermal energy transition efficiency of radiofrequency ablation therapy

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) suffers from incomplete ablation with tumor remnants, recurrence, and metastasis. To capture these matters, a calcium-based thermosensitizer (CBT) was constructed, which can swell the thermal ablation treatment. DMXAA was encapsulated within CaCO3 nanoparticles and surface-modified using PEG. DMXAA @CBTNps emanates continuous cavitation to enhance the RFA effect, lower RFA power, and shorten the RFA time by responding to the acidic tumor microenvironment and releasing carbon dioxide bubbles. Ca2+ deposition to form calcification instigates the calcium death of the tumor and strengthens the thermal conductivity, wherein CBT fortifies the immunogenic cell death (ICD) of RFA. The vascular disruptor DMXAA is administered to the tumor site to impair the blood and nutrient supply to the tumor tissue. Calcium carbonate nanoparticles generate persistent carbon dioxide bubbles within the acidic microenvironment, leading to a sustained cavitation effect that enhances magneto-thermal conversion. This synergistic approach facilitates tumor vascular occlusion, thereby improving thermal ablation therapy. This strategy is different from previous thermal ablation treatments in that the CBT-released product Ca2+, the continuous cavitation effect of CO2, and the vascular disrupting agent can accelerate the conversion of energy from electromagnetic energy to thermal energy and reduce the heat loss, which significantly amplifies the effect of thermal ablation treatment of HCC and intensifies ICD. Therefore, this research provides a promising avenue and therapeutic platform for clinical liver cancer treatment.