Squeezed Thermal State Research Articles

Photon-Subtracted Two-Mode Squeezed Thermal State and Its Photon-Number Distribution

We construct the photon-subtracted two-mode squeezed thermal state (PSTMSTS) by subtracting any number of photons from two-mode squeezed thermal state (TMSTS). It is found that the normalization factor of the density operator of PSTMSTS is a Jacobi polynomial of squeezing parameter λ and average photon number \(\bar{n}\) of the thermal state. We investigate the photon-number distribution (PND) of PSTMSTS and find a remarkable result that it is a quotient of two Jacobi polynomials, as well as derive a corresponding character of Jacobi polynomial.

Coherent operation of photon subtraction and addition for squeezed thermal states: analysis of nonclassicality and decoherence

We study nonclassical properties of the optical field when photon subtraction/addition coherent operation ta+ra† (|t|2+|r|2=1) acts on a squeezed thermal state (STS) by examining its quadrature squeezing, sub-Poissonian statistics, and negativity of the Wigner function. The degree of squeezing of the coherent operated squeezed thermal state (COSTS) becomes weaker. The Mandel Q parameter decreases with r and quickly becomes negative, which implies sub-Poissonian statistics. Both the negative dip and negative area of the Wigner function increase with r for small squeezing values of κ. Decoherence of the COSTS in an amplitude-damping channel is studied by the time evolution of the Wigner function. The length of time that this nonclassical field preserves its partial negativity of the Wigner function can be modulated by the coherent operation. All these results indicate that the nonclassicality of the STS is sensitive to the coherent operation.

Quantum Entanglement and Nonlocality Properties of Two-Mode Squeezed Thermal States in a Common-Reservoir Model

We study a system consisting of two identical non-interacting single-mode cavity fields coupled to a common vacuum environment and provide general, explicit, and exact solutions to its master equation by means of the characteristic function method. We analyze the entanglement dynamics of two-mode squeezed thermal state in this model and show that its entanglement dynamics is strongly determined by the two-mode squeezing parameter and the purity. In particular, we find that two-mode squeezed thermal state with the squeezing parameter is extremely fragile and almost does not survive in a common vacuum environment. We investigate the time evolution of nonlocality for two-mode squeezed thermal state in such an environment. It is found that the evolved state loses its nonlocality in the beginning of the evolution, but after a time, the revival of nonlocality can occur.

Photon-subtracted squeezed thermal state: Nonclassicality and decoherence

We investigate nonclassical properties of the field states generated by subtracting any number of photons from the squeezed thermal state (STS). It is found that the normalization factor of photon-subtracted STS (PSSTS) is a Legendre polynomial of squeezing parameter $r$ and average photon number $\mathrm{n\ifmmode \bar{}\else \={}\fi{}}$ of the thermal state. Expressions of several quasiprobability distributions of PSSTS are derived analytically. Furthermore, the nonclassicality is discussed in terms of the negativity of the Wigner function (WF). It is shown that the WF of single PSSTS always has negative values if $\mathrm{n\ifmmode \bar{}\else \={}\fi{}}<\mathrm{sinh}{}^{2}r$ at the phase space center. The decoherence effect on PSSTS is then included by analytically deriving the time evolution of WF. The results show that the WF of single PSSTS has negative value if $2\ensuremath{\kappa}t<\mathrm{ln}{1\ensuremath{-}(2\mathrm{n\ifmmode \bar{}\else \={}\fi{}}+1)(\mathrm{n\ifmmode \bar{}\else \={}\fi{}}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{sinh}{}^{2}r)/[(2\mathfrak{N}+1)(\mathrm{n\ifmmode \bar{}\else \={}\fi{}}\mathrm{cosh}2r+\mathrm{sinh}{}^{2}r)]}$, which is dependent not only on average number $\mathfrak{N}$ of thermal photons in the environment, but also on $\mathrm{n\ifmmode \bar{}\else \={}\fi{}}$ and $r$.

OSCILLATORY PHASE OF NONCLASSICAL THERMAL INFLATON IN FRW UNIVERSE

A minimally coupled nonclassical homogeneous scalar field is examined in the flat FRW universe in the semiclassical theory of gravity. Particle production in thermal coherent and squeezed states is studied for the flat FRW universe, in the oscillatory phase of the inflaton. Solutions for the semiclassical Friedmann equations are obtained in the thermal nonclassical states. Validity of the semiclassical theory is examined in the thermal coherent and squeezed states in the oscillatory phase of inflaton. Particle creation can be enhanced due to thermal and quantum effects. Quantum fluctuations of the inflaton in thermal coherent and squeezed state formalisms are also studied. Classical gravity differ from semiclassical gravity in the thermal coherent state only by an amplitude factor.

Number-Phase Quantization Scheme and the Quantum Effects of a Mesoscopic Electric Circuit at Finite Temperature

For L-C circuit, a new quantized scheme has been proposed in the context of number-phase quantization. In this quantization scheme, the number n of the electric charge q(q=en) is quantized as the charge number operator and the phase difference θ across the capacity is quantized as phase operator. Based on the scheme of number-phase quantization and the thermo field dynamics (TFD), the quantum fluctuations of the charge number and phase difference of a mesoscopic L-C circuit in the thermal vacuum state, the thermal coherent state and the thermal squeezed state have been studied. It is shown that these quantum fluctuations of the charge number and phase difference are related to not only the parameters of circuit, the squeezing parameter, but also the temperature in these quantum states. It is proven that the number-phase quantization scheme is very useful to tackle with quantization of some mesoscopic electric circuits and the quantum effects.

Quantum Fluctuations of Mesoscopic Damped Circuit Involving Capacitance-Inductance Coupling at a Finite Temperature

The quantization of mesoscopic damped circuit involving capacitance-inductance coupling is proposed by the method of thrice linear transformation and damped harmonic oscillator quantization. The quantum fluctuations of the charges and current of each loop are calculated by thermo-field dynamics (TFD) in thermal vacuum state, thermal coherent state and thermal squeezed state, respectively. It is shown that the quantum fluctuations of the charges and current not only depend on circuit inherent parameter and coupled magnitude, but also rely on squeezed coefficients, squeezed angle, environmental temperature and damped resistance. And, because of influence of environmental temperature and damped resistance, the quantum fluctuations increase with increasing temperature and decrease with prolonging time.

THE QUANTUM FLUCTUATIONS OF MESOSCOPIC DAMPED MUTUAL INDUCTANCE COUPLED DOUBLE RESONANCE RLC CIRCUIT AT FINITE TEMPERATURE

Mesoscopic damped mutual inductance coupled double resonance RLC circuit is quantized by the method of damped harmonic oscillator quantization and linear transformation. The energy levels of this circuit are given. By thermo-field dynamics (TFD), the quantum fluctuations of the current and voltage of each loop are researched in the thermal vacuum state, thermal coherent state and thermal squeezed state. It is shown that the quantum fluctuations of the current and voltage are related not only to the circuit inherent parameter and coupled magnitude of mutual inductance, but also squeezed coefficients, squeezed angle, environmental temperature and damped resistance. Furthermore, because of environmental temperature and damped resistance, the quantum fluctuations increase with the increase of temperature and decay along with time.

Quantum fluctuations of mesoscopic RLC circuit involving complicated coupling in thermal squeezed state

Starting from the Kirchhoff's equation for electric circuits and in reference of damped harmonic oscillator quantization and thermo-field dynamics (TFD), the quantization of damped double-resonance mesoscopic RLC circuit involving complicated coupling is proposed. The quantum fluctuations of charge and current of each loop are calculated in thermal squeezed state, thermal coherent state and thermal vacuum state, respectively. The results not only depend on the circuit proper parameters and coupled magnitude, but also rely on the squeezing coefficients, environmental temperature and damped resistance. The fluctuations increase with temperature rising and decay with time.

Quantum Fluctuations of Current and Voltage for MesoscopicQuartz Piezoelectric Crystal at Finite Temperature

The mesoscopic quartz piezoelectric crystal equivalent circuit isquantized by the method of damped harmonic oscillator quantization. Itis shown that the quantum fluctuations of voltage and current of eachloop are related to not only the equivalent circuit inherent parameterand squeezing parameter, but also the temperature, and decay accordingto exponent along with time in the thermal vacuum state, the thermalcoherent state and the thermal squeezed state.

Thermalization of squeezed states

Starting with a thermal squeezed state defined as a conventional thermal state based on an appropriate hamiltonian, we show how an important physical property, the signal-to-noise ratio, is degraded, and propose a simple model of thermalization (Kraus thermalization).

Particle Creation in the Oscillatory Phase of Inflaton

A thermal squeezed state representation of inflaton is constructed for a flat Friedmann-Robertson-Walker background metric and the phenomenon of particle creation is examined during the oscillatory phase of inflaton, in the semiclassical theory of gravity. An approximate solution to the semiclassical Einstein equation is obtained in thermal squeezed state formalism by perturbatively and is found obey the same power-law expansion as that of classical Einstein equation. In addition to that the solution shows oscillatory in nature except on a particular condition. It is also noted that, the coherently oscillating nonclassical inflaton, in thermal squeezed vacuum state, thermal squeezed state and thermal coherent state, suffer particle production and the created particles exhibit oscillatory behavior. The present study can account for the post inflation particle creation due to thermal and quantum effects of inflaton in a flat FRW universe.

THERMAL SQUEEZING AND DENSITY FLUCTUATIONS IN SEMICLASSICAL THEORY OF GRAVITY

A thermal squeezed state representation is constructed for each mode of a quantized scalar field in a spatially homogeneous and flat Robertson–Walker metric and the validity of semiclassical Einstein equation by analyzing the density fluctuation is examined. The density fluctuation in thermal squeezed state is very large and therefore the semiclassical theory may not be valid for squeezing parameter more than unity, however the theory holds when the associated squeezing parameter is much less than the unity. Further noted that the semiclassical theory is consistent in thermal coherent state formalism. The present study can account for the density fluctuations due to the thermal and quantum effects in semiclassical theory of gravity.

Thermal Squeezed State Representation of Scalar Field and Energy Density in Semiclassical Theory of Gravity

The semiclassical theory of gravity is studied in terms of representation of scalar field in thermal coherent state and thermal squeezed state formalisms. For the FRW cosmological model with a minimal scalar field, the semiclassical Einstein equation reduces to zero-point energy term plus a finite temperature term and classical term in thermal coherent state. In thermal squeezed vacuum state it reduces to quantum term in addition to the finite temperature term and zero-point energy term. The present study can account for nonclassical state and finite temperature effect contributions to energy density in semiclassical theory of gravity.

Phase Transitions of Thermal Squeezed states11The project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China

By using thermo field dynamics, we studied the phase transitions of thermal squeezed states. Two critical points are obtained in certain cases. They correspond to the transitions from thermal squeezed state to pure squeezed state and to thermal state respectively.

On classical properties of thermal squeezed states

The authors use the formalism of thermo field dynamics and the classical Cramer's theorem to show that if two quantum systems are prepared independently and their centre of mass is found to be a thermal squeezed state, then both systems were prepared in thermal squeezed states. This constitutes an alternative derivation of the quantum version of Cramer's theorem. Further, they consider the case of two systems that are prepared independently and their centre of mass is in a pure state in the expanded space of thermo field dynamics. In this case it is shown that the system is also separable in the centre of mass and relative coordinates, and again all the states involved are thermal squeezed states.

Characterization of thermal coherent and thermal squeezed states

Characterization of thermal coherent and thermal squeezed states are given in terms of the characteristic function. Previous characterizations of coherent state are analyzed and shown to involve a special stiplation for zero temperature. Relaxation of this stipulation characterizes the thermal coherent state. Further relaxation of the attributes leading to a thermal coherent state characterizes a general thermal squeezed state. Gedanken-experiment that allows the delineation of thermal coherent state from thermal squeezed state is outlined.