Thermal Spring Water Research Articles

Chemical and isotopic constraints on fluid origin and genesis of geothermal systems in the Tingri-Tangra Yumco rift, southern Tibetan Plateau

Numerous geothermal systems are hosted by extensional rifts that transect the Himalayas and Lhasa block in the Himalayan–Tibetan orogen. However, the relationships between hydrogeological processes and geothermal fluid circulation in different tectonic units remain unclear. Here, we report an integrated dataset of chemical and isotopic compositions (including major and trace elements, δD, δ18O, and 87Sr/86Sr) of thermal spring water from the Tingri-Tangra Yumco rift to assess their origins and circulation processes. δ18O (− 21.3 to − 17.0‰) and δD (− 166 to − 135‰) values of thermal springs indicate dominant recharge of meteoric waters from areas with elevation of > 6000 m and minor addition of magmatic fluids. Meteoric water could infiltrate to depths of about 1700–2900 m along the faults, whereby it is influenced by geothermal gradient and/or conductive heat transfer of magmatic fluids. The thermal spring waters are mainly Na-HCO3 type and are controlled by dissolution of silicate and carbonate minerals and mixing with deep fluids. The results of chemical and multicomponent geothermometers indicate reservoir temperatures of 115 − 195 ℃, corresponding to a convection heat flux of 3.96 × 105 J/s to 1.78 × 107 J/s from geothermal systems, which are comparable to that of the low-enthalpy geothermal systems in southern Italy. Geochemical modeling is conducted to assess the water–mineral equilibria in the reservoir. Trace elements and 87Sr/86Sr data suggest spatially variable controlling factors for the rift-related geothermal systems: (1) interaction with granitoid and carbonate in the Himalayas; (2) cold groundwater mixing with that leaching from granite and volcanic rocks in the Lhasa block; (3) the input of vapors from magmatic degassing. The geochemistry of thermal springs associated with extensional rift is largely induced by the interaction between fluid and different reservoir rocks in the Himalayas and Lhasa block. Based on these findings, a genetic model is proposed for exploration and development of geothermal resources in the Tingri-Tangra Yumco rift.

53678 Comparative randomized split face clinical study to assess the efficacy and tolerance of a serum containing Angiopausin and Avène Thermal Spring water in adult women with erythematotelangiectatic rosacea

53678 Comparative randomized split face clinical study to assess the efficacy and tolerance of a serum containing Angiopausin and Avène Thermal Spring water in adult women with erythematotelangiectatic rosacea

52888 Tolerance and efficacy of a serum containing Angiopausin and Thermal Spring water in adults with rosacea

52888 Tolerance and efficacy of a serum containing Angiopausin and Thermal Spring water in adults with rosacea

Tracing the orogenic sulfur cycle in the Andes using stable isotope composition of dissolved sulfate in thermal springs

The cycling of sulfur (S) to the upper crust and surface via thermal springs at convergent margins has not been explored outside areas with active arc volcanism, even though subduction plays a key role in the Earth's long-term S cycle. To address this knowledge gap, we analyzed stable sulfur and oxygen isotope compositions (δ34S and δ18O values) of dissolved sulfate (SO42−) in 55 thermal springs from five distinct settings in the Andean orogen. These regions are the Peruvian flat slab and backarc, transition between these two, Argentinian backarc, and Chilean forearc. Although the flat-slab settings had lower SO42− concentrations (<2000 mg/L) compared to the steep-slab settings (<12,700 mg/L), there was no significant relationship between isotope composition of SO42− and slab geometry. The δ34S and δ18O values of SO42− varied widely across the studied areas (+0.2 to +23.5 ‰ and − 3.3 to +16.0 ‰, respectively) and reflected the isotope compositions of local bedrock endmembers from dissolution of marine evaporites (+5 to +25 ‰ and + 10 to +20 ‰, respectively) and oxidation of magmatic and/or hydrothermal S and ore sulfide minerals with variable δ34S (0 to +16 ‰). The δ18O and δ2H values of thermal spring water (−18.5 to −3.3 ‰ and − 141.1 to −23.7 ‰, respectively) were consistent with meteoric precipitation, and in most cases decreased with increasing altitude following precipitation in the Andes. Generally, our isotope results do not support the direct transfer of slab-derived S/SO42− to thermal springs in the investigated settings. Rather, the δ34S and δ18O of SO42− in the thermal springs are a sensitive indicator of local water-rock interactions that remobilize bedrock S originating from a complex orogenic cycle reflecting tectonic uplift, erosion, weathering, and exhumation history across the duration of Andean Mountain building.

Effect of a low‐mineralized thermal spring water on skin barrier mechanical properties using atomic force microscopy

AbstractThe mineral content of thermal spring water (TSW) applied to the skin surface can directly influence the skin barrier. Indeed, our previous study showed that Avène TSW (ATSW), a low mineral content thermal spring water, protects the stratum corneum from dehydration compared to a mineral‐rich TSW (MR‐TSW) and maintains skin surface ultrastructure. While many TSWs have been recognized to have beneficial effects on skin, little is known about their localized and specific effects on skin barrier biomechanics at the nanometric scale. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of ATSW with a reference, MR‐TSW, on the biomechanical barrier properties of the skin under homeostasis conditions using atomic force microscopy (AFM). AFM was used to obtain a precise nanomechanical mapping of the skin surface after three applications of both TSW. This provides specific information on the skin topographical profile and elasticity. The topographic profile of skin samples showed a specific compaction of the skin layers after application of MR‐TSW, characterized by an increase of the total number of external skin layers, compared to non‐treated samples. By contrast, ATSW did not modify the skin topographic profile. High‐resolution force/volume acquisitions to capture the elastic modulus showed that it was directly correlated with skin rigidity. The elastic modulus strongly and significantly increased after MR‐TSW application compared to non‐treated skin. By contrast, applications of ATSW did not increase elastic modulus. These data demonstrate that applications of MR‐TSW significantly modified skin barrier properties by increasing skin surface layer compaction and skin rigidity. By contrast, ATSW did not modify the topographical profile of skin explants nor induce mechanical stress at the level of the stratum corneum, indicating it does not disrupt the biophysical properties linked to skin surface integrity.

A dermocosmetic regimen is effective and safe for mild to moderate acne in subjects of all skin phototypes

AbstractBackgroundAcne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory skin condition with a multifactorial pathogenesis. The clinical appearance of acne and its sequelae may differ according to phototypes. Data regarding the potential benefit of dermocosmetics (DC) regardless of phototype are lacking and assessing acne improvement can be difficult, given the lack of visual support in people with skin of colour. A DC regimen, combining a cleanser and a cream, both containing thermal spring water, has been developed for the management of mild‐to‐moderate acne, for all skin phototypes studied.ObjectivesTo assess the efficacy and local tolerance of a DC routine in mild‐to‐moderate acne and to visualize the clinical improvement in all skin phototypes.MethodsIn an open‐labelled, multicentre clinical study, subjects of any phototype aged above 11 years and above with mild (N = 48, 55.2%) or moderate (N = 39, 44.8%) facial acne applied the DC twice daily for 56 days. No other acne care was allowed. Acne severity, as well as inflammatory and noninflammatory lesion counts, were assessed at baseline, Days 28 and 56. Photographs were taken using a novel imaging tool based on multimodal acquisition, to show clinical improvement over time.ResultsEighty‐seven subjects, 41 adults and 46 adolescents, were included; 59.8% were female and were aged between 11 and 44 years. The total acne lesion count decreased by 34%, the noninflammatory lesion count by 28%, and the inflammatory lesion count by 52% at Day 56. All % changes were statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05). The GEA score decreased, with 25% of subjects showing at least a one‐grade improvement at Day 28 and 59% at Day 56. Local tolerance was excellent.ConclusionsThe tested DC care is beneficial for the improvement of acne and is very well tolerated in all skin phototypes studied.

Potential Benefits of a Cosmetic Ingredient Combining Thermal Spring Water and Diatom Algae Extract

The development of cosmetic ingredients improving the management of skin with irritation proclivity is an actual need. However, medical recommendations in specific cases, such as sensitive skin, include the use of as few and low-reactive ingredients as possible. In this context, we here describe the development of a new ingredient consisting of a mixture of thermal water and a diatom algae extract. First, we characterized a thermal spring water (La Solia, LS-TSW). Attending to its chemical composition, LS-TSW displayed an exclusive combination of different inorganic elements, with interesting potential properties when compared with other commercial spring waters. Then, LS-TSW hydrobiome was studied, and after finding specimens of Phaeodactylum-like sp., we proposed potentiating LS-TSW benefits with its combination with an oil extract of Phaeodactylum tricornutum (PtOE). Finally, we assessed the potential of the mixture during pro-inflammatory stimulation, in the first instance using an immune cell model, and then in an in vitro system mimicking keratinocytes under skin irritation. In the last-mentioned model, the ingredient of interest effectively attenuated the induced levels of different pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-6, IL-1, TNFα, NF-κB, and CCL1), at the level of gene expression. Thus, our results highlight the potential benefits of this combination in the context of skin irritation, opening roads for its use in new skincare regimens, and addressing an important dermatological concern.

Geochemistry of Geothermal Fluids in the Three Rivers Lateral Collision Zone in Northwest Yunnan, China: Relevance for Tectonic Structure and Seismic Activity

The Three Rivers Lateral Collision Zone (TRLCZ), situated at the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, is a crucial frontier where materials from the plateau flow southeastward. This study extensively investigated the hydrochemical characteristics and origin of helium and carbon isotopes in 73 thermal springs within the TRLCZ. The analysis revealed dominant processes, including carbonate and silicate interactions, resulting in elevated concentrations of HCO3− and Na+. The impact of Ca/Mg-rich minerals, particularly dolomite, influenced the cation composition. Additionally, gypsum dissolution, notably in the Lancangjiang Fault and Weixi–Qiaohou Fault, was highlighted through Ca/SO4 ratios. The positive correlation between SO42− and Cl− indicated dilution by shallow cold water, explaining the lower SO42− content in the Jingshajiang–Zhongdian Fault and Nujiang Fault compared to the Weixi–Qiaohou Fault and Lancangjiang Fault. The circulation depth of thermal spring water varied, with the northern Weixi–Qiaohou Fault exhibiting the shallowest circulation depth (~3 km), while the Jingshajiang–Zhongdian Fault and southern segments of the Nujiang Fault displayed deeper depths—ranging from 4 to 7 km. A positive correlation between the circulation depth and fault activity was also observed. The Rc/Ra ratios of free gas samples, predominantly indicating crustal origin, varied from 0.01 Ra to 0.53 Ra. Elevated Rc/Ra ratios in the research area suggested potential minor additions of mantle helium through faults and fractures. Crustal limestone was identified as the primary source of CO2-rich samples, with δ13CCO2 values ranging from −1.6‰ to −7.2‰, while trace amounts of mantle CO2 were found. The spatial distribution of the H2 concentration, CO2 concentration, He concentration, and mantle He proportions in gases indicated that higher values of He concentration and mantle He% always occur near sampling points with deeper circulation depths. However, no similar correlation was observed for H2 and CO2. Most earthquakes of magnitude 5 or greater occurred near the regions with high values of mantle source He release, highlighting the critical role of mantle fluids in the occurrence of earthquakes in the region. In this study, a fluid circulation model was developed to describe the process of fluid (water and gas) circulation migration and earthquake generation in the TRLCZ.

Geochemical Characteristics of Thermal Springs and Insights Into the Intersection Between the Xiaojiang Fault and the Red River Fault, Southeastern Tibet Plateau

AbstractDuring the ongoing uplift and expansion of the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, the front edge of the Sichuan‐Yunnan rhombic block (SYB) has experienced intense tectonic activity and frequent seismicity. In this study, the fluid geochemistry in the primary active faults at the front edge of the SYB was investigated, with the aim of understanding the tectonic activity and intersection relationship between the Xiaojiang fault (XJF) and the Red River fault (RRF). Thermal spring water and gases exhibit a coupled spatial distribution relationship; relatively high ion concentrations and 3He/4He ratios (Rc/Ra ratios of 0.21 to 0.62Ra) are observed along the RRF, Qujiang fault (QJF), and Shiping‐Jianshui fault (SJF). Multidisciplinary research results have indicated that mantle‐derived intrusion has been detected in the crust beneath the QJF and SJF. The current tectonic activity in the front edge of the SYB remains intense, with compressive stresses shifting toward the western side of the XJF and accumulating on the QJF and SJF. This has led to the development of fractures, enhancing the water–rock interaction and deep‐derived gas degassing along the faults. The unmixing characteristics of fluids at the intersection area of these two faults suggest the absence of conduits for fluid migration between the faults. Owing to the lower gas 3He/4He ratios, lower shear strain rates, stable reservoir temperature field, and extremely low historical seismicity in the Indo‐Chinese block, it is speculated that the current movement of the XJF may not cut through the RRF and continue southward.

Refining the origin of thermal water using stable isotope, hydrochemistry and GIS approaches in Jiaoxi, Taiwan

AbstractComprehending the recharge of thermal springs is crucial for preserving the water quality of such springs. However, limited groundwater well data in mountainous areas presents a challenge to determining thermal‐spring recharge areas. This study analyzes the isotopes (δ2H and δ18O) and major ions in rainwater, streamwater, mountain groundwater and thermal spring water in Jiaoxi, located near Taiwan's largest city, Taipei. The results of the isotope‐elevation relationship and GIS recharge analysis indicate that the thermal spring water originated from a remote mountain at elevations of approximately 1170–1480 m, rather than the upstream watershed. The thermal spring water was divided into two groups based on the carbonate saturation index (SI) and isotope composition: the foothill group, which had a positive SI and lower δ value, and the downstream group, which had a negative SI and higher δ value. This study improved the conceptual model of the thermal flow path by demonstrating that the recharge of thermal water is a transboundary regional flow and that the foothill thermal water does not mix with the meteoric water. The revised model also highlights the role of structural lineament trends (faults, fractures and folds) in the movement of regional flow in fractured mountain blocks.

Mathematical model of thermal water concentration

Thermal spring water is currently widely used as a finished product in the form of a spray and as an important component of effective dermatological and cosmetic products. In the Russian Federation, nitrogensilicon thermal waters (ASTW) are widespread in the Far East, especially in Kamchatka, which means they are significantly removed from the enterprises of mainland Russia that produce dermatological and cosmetic products. The high cost of delivery to processing sites leads to higher prices for drugs containing thermal water as a component. The purpose of the research was to concentrate thermal water of a certain composition using reverse osmosis. The results showed that concentrating water using the reverse osmosis method retained its original properties and the percentage of macro and microelements. High concentration capacity and cost-effectiveness were demonstrated by the use of Desal®TFM roll-type reverse osmosis elements in experiments. A mathematical model of the process of concentrating thermal water from Kamchatka (Nizhne-Paratunsky springs) using a reverse osmosis unit by repeatedly passing it through a membrane is proposed. An original mathematical formula was obtained to determine the rational degree of concentration in order to minimize the total costs of concentration and transportation of the resulting concentrate.

Topographic influence on ecohydrology in volcanic watersheds of the western Pacific monsoon area: evidence from water stable isotope composition of meteoric water, thermal water, and plants

ABSTRACT In Taiwanese volcanic watersheds, we investigated stable water isotopes in meteoric water, plants, and thermal water. Meteoric water exhibited a seasonal cycle, with heavier isotopes in winter and lighter ones in summer, especially in the southern region. The northern monsoon signal lagged the south by two weeks. In the Tatun mountains, young water fractions indicated prevalent old water sources. In the northern watershed, streamwater mainly came from the winter monsoon, while the southern one was influenced by alternating monsoons. Both indices indicated that winter plants depended on summer rainfall. Streamwater and plants had distinct sources in winter, supporting ecohydrological separation. Thermal spring water’s d-excess helped identify water–rock interactions, with low d value signaling such interactions. The topographic wetness index showed a higher summer monsoon contribution to southern streamwater but a lower one to plants. The mean linear channel direction significantly affected the monsoon contribution fraction, with northeast-oriented channels vulnerable to northeastward winter monsoons. Finally, we developed a model illustrating hydrological processes on short and long timescales. Our findings enhance our understanding of hydrological disturbances’ impact on water resources and ecosystems.

Efficacy of Avène Hydrotherapy on Chronic Pruritus in Patients with Plaque Psoriasis.

Pruritus is a prevalent symptom, described as one of the most bothersome of psoriasis. Specific itch management remains a challenge, for which hydrotherapy could be used as adjunct care to medical treatment. Therefore, we assessed the immediate and longer-term benefit of 3weeks of Avène thermal spring water hydrotherapy on chronic pruritus in patients in addition to their usual psoriasis and/or pruritus management. Twenty-six patients suffering from chronic pruritus due to psoriasis were evaluated before and after 3weeks of hydrotherapy with a 3 and 6month follow-up. A control group (18 patients) did not undergo hydrotherapy and continued to follow their usual skin management. Pruritus was assessed according to the numeric rating scale (NRS, pruritus intensity), the visual dynamic pruritus score (vDPS, change in pruritus intensity), and the 5-D itch scale (pruritus characteristics). Psoriasis severity was measured using the psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) score. The "itchy quality of life" (ItchQoL) scale was used to assess quality-of-life (QoL) impact related to itch. Pruritus and psoriasis gene and protein biomarkers were measured in lesional and nonlesional skin. Pruritus measurements (NRS, vDPS, and 5-D itch scale) indicated an immediate and long-lasting positive effect of hydrotherapy compared with control patients. The psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) was decreased by 40.0% by hydrotherapy, which was sustained over 6months. The ItchQoL also improved directly after hydrotherapy, which was still much improved even 6months later. Analysis of gene and/or protein biomarkers revealed a significant decrease of inflammation biomarkers (IL-8, IL-1α, IL-1RA, and RANTES), of psoriasis biomarkers (PI3, S100A7, and IL-17), and of pruritus biomarkers (IL-31, TRPV1, and CGRP1). These findings demonstrated an immediate and long-lasting improvement of pruritus in patients with psoriasis who underwent Avène thermal spring water hydrotherapy, indicating that this would be a good complementary therapy in the management of this disease. NCT03023254.

Applications of trace element and isotope geochemistry in revealing origin and evolution of thermal spring water and ore deposit

Geochemistry is normally referred to as the study of Earth’s chemistry by exploring properties of materials and natural processes from deep beneath the Earth’s surface to the upper atmosphere, demonstrating the natural phenomena nowadays and discovering the history of nature. This study describes a subtopic of geochemistry: inorganic isotopes and trace elements, and discusses the application of the isotopes and trace elements in studies of geothermal spring water and ore deposit. The study of water samples in Hengjing, China was accomplished with the help of gas isotope analysis. The carbon isotope ratios and gas compositions indicate that the thermal waters are mostly sourced from meteoric and mantle sources in this area. The He isotope could evolute from mantle fluid, and CO2 is a product of the carbonate decomposition of rocks at high temperatures. The other study, conducted on the Zhaoxian ore deposit, revealed the origin and processes of formation of the different compositions of the ore. The magmatic-hydrothermal activity in this tectonically active area contributes much to the mineralization process of the ore, as shown by the analysis of trace elements of pyrite. The fluid inclusion He-Ar isotope shows that the ore was characterized by crust-mantle mixing with a little participation of meteoric water.

NUMBER OF OVERNIGHT STAYS BY SPA TOURISTS IN THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA AND SOME EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

The spa industry is a booming business that is growing in popularity and profitability, and the outlook for the future is promising. The Republic of North Macedonia is a country with about 60 springs of mineral water that has eight thermal baths, from which two are currently not in operation. When comparing with some European countries, it can be seen that in Serbia there are more than 50 baths and more than 1000 springs, of which about 500 springs of cold and hot mineral water as well as an abundance of mineral mud. According to the number of overnight stays and arrivals, spas are leading tourist destinations in Serbia. In Croatia, unfortunately spa tourism is poorly developed taking that Croatia faces the Adriatic Sea (which is one of the calmest and clearest in the Mediterranean) and is the main tourist attraction in the country. Spa tourism is the most developed in Hungary where there are more than 100 spring of mineral water, currently there are 230 thermal baths. In Slovenia, one of the most developed forms of tourism is spa tourism. There are 87 thermal water springs with different properties and temperature (from 32 to 73 degrees Celsius). Slovenia currently has 12 SPA centers. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to see the number of overnight stays in the spas, compered to the total number of overnight stays of all types of tourists in the Republic of North Macedonia, but also in some of the European countries. This paper covers the countries of Serbia, Croatia, Hungary and Slovenia. Methodology: To achieve the set goal, the methods that were used are analysis and retrospective analysis of the number of spa tourists, the number of overnight stays in spas and the total number of overnight stays of tourists in the Republic of Macedonia and some of the European countries for the period from 2010 to 2020. The data were collected by the State Statistics Office of the Republic of Macedonia and related to the researched countries, and they were processed tabularly and graphically. The analysis was performed on the basis of previously studied scientific theoretical content of materials that include: literature, books, magazines and newspapers, reports, relevant publications, on line databases, as well as all other published materials. Results: For the period from 2010 2020 the biggest number of overnight stays were Hungary (1 113 300 000) ) from which 44.45% were from the spa tourists. The Republic of North Macedonia for these 10 years has a total number of overnight stays 26,465,259, of which 7.71% are overnight stays in spas or 2,041,044. Conclusions: The percentage of overnight stays in spas compered to the total number of overnight stays for the Republic of North Macedonia is 7.71%. The biggest number of overnight stays by spa tourists were in Hungary (44.45%), and the lowest number were in Croatia (0.6%).

Physicochemical Analysis of Lake Chitu: The Origin of Arthrospira Plantesis

Chitu is a unique poly-extreme soda lake with high alkalinity and salinity that supports Arthrospira plantesis inhabitation. In this study, the physical parameters, chemical analysis, and some heavy metal contents in Lake Chitu were determined using flam and hydride AAS. The physicochemical analysis showed higher variability in anion and cation concentration in the three transactional areas of the lake. The physical parameters of the lake showed no difference and the chemical analysis indicated that pH, carbonate, sulphate, and fluoride concentration were higher in the anthropogenic part of the lake. This shows that human/animal interference and thermal spring water play a role. Of the three transactional areas of the lake, samples from the flooded area of the lake showed the highest alkalinity and bicarbonate concentration, while samples from the protected area showed the lowest alkalinity. The mercury and arsenic contamination was highest in the protected and anthropogenic parts of the lake respectively. The present study strongly suggest that Lake Chitu, the unique habitat for arthrospira plantesis with possible use in diverse applications, which should be further investigated by seasonal sampling.

Natural radionuclides in thermal mineral springs in Edipsos Greece.

Natural thermal and mineral therapeutic springs exist all over Greece. A radiological survey has been carried out in the municipality of Edipsos to study the naturally occurring alpha emitter radionuclides, 226Ra and the uranium isotopes. Thirteen thermal spring water samples and six tap water samples which were collected from five locations in the municipality of Edipsos, were analysed and measured by a-spectrometry. The obtained results show that 238U activity varies between 2.8±0.3 and 65.0±5.3 mBq/L in hot springs and between 2.70±0.35 and 10.6±0.9 mBq/L in tap water samples. The 234U/238U activity ratio lying between 1.12±0.17 and 2.12±0.30 indicates enrichment in the 234U concentration that can be explained through its ability to be easily leached from mineral surfaces. The 226Ra activity concentration varies between 3.5±0.4 and 1470±127 mBq/L in hot springs and between 6.5±0.9 and 28.2±2.8 mBq/L in tap water samples. Based on these results the estimated doses in this study are below the recommended dose of 1mSv/y. Highlights A radiological survey was carried out in the thermal springs of Edipsos, one of the most popular spa towns in Greece. Determination of uranium isotopes and 226Ra via a-spectrometry was performed. Low uranium content was a common characteristic for all the samples.

Hydrobiome of Thermal Waters: Potential Use in Dermocosmetics

Over the course of the last 20 years, numerous studies have identified the benefits of thermal waters on different skin conditions. Consequently, several investigations have been carried out on their effects on the skin, which are linked to their chemical composition, and, recently, scientists have turned their attention to the role of the thermal spring’s microbiota, named “hydrobiome”, regarding these therapeutic effects. At the same time, the development of cosmetics based on pre, pro, and postbiotics has reached great relevance and research is increasing every day. This review gathers information on the biological diversity of thermal spring waters and their potential use in obtaining biological compounds, metabolites, or bacterial extracts for use in dermocosmetics as active ingredients. These bioactive compounds are able to improve dermatological diseases such as atopic dermatitis or rosacea and ameliorate pruritus and xerosis; moreover, they can increase protection against UV exposure, strengthen barrier function, maintain good homeostasis of skin defenses, repair damaged skin, promote wound healing, improve skin condition, reduce uneven skin pigmentation, and prevent skin aging. From a future perspective, fruitful cooperation among researchers, hydrologists, thermal spa centers, and cosmetic industries will drive this sector toward a better understanding of the role of the hydrobiome of thermal spring waters on healthy skin and dermatological diseases and consider the inclusion of derivatives of this hydrobiome (in the form of fermenters, lysates, extracts, etc.) in dermocosmetic formulations. Therefore, and being aware of the potential of the hydrobiome in dermatological and skin care applications, the future prospects for the use of bioactive substances derived from it in dermocosmetic formulations are promising.

The Role and Benefits of Dermocosmetics in Acne Management in Japan.

In Japan, as in other countries around the world, acne vulgaris is a common disease and a frequent reason for patients to consult dermatologists. For optimal management of acne, it is important to understand how available products to support skin health can be used both with and without prescription products. Dermocosmetics can be defined as skincare agents with dermatologically active ingredients that directly support or care for the symptoms of various skin conditions (distinct from vehicle effects). There are products with active ingredients-including familiar ones such as niacinamide, retinol derivatives, and salicylic acid-that target important aspects of acne pathophysiology. Others, including ceramides, glyercin, thermal spring water, and panthenols, may have positive effects on skin barrier function that are useful in managing acne. This publication will discuss the roles of dermocosmetics in acne either as monotherapy to manage the milder forms of acne and help prevent relapses, or as adjuncts to prescription therapy to increase efficacy or adherence and assist in prevention of local adverse effects. Dermocosmetics may also have active ingredients that positively impact the skin microbiome.

Diatom Analysis in Thermophilic water bodies: A Study on Hot Water Springs of Madhya Pradesh

INTORDUCTION: This study was done with the objective to study the presence of various species of diatoms present in the thermophilic water bodies of Madhya Pradesh (Anhoni and ChavalPani). And to determine the correlation of physiological variables such as temperature and pH to the diatom density. METHODOLOGY: For the detection of diatom species in the water samples acid digestion method was used.50 ml of sample was taken and 10 ml of concentrated nitric acid (HNO3) was added. The sample is then kept undisturbed for 24 hours. The sample was then centrifuged for 10 minutes at 3000rpm 3 times. The palettes formed were suspended in distilled water and centrifuged at 3000 rpm to remove acid content. The palettes are then transferred onto a clean and dry slide and are dried by keeping them on a hot plate at 30-40 C for 4-5 minutes. This slide is then observed under a phase contrast microscope and pictures are taken of varied diatom species using the attached camera. OBSERVATIONS AND RESULTS: The analysis in our research concluded that there are various diatoms present in these thermal water springs belonging to the class Bacillariophyceae, Mediophyceae and Fragiariophyceae. The diatoms that were viewed and captured under Phase contrast microscope were, Nitzschiapalea, Nitzschialinearis, Discostellastelligera, Achnanthidium Sp., Tabularia Sp., Anomoeoneissphaerophora, Amphipleura Sp., Tryblionella Sp., Fragilariacrotonensis., and Nitzschiafi liformis The research lead us to the results that hot water springs that had lower temperatures had more percentage of diatom density as compared to the hot water springs with higher temperatures. According to our research 60% of the diatomsfound were from the geothermal spring of Anhoni, Madhya Pardesh which had a lower temperature while the geothermal spring at Chawalpani, Madhya Pradesh was found to have lower diatom density due to its high temperatures and low nutrient index. When the pH of these water samples was studied against the diatom density, no signifi cant diff erence was found due to the nominal range diff erence in pH. Yet geothermal springs had a 10% more diatom density at a low pH level which is 5 in this case study. This research leads to certain crucial conclusions that gave us strong evidence for co-relation amidst temperature, pH and diatoms. Conclusion: Geothermal springs are a habitat to many diatom species. These diatom species are specifi c to a particular site and are used in cases of drowning death for leads. On extraction and analysis of these diatoms we can detect and compare them to the standard diatoms present in the water sources of that area. This helps Forensic Scientist fi nds leads in any case of death due todrowning. the analysis in our research concludes the presence of diatom species in the geothermal springs of Madhya Pradesh, namely Anhoni and Chawalpani. These diatoms include species belonging to class of Bacillariophyceae, Mediophyceae and Fragilariophyceae. it also establishes the correlation between the temperature, pH and diatom density of these geothermal springs. It can be concluded that the geothermal springs that have lower temperature and pH are prove tohave higher diatom density and diversity as compared to the ones with higher temperature.