Thermal Non-equilibrium State Research Articles

Energy transfer, conversion and mechanical regulation in graded piezoelectric semiconductor bipolar junction transistor

While the effective regulation of carrier redistribution in piezoelectric semiconductor devices by mechanical loads through piezoelectric polarized electric fields is well-studied, there is a scarcity of reported research on the influence of energy transfer and conversion characteristics in a non-thermal equilibrium state of these devices. This paper establishes a nonlinear multi-field coupling model for piezoelectric semiconductor graded bipolar junction transistor (PS-GBJT) and proposes a corresponding multi-gradient iterative algorithm. We regard the product of current and built-in electric field as the work done by electric field force on carriers. By incorporating the energy absorbed/released during carrier recombination/generation process, we observe that non-equilibrium carriers act as a medium that facilitates energy conversion between these two mechanisms. Additionally, the non-uniformly distributed doping extends the influence of space charge region throughout entire transistor. In terms of external input electrical energy, the emitter, base, and collector regions play roles of input energy, transfer energy, and output energy, respectively. The study concludes by demonstrating the regulation of energy transfer or conversion efficiency in emitter, base, and collector regions through mechanical loads, thereby altering the heating behavior of entire GBJT and reshaping its energy transfer path. This leads to the significant finding that distinct energy transfer paths fundamentally define the various operational states of GBJT. The novel insights gained from this research hold reference value for thermal design and energy management of electronic devices.

Influence of periodicity on natural convection in a square porous cavity due to non-uniform heat under LTNE state

In this article, the influence of the local thermal non-equilibrium (LTNE) state on free convection in a square cavity filled with fluid-saturated porous medium is investigated numerically. The steady-state flow is induced due to sinusoidal heat distributed on the side walls of the cavity and insulated of the horizontal walls. The coupled flow governing equations are solved numerically by using the finite volume method (FVM) consisting of the SIMPLER (Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure Linked Equation Revised) Algorithm. The numerical simulations of temperature and stream-function contours are carried out for the non-Darcy model. The developed code is validated with existing numerical and present computed results for the case of a square enclosure associated with non-uniform heat source. Then, the present numerical results are analyzed over a range of physical parameters, like periodicity parameter ( N ≥ 1 ), interface heat transfer coefficient ( 10 − 2 ≤ H ≤ 10 2 ), porosity scaled thermal conductivity ratio ( 10 − 2 ≤ γ ≤ 10 2 ), with a fixed Rayleigh number ( Ra = 10 6 ), Darcy number ( Da = 10 − 4 ), Prandtl number (Pr = 0.71), and porosity ( ε = 0.8 ). To study the impacts of these key parameters on the fluid flow behavior and isotherm patterns of fluid as well as solid phase in the porous-square enclosure. From present numerical experiments that the structure of flow is controlled by multicellular structure with rotating clockwise and anticlockwise directions in the entire results. The flow dynamics are highly affected by the periodicity parameter (N) under LTNE circumstances. The characteristics of the local Nusselt number have the point of inflection and the maximum magnitude of it increases with N. The significant effect of H is found on the heat transfer rate of fluid phase but it is negligible on the heat transfer rate of solid phase. However, the influence of γ is found reverse in nature on the heat transfer rate of fluid as well as solid phase when as compared to the effect of H.

Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Thermal Nonequilibrium and Chemical Reaction Processes in Hydrogen Combustion.

Using reactive force field (ReaxFF) and molecular dynamics simulation, we investigate the combustion process of hydrogen-oxygen systems in initial thermal nonequilibrium states with different translational and rovibrational temperatures for oxygen. The system studied in this work contains 300 oxygen molecules and 700 hydrogen molecules with a density of 7 times the air density. For this system, the characteristic relaxation times of oxygen and hydrogen vibrational energies are 0.173 and 0.249 ns, respectively. 0.6% of hydrogen undergoes a chemical reaction with oxygen during the thermal nonequilibrium relaxation stage. For the distribution of translational energy and vibrational energy of oxygen in the thermal nonequilibrium state, the maximum mean error of the statistical distribution in the simulation and the Boltzmann distribution at temperature calculated from the average kinetic energy of molecules is about 2.25 × 10-5. At the same time, it was observed in the simulation that many-body interactions play a certain role in the combustion process. Furthermore, we compare the ignition time and temperature rise behavior of different combustion mechanisms and molecular dynamics simulations starting from the thermal equilibrium state. These results will provide meaningful references for the construction of thermal nonequilibrium combustion chemical reaction mechanisms.

Local thermal nonequilibrium perspective of heat transfer and fluid flow in a slender anisotropic porous cavity due to lateral uniform heat flux

The influence of the local thermal nonequilibrium (LTNE) state on steady-state natural convection due to the heating and cooling of the side walls of the slender porous cavity has been addressed analytically and numerically. The porous medium is assumed to be hydrodynamically anisotropic. The Darcy model has been adopted. A closed-form solution, based on a parallel hypothesis, is reported for a slender cavity. The combined impact of media anisotropy and LTNE state on the heat transfer rate, as well as flow dynamics, have been analyzed. The help of boundary layer analysis is taken to report the boundary layer thickness and heat transfer rate of fluid flow analytically. It has been found that the maximum (minimum) heat transfer rate of the fluid phase as well as solid phase takes place at orientation angle, ϕ , equal to π / 2 when permeability along the horizontal (vertical) direction is higher than the same along vertical (horizontal) direction.

Numerical study on mixed convection heat transfer of copper-water nanofluid in a porous cavity with an isothermal solid block in local thermal non-equilibrium

This manuscript reports a numerical study on mixed convection heat transfer of Cu-water nanofluid in a porous cavity with an isothermal solid block in the state of local thermal non equilibrium. The set of governing equations are solved by finite volume method combined with SIMPLE algorithm. Through streamlines and isothermal contour plots as well as the average Nusselt number, the impact of various parameters like the nanoparticle concentration, Richardson number, Darcy number, and inter phase heat transfer coefficient is highlighted. The main findings indicate that the Local thermal non-equilibrium state (H = 1, 10) produces the maximum heat transfer rate than the local thermal equilibrium state (H = 1000).

A POROUS MEDIA APPROACH FOR NUMERICAL OPTIMISATION OF THERMAL WHEEL

The experimental investigations of rotating heat exchangers are usually too costly and provide limited understanding for the phenomena of heat and fluid flow within them; hence, a less expensive and more comprehensive method is required to investigate what can affect their overall performance. In the current study, a porous media concept is presented as an alternative way to numerically analyse the fluid flow and heat transport through a rotary thermal regenerator. An aluminum core formed of multi-packed square passages is simulated as a porous medium of an orthotropic porosity in order to allow the counter-flowing streams to flow in a way similar to that inside the regenerator core. The geometric properties of the core were transformed into the conventional porous media parameters such as the permeability and inertial coefficient based on empirical equations; so, the core has been dealt with as a porous medium of known features. Fluid and solid phases are assumed to be in a local thermal non-equilibrium state with each other. A commercial CFD code "STAR CCM+" was used to solve the current problem numerically, where heat is allowed to be exchanged between the two phases and tracked by creating a heat exchanger interface in the core region. The results are presented by means of overall thermal effectiveness, pressure drop, and coefficient of performance COP. Using porous media approach has been found to be sufficient to simulate the current problem, where the currently computed data were found to deviate by up to 2.7% only from the corresponding analytical and experimental data. The data obtained reveal an obvious impact of the core geometrical parameters on both the heat restored and pressure loss; and hence, the overall efficiency of the regenerator system.

Calibration Method for Airborne Infrared Optical Systems in a Non-Thermal Equilibrium State.

Airborne infrared optical systems equipped with multiple cooled infrared cameras are commonly utilized for quantitative radiometry and thermometry measurements. Radiometric calibration is crucial for ensuring the accuracy and quantitative application of remote sensing camera data. Conventional radiometric calibration methods that consider internal stray radiation are usually based on the assumption that the entire system is in thermal equilibrium. However, this assumption leads to significant errors when applying the radiometric calibration results in actual mission scenarios. To address this issue, we analyzed the changes in optical temperature within the system and developed a simplified model to account for the internal stray radiation in the non-thermal equilibrium state. Building upon this model, we proposed an enhanced radiometric calibration method, which was applied to the absolute radiometric calibration procedure of the system. The radiometric calibration experiment, conducted on the medium-wave channel of the system within a temperature test chamber, demonstrated that the proposed method can achieve a calibration accuracy exceeding 3.78% within an ambient temperature range of -30 °C to 15 °C. Additionally, the maximum temperature measurement error was found to be less than ±1.01 °C.

Spatial and Temporal Analysis of Quiescent Coronal Rain over an Active Region

The solar corona produces coronal rain, hundreds of times colder and denser material than the surroundings. Coronal rain is known to be deeply linked to coronal heating, but its origin, dynamics, and morphology are still not well understood. The leading theory for its origin is thermal instability (TI) occurring in coronal loops in a state of thermal nonequilibrium (TNE), the TNE-TI scenario. Under steady heating conditions, TNE-TI repeats in cycles, leading to long-period EUV intensity pulsations and periodic coronal rain. In this study, we investigate coronal rain on the large spatial scales of an active region (AR) and over the long temporal scales of EUV intensity pulsations to elucidate its distribution at such scales. We conduct a statistical study of coronal rain observed over an AR off limb with Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph and Solar Dynamics Observatory imaging data, spanning chromospheric to transition region (TR) temperatures. The rain is widespread across the AR, irrespective of the loop inclination, and with minimal variation over the 5.45 hr duration of the observation. Most rain has a downward (87.5%) trajectory; however, upward motions (12.5%) are also ubiquitous. The rain dynamics are similar over the observed temperature range, suggesting that the TR emission and chromospheric emission are colocated on average. The average clump widths and lengths are similar in the SJI channels and wider in the AIA 304 Å channel. We find ubiquitous long-period EUV intensity pulsations in the AR. Short-term periodicity is found (16 minutes) linked to the rain appearance, which constitutes a challenge to explain under the TNE-TI scenario.

Natural convection due to lateral uniform heat flux in a slender porous cavity saturated with nanofluid: Departure from LTE state

The present article deals with the influence of the local thermal nonequilibrium (LTNE) state on natural convection in an enclosure filled with nanofluid-saturated porous medium. The flow is induced due to the maintenance of constant heat flux on the vertical walls and insulation of horizontal walls. The Darcy model has been adopted to describe the flow governing equations. These equations are solved numerically by using the alternate direction implicit method and analytically by applying parallel flow assumptions valid for large aspect ratios. Boundary layer analysis is performed to report the boundary layer thickness ( δ x ∼ 2 1 / 2 ( k nf / k f ) 1 / 10 ( R a T ) − 1 / 5 ) as well as the heat transfer rate of nanofluid ( N u nf ∼ ( k nf / k f ) − 1 / 5 R a T 2 / 5 ) . The combined effect of LTNE state parameters (interface heat transfer coefficient (H), porosity scaled thermal conductivity ratio (γ)) and volume fraction of nanoparticle ( ϕ ) is addressed on the flow dynamics and heat transfer mechanism. Rigorous analysis, indicates that the average heat transfer rate of nanofluid and solid porous matrix are increasing function of H and γ, however, the role of γ is accelerated for a relatively high value of H. For increasing the value of γ from 1 to 10, the enhancement in the heat transfer rate of nanofluid is reported to be up to 27% at 10% volume fraction of nanoparticles. The average Nusselt number of nanofluid, as well as solid phase, are reduced when the value of ϕ is increased under the LTNE circumstances. Furthermore, the flow structure is controlled by unicellular structure with rotating anticlockwise direction in the entire study. For the very small value of H the temperature distribution in the solid porous matrix is mainly by conduction mode and distribution is linear, however, for a relatively high value of H the distribution in the same is controlled by both conduction as well as convection, and it will be more pronounced for the higher value of γ.

Condition Monitoring Method for Heatsink of Traction Inverter Using ANN and OWD

This article proposes a novel condition monitoring method for heatsink of traction inverter of urban rail train by detecting the change of temperature dynamic curves. Artificial neural network is used to predict the reference curves of healthy state under various working conditions, and the differences between temperature dynamic curves are extracted by one-way distance algorithm. This method is suitable for the condition monitoring of heatsink of urban rail train, because first it meets the diversity of operation conditions and nonthermal equilibrium state of traction inverter. Moreover, its implementation does not cause intrusion to the original system, and can realize online monitoring. Finally, the effectiveness is experimentally verified.

Vibrational Modeling with an Anharmonic Oscillator Model in Direct Simulation Monte Carlo

Vehicles undergoing hypersonic speed experience extreme aerothermodynamic conditions. Real gas effects cannot be neglected, and thus internal degrees of freedom of molecules being partially/fully excited must be carefully predicted in order to accurately capture the physics of the flowfield. Within direct simulation Monte Carlo solvers, a harmonic oscillator (HO) model, where the quantum levels are evenly spaced, is typically used for vibrational energy. A more realistic model is an anharmonic oscillator (aHO), in which the energy between quantum levels is not evenly spaced. In this work, the Morse-aHO model is compared against HO. The Morse-aHO model is implemented in the dsmcFoam+ solver, and the numerical results are in excellent agreement with analytical and potential energy surface solutions for the partition function, mean vibrational energy, and degrees of freedom. A method for measuring the vibrational temperature of the gas when using the anharmonic model in a direct simulation Monte Carlo solver is presented, which is essential for returning macroscopic fields. For important thermophysical properties of molecular oxygen, such as the specific heat capacity, it is shown that the aHO and HO models begin to diverge at temperatures above 1000 K, making the use of HO questionable for all but low-enthalpy flows. For the same gas, including the electronic energy mode significantly improves the accuracy of the specific heat prediction, compared to experimental data, for temperatures above 2000 K. For relaxation from a state of thermal nonequilibrium, it is shown that the aHO model results in a slightly lower equilibrium temperature. When applied to hypersonic flow over a cylinder, the aHO model results in a smaller shock standoff distance and lower peak temperatures.

Characterization of helium microplasma generated in a flow focusing microfluidic device

Non-thermal microplasmas produced in a microchannel have several potential applications in analytical chemistry, environmental sensing, and surface modification of microfluidic chips for biomedical and lab-on-chip devices. This paper investigates the properties of an atmospheric pressure helium microplasma excited in a polydimethylsiloxane flow focusing microfluidic chip. The influence of input parameters such as applied voltage and gas flow rate on discharge characteristics is investigated in detail. Electron excitation and molecular rotational temperatures are determined with the Boltzmann plot technique. The rotational temperature from the N2+ emission band was calculated in the range of 348–417 K. Electron density and temperature are determined using the well-known plasma diagnostic technique of Stark broadening. The emission lines of hydrogen Balmer (Hα) and neutral helium (501, 667, and 728 nm) are selected to measure the parameters of Stark broadening. The electron density and electron temperature were found to be in the range 0.7×1016–3.39×1016 cm−3 and 10 800–12 493 K, respectively. The evaluated discharge parameters validate the non-thermal equilibrium state of the microplasma. The electrical diagnostics of plasma were performed by monitoring the signals of high voltage and current of the discharge. Moreover, the plasma modified surface (hydrophobic to hydrophilic) was verified by successfully utilizing the microchannel to form an oil-in-water micro-emulsion.

Prevalence of Thermal Nonequilibrium over an Active Region

Recent observations have shown that besides the characteristic multimillion degree component, the corona also contains a large amount of cool material called coronal rain, whose clumps are 10–100 times cooler and denser than the surroundings and are often organized in larger events, termed showers. Thermal instability (TI) within a coronal loop in a state of thermal nonequilibrium (TNE) is the leading mechanism behind the formation of coronal rain but no investigation on showers exists to date. In this study, we conduct a morphological and thermodynamic multiwavelength study of coronal rain showers observed in an active region (AR) off-limb with IRIS and the Solar Dynamics Observatory, spanning chromospheric to transition region and coronal temperatures. Rain showers were found to be widespread across the AR over the 5.45 hr observing time, with an average length, width, and duration of 27.37 ± 11.95 Mm, 2.14 ± 0.74 Mm, and 35.22 ± 20.35 minutes, respectively. We find a good correspondence between showers and the cooling coronal structures consistent with the TNE–TI scenario, thereby properly identifying coronal loops in the “coronal veil”, including the strong expansion at low heights and an almost zero expansion in the corona. This agrees with previous work suggesting that the observed zero expansion in the EUV is due to specific cross-field temperature distribution. We estimate the total number of showers to be 155 ± 40, leading to a TNE volume of 4.56 ± [3.71] × 1028 cm3, i.e., on the same order of the AR volume. This suggests a prevalence of TNE over the AR indicating strongly stratified and high-frequency heating on average.

CFD parametric analysis of wire meshes open volumetric receivers with axial-varied porosity and comparison with small-scale solar receiver tests

The Porous Continuum method with local thermal non-equilibrium state and the P1 approximation is adopted to analyse the potentialities of using staggered stack wire meshes in double, gradual-porosity air absorbers in the axial direction. A parametric study with 300 cases, is performed considering meshes with different geometrical properties and layer thickness ratios in order to achieve greater efficiency than that offered by single-porosity metallic volumetric absorbers. The parametric study considers three different arrangements: gradually decreasing porosity, absorbers with two different layers of similar porosity and gradually increasing porosity within the air flow. The study identifies 10 configurations exceeding 90% thermal efficiency at usual working conditions. Finally, the three best configurations of the parametric analysis are experimentally tested at a small-scale laboratory test-bed and the numerical method is validated successfully in three-dimensional simulations to account for the heterogeneous solar flux profile.

Nonlinear Stability and Linear Instability of Double-Diffusive Convection in a Rotating with LTNE Effects and Symmetric Properties: Brinkmann-Forchheimer Model

The major finding of this paper is studying the stability of a double diffusive convection using the so-called local thermal non-equilibrium (LTNE) effects. A new combined model that we call it a Brinkmann-Forchheimer model was considered in this inquiry. Using both linear and non-linear stability analysis, a double diffusive convection is used in a saturated rotating porous layer when fluid and solid phases are not in the state of local thermal non-equilibrium. In addition, we discussed several related topics such as the effect of solute Rayleigh number, symmetric properties, Brinkman coefficient, Taylor number, inter-phase heat transfer coefficient on the stability of the system, and porosity modified conductivity ratio. Moreover, two cases were investigated in non-linear theory, the case of the Forchheimer coefficient F=0 and the case of the Taylor-Darcy number τ=0. For the validation of this work, some numerical experiments were made in the non-linear energy stability and the linear instability theories.

Nonequilibrium Factor in the Structure of a Curved Shock Wave Refracted Into an Intensively Heated Medium

The role of thermal nonequilibrium state in the structure of a curved shock wave during its refraction into an intensively heated medium has been studied analytically and numerically. At elevated gas temperatures common for optical discharges and for moderate-to-strong shock intensities, the width of the zone of variable specific heat is on sub- to mm scale, and thus is comparable to the geometrical scale of the problem. The asymptotic temperature gap, the specific temperature distribution in the zone, and the relaxation zone width are discussed in connection with the changes in the contrast level of the shock images obtained with shadow techniques. Numerical examples are presented in spherical and elliptical geometries for the conditions of a laser-induced breakdown in pure nondissociating nitrogen gas.

THERMAL NON-EQUILIBRIUM EFFECTS ON THE INSTABILITY MECHANISM IN A NON-NEWTONIAN JEFFREY FLUID SATURATED POROUS LAYER

In this work, the impact of local thermal nonequilibrium (LTNE) state on the convective instability of non-Newtonian Jeffrey fluid in a porous matrix is analyzed using a two-field temperature model. In view of the linear stability concept, the onset conditions for the convective instability are obtained analytically in terms of critical Rayleigh-Darcy number RD,c. The results demonstrate that the stability of the system improves with interphase heat-transmit parameter NHT , while it decreases with the Jeffrey parameter λ and altered thermal conductivities ratio γ. Some existing outcomes in the literature are also recuperated as specific states from this examination.

Natural convection of a binary liquid in cylindrical porous annuli/rectangular porous enclosures with cross-diffusion effects under local thermal non-equilibrium state

The present article reports an analytical study of the double diffusive natural convection (DDNC) in cylindrical porous annuli (CPA) and rectangular porous enclosures (RPE), which are handled in a unified way using the curvature parameter, saturated by a binary liquid under the assumption of local thermal non-equilibrium (LTNE) state. The buoyancy forces (thermal and solutal) driving the flow are assumed to be induced by the maintenance of constant and uniform heat and mass fluxes applied along the vertical (radial) walls and insulation of both horizontal walls of the annuli/rectangular enclosures. The Darcy-Boussinesq equations with LTNE assumption between the fluid and solid phases are employed to model the problem of DDNC in a binary liquid-saturated porous medium with cross-diffusion effects. The analytical results are obtained by employing the Oseen-linearization transformation technique in the study. The influence of various dimensionless parameters on heat and mass transports of the system are depicted using the Nusselt and Sherwood numbers and isotherms plots, and the obtained results are analysed with the physical explanation. Special attention is given to understand the effect of LTNE parameter and cross-diffusion parameters on heat and mass transports of the system. Different aspect ratio values are chosen to obtain the results of three types of CPA/RPE (shallow, square and tall). Among these CPA/RPE, maximum and minimum heat and mass transports are achieved in the cases of shallow and tall CPA/RPE, respectively. The results of the pure thermal convection problem is obtained at the zero value of buoyancy ratio and solute Rayleigh number. The increasing value of N magnifies the heat and mass transports in the system due to the augmented buoyancy effect resulted from the thermal and solutal gradients. The increase of solid inner cylinder radius, by fixing its volume, makes the annulus slender which yields to decrease the heat and mass transports in the system. The effects of LTNE parameter and cross-diffusion parameters on heat and mass transports of the system are clearly brought out. The results of LTE model are obtained at the infinite value of ratio of porosity modified thermal conductivities, γ, as a particular case of the present model. From the study, we conclude that the shallow porous annulus and tall rectangular enclosure are best suited in the design of heat removal and heat storage systems, respectively.

Effect of Local Thermal Nonequilibrium on the Stability of the Flow in a Vertical Channel Filled With Nanofluid Saturated Porous Medium

Abstract The stability of nanofluid flow in a vertical channel packed with a porous medium is examined for the local thermal nonequilibrium state of the fluid, particle, and solid–matrix phases. The effects of Brownian motion along with thermophoresis are incorporated in the nanofluid model. The Darcy–Brinkman model for the flow in a porous medium and three-field model, each representing the fluid, particle, and solid–matrix phases separately, for the temperature is used. A normal mode analysis is used to obtain the eigenvalue problem for the perturbed state, which is then solved using the Chebyshev spectral collocation technique. The critical Rayleigh number and corresponding wavenumber are presented graphically for the effect of different local thermal nonequilibrium parameters. It is noticed that the influence of local thermal nonequilibrium (LTNE) parameters on convective instability is significant.

BSMPT v2 a tool for the electroweak phase transition and the baryon asymmetry of the universe in extended Higgs Sectors

We present the C++ code BSMPT v2 which is an extension of the previous code BSMPT for the calculation of the strength of the electroweak phase transition in extended Higgs sectors. The new version BSMPT v2 includes the features of BSMPT and extends the already implemented models (the 2-Higgs-Doublet model (2HDM) in its CP-conserving and CP-violating versions and the Next-to-2HDM) by the Complex Singlet Extension of the Standard Model (CxSM). The major upgrade is the implementation of the computation of the baryon asymmetry of the Universe for the CP-violating 2HDM (C2HDM), which is performed in two different approximations. These changes and further smaller modifications are described in this manual. Additionally, a detailed explanation of the procedure for the implementation of new models is given, which has also changed with respect to the previous version. Program summaryProgram Title:BSMPTCPC Library link to program files:https://doi.org/10.17632/sjtp7bb33t.1Licensing provisions: GPL-3.0 LicenseProgramming Language:C++14Nature of problem: Non-minimal extended Higgs sector models provide non-trivial vacuum structures which allow for a strong first order electroweak phase transition. Such a phase transition is one of the three Sakharov conditions that are required for a dynamical generation of the observed baryon asymmetry of the universe (BAU) through an electroweak phase transition. The actual calculation of the electroweak baryogenesis requires the solution of the quantum transport equation system describing the non-thermal equilibrium state of the early universe during the phase transition. BSMPT v2 provides a numerical tool to investigate the vacuum structure of the one-loop effective potential at finite temperature including thermal masses, for an arbitrary extended Higgs sector. It allows for the computation of the strength of the electroweak phase transition for the implemented models. For the CP-violating 2HDM (C2HDM) also the generated BAU is calculated. For the latter task BSMPT v2 has two different approaches implemented for the formulation of the quantum transport equations, given by the FH approach based on the semi-classical force and the vacuum expectation value insertion method VIA.Solution Method: Numerical minimization of the one-loop effective potential including thermal masses, at finite temperature with three different numerical minimizers, GSL, cmaes and NLopt, in order to determine the relevant parameters required for the phase transition dynamics at the critical temperature and the criticial field configuration. Furthermore, with the updated version BSMPT v2 it is possible to numerically solve for the C2HDM the system of coupled differential transport equations and calculate the BAU for this model.Additional comments including restrictions and unusual features: The BSM extensions are restricted to the Higgs sectors. New gauge bosons and fermions would require an adaption in the thermal corrections of the one-loop potential, which is not implemented in BSMPT v2. At present, the BAU is only calculated for the C2HDM. In the computation of the BAU the wall velocity is an input parameter and assumed to be small, for the VEV configuration a kink profile is assumed, the nucleation temperature is approximated by the critical temperature.