Thermal Mode Research Articles

State-of-the-Art on Advancements in Carbon-Phenolic and Carbon-Elastomeric Ablatives.

Ablative composites serve as sacrificial materials, protecting underlying materials from high-temperature environments by endothermic reactions. These materials undergo various phenomena, including thermal degradation, pyrolysis, gas generation, char formation, erosion, gas flow, and different modes of heat transfer (such as conduction, convection, and radiation), all stemming from these endothermic reactions. These phenomena synergize to form a protective layer over the underlying materials. Carbon, with its superb mechanical properties and various available forms, is highlighted, alongside phenolics known for good adhesion and fabric ability and elastomers valued for flexibility and resilience. This study focuses on recent advancements in carbon-and-phenolic and carbon-and-elastomeric composites, considering factors such as erosion speed; high-temperature resistance; tensile, bending, and compressive strength; fiber-matrix interaction; and char formation. Various authors' calculations regarding the percentage reduction in linear ablation rate (LAR) and mass ablation rate (MAR) are discussed. These analyses inform potential advancements in the field of carbon/phenolic and carbon/elastomeric ablative composites.

Hybrid sol-gel coatings doped with phytic acid-urea salt for fire protection of polyester/cotton blend fabrics

It is highly desirable to construct a sustainable hybrid silica coating to enhance the flame retardant (FR) properties of polyester/cotton (T/C) blend fabrics. In this study, a novel urea phytate salt was synthesized and used to prepare a phosphorus/nitrogen-doped hybrid silica sol system. The hybrid silica coating was then applied to the T/C fabric to develop a highly efficient FR-coated T/C fabric with improved washing durability. The surface morphology, size distribution, and condensation degree of the hybrid silica sol particles were characterized. The thermal stability, heat release, flame retardancy, and mode of action of the coated T/C fabrics were also investigated. The coated T/C fabrics exhibited self-extinguishing performance, with the damaged length decreasing from 30 cm to 8.5 cm and the LOI increasing from 17.1% to 30%. The desirable flame retardancy of the coated T/C fabric was well maintained even after 10 washing cycles. The remarkably inhibited heat release ability suggested a decreased fire hazard. A potential condensed-phase flame retardancy mechanism was proposed based on TG and char residue analyses. This study presents an eco-friendly and efficient hybrid silica coating that effectively reduces the fire hazard of T/C fabrics.

From simulation to reality: CFD-ML-driven structural optimization and experimental analysis of thermal plasma reactors

Thermal plasma reactors offer an environment of high temperature, enthalpy, and reactivity, making them highly efficient for solid waste treatment and promising for clean energy production from municipal and industrial waste. Optimal geometrical parameters of the reactor can enhance waste treatment and reactor performance. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of 11 key geometrical parameters of a thermal plasma reactor. Utilizing CFD Fluent software, numerical simulations were conducted to generate a dataset. Subsequently, a predictive model focusing on the average temperature in the core melt zone was trained using six Machine Learning (ML) algorithms. The Particle Swarm Optimisation (PSO) algorithm optimized the hyperparameters of the Gradient Booster Regression (GBR) model, which was combined with a Genetic Algorithm (GA) to identify the reactor's optimal geometrical parameters. A DC arc plasma torch-solid waste thermal plasma reactor treatment system was established on this basis. The study also explored the effects of gasification coefficient, reaction temperature, and thermal plasma jet mode on system performance. Findings indicate that the PSO-GBR model achieved the highest prediction accuracy, with the temperature in the core reaction zone reaching 3621 K. The deviation between numerical simulations and machine learning predictions was a mere 1.3%. Enhancing syngas yield and energy efficiency is achievable by controlling reaction temperature and increasing the gasification coefficient. A laminar plasma jet mode, at equal power, provides a more effective reaction environment. The accuracy and reliability of the machine learning-driven regression model and optimization results are significant in guiding the optimal design of plasma reactors and advancing waste-to-energy conversion processes.

Research Status of New Energy Vehicle Thermal Management

Thermal management of new energy vehicles, as a way to break through the driving range of new energy vehicles and one of the guarantees of safety performance, has been paid more and more attention to. In order to improve the thermal management efficiency of new energy vehicles, the thermal management mode of the whole vehicle should be optimized, so that different parts can work at a suitable temperature, so as to ensure the functional safety and service life of the vehicle. Based on this, this paper analyzes the passenger cabin thermal management system through Positive Temperature Coefficient (PTC) heating air conditioning, heat pump air conditioning and other technologies. This paper introduces the new energy vehicle battery thermal management system from the aspects of direct cooling mode and heating mode, introduces the battery thermal management system through the analysis of flow charts, and introduces the cooling mode of electric control and motor, and pays attention to some cutting-edge research progress, and summarizes the automobile thermal management technology theory.

Sequential Transportation of Different Oil Batches through the Industrial Pipeline

In sequential pumping, several liquids with different physical and chemical properties are pumped through one pipeline. The advantages of this method include: using one pipeline to transport different liquids; more complete pipeline loading; and reduced cost of pumping. The paper considers the sequential pumping of two batches of oil blends with different physicochemical properties through an industrial oil pipeline. This is because a batch of high-paraffin oil blend is simultaneously pumped to an oil refinery, and a batch of high-viscosity oil blend is transported further along a pipeline. The difference between the thermal-physical and rheological properties of oil batches imposes a condition on the thermal mode of operation of an industrial pipeline. A mathematical model and algorithm have been created for calculating the sequential transportation of high-paraffin and high-viscosity oil blends. Thermohydraulic calculations of the model show the distribution of hydraulic head, pressure, and temperature of the batches under the operating conditions of pumping units and heating furnaces. The verification and validation of the theoretical analysis was carried out with experimental data measured by the SCADA along the industrial pipeline length. By the thermal mode of sequential pumping, optimal heating temperatures of oil blends were found at the industrial pipeline stations.

Improvement of the gas-dynamic and thermal modes of external heating of a sintering mixture layer

Improvement of the gas-dynamic and thermal modes of external heating of a sintering mixture layer

Field demonstration of a 10 MW CO2 capture pilot plant in extended operation using KoSol absorbents for treating off-gas in a coal fired power plant

Efficient CO2 absorbents are crucial for reducing energy use in CO2 capture absorption process. This study evaluates the performance of amine-based CO2 absorbents, KoSol-5 and KoSol-6, developed by the Korea Electric Power Corporation. In a 10 MW pilot plant, KoSol-6 was found to capture more than 90% of the daily CO2 emissions, amounting to over 180 tons per day, from the exhaust gasses of a coal-fired power plant. Its regeneration energy (Qregen) was 2.42 GJ/ton CO2 in the standard absorption process, which is 39.2% less than the monoethanolamine (MEA) system. Implementing advanced techniques like intercooling, lean vapor compression, and thermal vapor recompression further optimized this process. Among these, the thermal vapor recompression mode turned out to be the most efficient and stable. In addition, KoSol-6 showcased excellent thermal and chemical stability, with a consistent Qregen of 2.34 GJ/ton CO2 over a 10,000-hour test. The study provides insights into the potential of KoSol-5 and KoSol-6 for large-scale applications and further developments in CO2 capture technology.

Radiative loss and ion-neutral collisional effects in astrophysical plasmas.

In this paper, we study the role of radiative cooling (RC) in a two-fluid model consisting of coupled neutrals and charged particles. We first analyse the linearized two-fluid equations where we include radiative losses in the energy equation for the charged particles. In a one-dimensional geometry for parallel propagation and in the limiting cases of weak and strong coupling, it can be shown analytically that the instability conditions for the thermal mode and the sound waves, the isobaric and isentropic criteria, respectively, remain unchanged with respect to one-fluid radiative plasmas. For the parameters considered in this paper, representative for the solar corona, the RC produces growth of the thermal mode and damping of the sound waves. In the weak coupling limit, the growth of the thermal instability and the damping of the sound waves is as derived in Field (Field 1965 Astrophys. J. 142, 531(doi:10.1086/148317)) using the charged fluid properties. When neutrals are included and are sufficiently coupled to the charges, the thermal mode growth rate and the wave damping both reduce by the same factor, which depends on the ionization fraction only. For a heating function that is constant in time, we find that the growth of the thermal mode and the damping of the sound waves are slightly larger. The numerical calculation of the eigenvalues of the general system of equations in a three-dimensional geometry confirm the analytic results. We then run two-dimensional fully nonlinear simulations that give consistent results: a higher ionization fraction or lower coupling will increase the growth rate. The magnetic field contribution is negligible in the linear phase. Ionization-recombination effects might play an important role because the RC produces a large range of temperatures in the system. In the numerical simulation, after the first condensation phase, when the minimum temperature is reached, the fraction of neutrals increases four orders of magnitude because of the recombination. This article is part of the theme issue 'Partially ionized plasma of the solar atmosphere: recent advances and future pathways'.

Rapid dendritic growth kinetics of primary phase within supercooled Zr-V alloy at electrostatic levitation state

The liquid Zr100−xVx (x = 8.6, 16.5, 30) alloys were undercooled to the maximum undercooling of 364 K (0.18 TL), 405 K (0.21 TL), and 375 K (0.21 TL), respectively, by using electrostatic levitation technique. The Zr91.4V8.6 and Zr83.5V16.5 alloys present only one recalescence during liquid/solid phase transition, while the Zr70V30 alloy presents a transformation from two recalescence to one recalescence phenomenon with a critical undercooling of approximately 300 K. According to the LKT/BCT model, the calculated results of the primary β-Zr dendrite growth velocity in undercooled liquid Zr91.4V8.6 and Zr83.5V16.5 alloys agree well with the experiments. The velocity inflection points at 119 K of Zr91.4V8.6 alloy and 201 K of Zr83.5V16.5 alloy could be explained by the competition between solutal undercooling control and thermal undercooling control modes. For Zr70V30 alloy solidified in the P1 with twice recalescence, a critical second undercooling of 253 K and corresponding undercooling of 65 and 244 K are obtained. When the undercooling is in the range of 65–244 K, the second undercooling would be greater than 253 K, and the residual liquid phase would solidify into anomalous eutectic microstructure for Zr70V30 alloy. The Vickers hardness of Zr100−xVx (x = 8.6, 16.5, 30) alloys all show a quadratic relationship with undercooling. Under electrostatic levitation condition, the mechanical property of Zr-V alloys could be significantly regulated through solidifying the alloys at different undercoolings.

Generalized thermoelastic wave response in a hollow cylinder with temperature-dependent properties based on the memory-dependent derivative of the heat conduction model

High-temperature pipelines are susceptible to defects due to the long-term service in high-temperature environments. The guided wave technology is promising for online non-destructive testing. Before implementing it in engineering, it is essential to better understand guided wave characteristics, especially attenuation, which significantly decreases the test distance and the resolution. However, describing the large attenuation is challenging due to the strong thermoelastic coupling, resulting in limitations of available models. To address these limitations, this paper aims to introduce a memory-dependent generalized thermoelastic model for investigating guided waves propagating in a hollow cylinder with temperature-dependent material properties. The analytical solutions are obtained using the Legendre polynomial method. The influence of the memory-dependent effect, temperature variation, and boundary conditions are studied. Some interesting findings are revealed: (1) The time delay factor is more dominant when adjusting κ and n to accurately describe guided wave propagation at high temperatures. (2): The mode conversion is accompanied by the attenuation and group velocity jump when the adjacent flexural torsional and longitudinal modes intersect, which is advisable to avoid when choosing the excitation frequency. (3) The relationship between phase velocity and attenuation versus temperature for quasi-elastic modes is nonlinear, while that for thermal modes is approximately linear.

A priori and a posteriori estimates for solving one evolutionary inverse problem

This article considers an initial-boundary value problem for a system of parabolic equations, which arises when studying the flow of a binary mixture in a horizontal channel with walls heated non-uniformly. The problem was reduced to a sequence of initial-boundary value problems with Dirichlet or Neumann conditions. Among them, an inverse problem with a non-local overdetermination condition was distinguished. The solution was constructed using the Fourier method and validated as classical. The behavior of the non-stationary solution at large times was discussed. It was shown that certain functions within the solution tend to their stationary analogs exponentially at large times. For some functions, only boundedness was proved. The problem and its solution are relevant for modeling the thermal modes associated with the separation of liquid mixtures.

EXPERT ASSESSMENT OF THE THERMODYNAMIC STATE OF THE "METAL-SLAG" SYSTEM IN REDUCING AND OXIDIZING CONDITIONS

A new approach has been developed to assess the thermodynamic state of the "metal-slag" system in the production of cast iron and steel using the parameters of interatomic interaction. As a result of computational and analytical studies of the indicators of the melting products of the blast-furnace and steelmaking processes, the regularities of the coordinated change in the chemical compositions of the metal and slag melts were revealed. A close relationship has been established between the integral indicators of metal (ZY) and slag (, e), characterizing the chemical and structural state of their melts. As a criterion for evaluating the thermodynamic matching of melts of the "metal-slag" system when it tends to equilibrium, an analytical expression is proposed in the form , which can be implemented in automated process control systems to solve the problems of controlling the thermal and slag modes of iron production and steel of the required composition.

Method of reliability control of thermoelectric systems to ensure thermal regimes

The paper presents the results of research of controllability of the thermoelectric system for ensuring thermal modes of electronic equipment, including a regulator, a cooler, and a component of excess heat removal to the environment. It is shown that for the use of methods of optimization of automatic control systems it is necessary to study the transfer and dynamic characteristics of the object - thermoelectric cooling device with one input and one output. The mathematical model of the thermoelectric cooler of the system of providing thermal modes of a given design is presented, which takes into account the influence of the conditions of interaction of the heat sink with the medium on the main significant parameters, reliability indicators, dynamic and energy characteristics of the single stage cooler. The model is created for the operating range of cooling, level of thermal load, geometry of thermocouple branches, different temperature of the medium, for the characteristic thermal regime of maximum cooling capacity. The results of calculations of the main significant parameters, reliability indicators, dynamic and energy characteristics of the cooler for different medium temperature in the operating temperature range and variation of conditions of heat exchange of the heat sink with the medium are given. It is shown that as the intensity of heat exchange of the heat sink with the medium increases, the temperature difference between the heat sink and the medium decreases. This makes it possible to significantly reduce the relative failure rate, increase the probability of failure-free operation of the thermoelectric cooler and control the reliability indicators of the device of a given design during operation.

Development of correction coefficients for cable cross-sections selection in polymeric cable channel

Relevance. The need to develop correction coefficients for selecting cable sections when laying in the polymeric cable channel in the Russian Federation. Currently, there are no recommendations fixed by the state standards for laying cable power lines in polymer pipes. Aim. To develop correction factors for laying cable power lines in the polymer cable channel. Objects. Cable transmission lines laid underground in polymer pipes. Methods. Numerical simulation of combined frequency-stationary method; determination of correction factors based on interpolation of model results; evaluation and analysis of comparison of cables in corrugated and smooth polymer pipes. Results. Calculations of the long-term current load for cables laid in the polymeric cable channel showed the effectiveness of this method of laying cable lines. The use of pipes with smooth walls makes it much more efficient to remove heat from cables into the environment (compared to a corrugated pipe), which allows you to increase the capacity of the same cable by about 25%, depending on the number of pipes laid nearby. Based on the results of the simulation of the thermal mode of corrugated and smooth polymer pipes, it can be concluded that corrugated pipe significantly complicates heat removal from the cable system to the environment (soil). This is due to the presence of air gaps in the ribbed structure of the corrugated pipe. The gaps filled with air act as a heat-insulating layer, unlike a smooth pipe in which this gap is absent. The developed coefficients will take into account the influence of the location of cables on their allowable current already at the design stage, which will reduce the cost of power transmission losses due to the wrong cable cross-section and high temperature.

Moiré Pattern Controlled Phonon Polarizer Based on Twisted Graphene.

Twisted van der Waals materials featuring Moiré patterns present new design possibilities and demonstrate unconventional behaviors in electrical, optical, spintronic, and superconducting properties. However, experimental exploration of thermal transport across Moiré patterns has not been as extensive, despite its critical role in nanoelectronics, thermal management, and energy technologies. Here, thefirst experimental study is conducted on thermal transport across twisted graphene, demonstrating a phonon polarizer concept from the rotational misalignment between stacked layers. The direct thermal and acoustic measurements,structural characterizations, and atomistic modeling, reveal a modulation up to 631% in thermal conductance with various Moiré angles, while maintaining a high acoustic transmission. By comparing experiments with density functional theory and molecular dynamics simulations, mode-dependent phonon transmissions are quantified based on the angle alignment of graphene band structures and attributed to the coupling among flexural phonon modes. The agreement confirms the dominant tuning mechanisms in adjusting phonon transmission from high-frequency thermal modes while having negligible effects on low-frequency acoustic modes near Brillouin zone center. This study offers crucial insights into the fundamental thermal transport in Moiré structures, opening avenues for the invention of quantum thermal devices and new design methodologies based on manipulations of vibrational band structures and phonon spectra.

Developing Preventative Strategies to Mitigate Thermal Runaway in NMC532-Graphite Cylindrical Cells Using Forensic Simulations

The ubiquitous deployment of Li-ion batteries (LIBs) in more demanding applications has reinforced the need to understand the root causes of thermal runaway. Herein, we perform a forensic simulation of a real-case failure scenario, using localised heating of Li(Ni0.5Mn0.3Co0.2)O2 versus graphite 18650 cylindrical cells. This study determined the localised temperatures that would lead to venting and thermal runaway of these cells, as well as correlating the gases produced as a function of the degradation pathway. Catastrophic failure, involving melting (with internal cell temperatures exceeding 1085 °C), deformation and ejection of the cell componentry, was induced by locally applying 200 °C and 250 °C to a fully charged cell. Conversely, catastrophic failure was not observed when the same temperatures were applied to the cells at a lower state of charge (SOC). This work highlights the importance of SOC, chemistry and heat in driving the thermal failure mode of Ni-rich LIB cells, allowing for a better understanding of battery safety and the associated design improvements.

Fatigue Failure in Polymeric Materials: Insights from Experimental Testing

The investigation of fatigue failure in polymeric materials subjected to cyclic loading holds significant importance across diverse engineering applications. Numerous variables influence material behavior, encompassing material-related factors such as composition, molecular weight, orientation, and additives, as well as external factors like applied stress magnitude (stress amplitude, dynamic stress frequency and mean stress), and operating temperature. This paper presents an experimental exploration into the impact of loading parameters—mean stress, stress amplitude, and dynamic stress frequency—on the failure modes of two thermoplastic materials: high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The study begins with an assessment of the mechanical and physical properties of the materials, followed by the design and manufacturing of a specialized uniaxial fatigue test rig. Tensile–tensile fatigue tests incorporating positive mean stress are conducted, evaluating the influence of altering stress amplitude and frequency on fatigue life and failure mode. The outcomes reveal that HDPE primarily experiences thermal and creep failure modes, with a lack of observed fatigue failure. Conversely, PVC specimens manifest three distinct failure modes: ductile, creep, and fatigue, with the type of failure contingent upon loading parameters. These findings offer significant insights into the various fatigue failure modes and contribute to an enhanced comprehension of the intricate interplay between loading dynamics and failure modes in polymeric materials.

Phase Formation during the Synthesis of the MAB Phase from Mo-Al-B Mixtures in the Thermal Explosion Mode.

This work focused on the production of the MoAlB MAB phase through self-propagating, high-temperature synthesis in the thermal explosion mode. The influence of the method of a Mo-Al-B-powder reaction mixture preparation on the combustion temperature, mechanism, and stages of the MAB phase formation in the combustion process was investigated. The combustion temperatures of the mixtures obtained in the rotary ball mill and high-speed planetary ball mill were 1234 and 992 °C, respectively. The formation of intermediate compounds Mo3Al8 and α-MoB in the combustion front, along with MoAlB, was established using the time-resolved X-ray diffraction method. In the case of the mixture prepared in a ball mill, the primary interaction in the combustion front occurred through the Al melt, and in the case of using a planetary mill, solid-phase reactions played an important role. The mechanical activation of the mixture in a planetary mill also accelerated the processes of phase formation. The method of a reaction mixture preparation has virtually no effect on the MoAlB MAB phase content in combustion products (92-94%), but it does affect their structure. The synthesis products have a lamellar structure composed of MAB grains with a thickness of ~0.4 μm and a length of ~2-10 μm.

Stabilization of biomass in manure effluent using the thermophilic-aerobic process

Aerobic-thermophilic stabilization of biomass is crucial in improving the processing processes of manure. This method makes it possible to achieve effective and stable processing of organic materials contained in manure using aerobic microorganisms and elevated temperatures. The aerobic-thermophilic process includes the action of oxygen and high temperature, which contribute to the active decomposition of organic substances in manure runoff. The increased temperature helps to create optimal conditions for the action of thermophilic bacteria, which accelerates the process of biological decomposition. Studies show that aerobic-thermophilic treatment of manure effluents helps to reduce the concentration of pathogenic microorganisms and ammonia. This contributes to obtaining cleaner and environmentally safe manure suitable for use in agriculture. Advantages of aerobic-thermophilic stabilization: Faster recycling process compared to traditional methods. Reduction of odors and risk of pathogen contamination. High quality and efficiency of produced manure. Aerobic-thermophilic stabilization of biomass in manure processing is a promising direction in improving modern waste treatment technologies. Its implementation contributes to improving the quality and safety of manure and the effective use of these resources in agriculture. Research and development of this method are essential for achieving sustainable and ecologically clean agricultural production. It has been established that liquid manure of enterprises with intensive milk and pork production technologies with hydraulic manure removal systems with a humidity of 92–96 % should be subjected to aerobic fermentation in an auto thermal mode, as a result of which products are obtained that are safe from a sanitary and hygienic point of view. In addition, the loss of nutrients is reduced. which determines the quality of organic fertilizers. Established that liquid manure businesses for technology-intensive milk production and pig manure removal by hydraulic systems with humidity 92–96 % of it are advisable to expose aerobic biofermentatsiyi in autothermal mode, which allows you to get the products in a safe sanitary and hygienic attitude and reduce the loss of nutrients that determine the quality of organic fertilizers.

Stiffness design, failure modes, and lightweight design of truss-lattice with filler sandwich plate under thermal loading

A homogeneous stiffness equation of a lattice with a filler has been obtained by the conservation of strain energy. Using this equation, the relationships between the physical and geometric factors of the truss, filler, and homogeneous stiffness were derived, and stiffness design criteria were obtained. The relationships between different thermal failure modes of the truss-lattice with the filler sandwich plate and its physical and geometric parameters were discussed, including their effects on global plate buckling, local plate buckling, truss buckling, and yielding. Strength improvement measures have been obtained. Failure maps with three geometric ratios and different physical ratios were obtained by failure mode analysis. Finally, a lightweight design method that achieves the strength and stiffness requirements was obtained based on four independent variables.