Thermal Heat Transfer Research Articles

Comparative analysis of the lattice Boltzmann method and the finite difference technique of thermal convection in closed domains with heaters

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate numerically thermal convection heat transfer in closed square and cubical cavities with local energy sources of various geometric shapes.Design/methodology/approachThe analyzed regions are square and cubical cavities with two isothermally cold opposite vertical walls, whereas other walls are adiabatic. A local energy element of rectangular, trapezoidal or triangular shape is placed on the lower surface of the cabinet. The lattice Boltzmann technique has been used as the main method for the problem solution in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) formulations, whereas the finite difference technique with non-primitive parameters such as stream function and vorticity has been also used.FindingsThe velocity and temperature fields for a huge range of Rayleigh number 104–106, as well as for various geometry shapes of the heater have been studied. A comparative analysis of the results obtained on the basis of two numerical techniques for 2D and 3D formulations has been performed. The dependences of the energy transfer strength in the region on the shape of energy source and Rayleigh number have been established. It has been revealed that the triangular shape of the energy source corresponds to the maximum values of the velocity vector and temperature within the cavity, and the rectangular shape corresponds to the minimum values of these mentioned variables. With the growth of the Rayleigh number, the difference in the values of these mentioned variables for rectangular and triangular shapes of heaters also increases.Originality/valueThe originality of this work is to scrutinize the lattice Boltzmann method and finite difference method for the problem of natural convection in 2D and 3D closed chambers with a local heated element.

Thermal Waves and Heat Transfer Efficiency Enhancement in Harmonically Modulated Turbulent Thermal Convection

We study turbulent Rayleigh-Bénard convection over four decades of Rayleigh numbers 4×10^{8}<Ra<2×10^{12}, while harmonically modulating the temperatures of the plates of our cylindrical cell. We probe the flow by temperature sensors placed in the cell interior and embedded in the highly conducting copper plates and detect thermal waves propagating at modulation frequency in the bulk of the convective flow. We confirm the recent numerical prediction [Yang etal., Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 154502 (2020)PRLTAO0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.125.154502] of the significant enhancement of the Nusselt number and report its dependence on the frequency and amplitude of the temperature modulation of plates.

Exploration of transient heat transfer through a moving plate with exponentially temperature-dependent thermal properties

The present research examines the transient temperature distribution through a moving plate with exponentially temperature-dependent thermal conductivity and heat transfer coefficient. Further, the internal heat generation, as well as convective boundary condition, is considered. The governing energy equation describing the transient heat transfer is formulated and is transformed into a non-dimensional partial differential equation (PDE) using appropriate non-dimensional terms. The resultant PDE is solved numerically with the assistance of the finite difference method (FDM). The consequence of embedding parameters on the transient thermal profile of a moving plate is explicated through a graphical description. The results reveal that the transient thermal distribution decreases remarkably with an upsurge of convection–conduction parameter and the same trend is perceived for radiation–conduction parameter. The result also manifests that as the plate moves faster, the transient thermal distribution through a moving plate enhances gradually. The higher variation in the thermal distribution is perceived for elevated values of the exponential index of thermal conductivity. Moreover, the nature of transient temperature distribution is compared for linear and exponentially temperature-dependent thermal conductivity.

The Impact of Thermal Radiation on Maxwell Hybrid Nanofluids in the Stagnation Region

Previous research has recognised the study of stagnation point flow by focusing Maxwell nanofluid on a stretching sheet surface. Motivated by this research idea, our main objective is to formulate and analyse a new mathematical model of stagnation point flow in Maxwell fluid that highlights the dual types of fluid known as hybrid nanofluids. The effects of thermal radiation and heat transfer are also considered. The partial differential equations (PDEs) are converted into ordinary differential equations (ODEs) via similarity variables that generate similarity solutions. Following that, the bvp4c approach is employed to discover the approximate solutions of the reduced ODEs. The significance of various parameters is graphically presented and considers the physical quantities of interest. A remarkable observation found in this study is the enhancement of the heat transfer rate in Maxwell hybrid nanofluids, which is steadily amplified in contrast to traditional fluids. Indeed, the Maxwell parameter in hybrid nanofluids embarks on a substantial increment of the heat transfer rate. The current study succeeds in establishing more than one solution along the stretching/shrinking sheet. Thus, the stability analysis is conducted to confirm the sustainability of the solutions.

Characterization of internal thermohydraulic flow and heat transfer improvement in a three‐dimensional circular corrugated tube surfaces based on numerical simulation and design of experiment

AbstractTo meet the requirements of development in heat exchangers design, the effect of different tubes geometrical parameters on its flow field analysis and thermal heat transfer performance are investigated in the current research work. The hydraulic thermal fluid coupling with computational simulations is applied. The numerical results are solving used flow transport and heat transfer equations, then these results are validated with available experimental data. The behavior of hydraulic and thermal flow in the corrugated tube is discussed with different geometrical parameters' position and shape. Turbulent flow in the tube is calculated in three‐dimensional numerical simulations with optimization of a multiobjective algorithm are analyzed. The influences of various design parameters, for instance, the number of corrugated rings around the tube, distance between each corrugated ring, the diameter of the ring, and pitch of ring are investigated firstly in the flow field and then optimized by using the design of experiment (DOE). The influence of flow structural modifications such as static pressure, dynamic pressure, and pressure drop is taken into consideration as analyzed performance parameters. The DOE method is investigated based on implements and variances the L16 orthogonal arrays are chosen as the experimental strategy. Furthermore, the optimization results found that the maximum value of pressure difference was for corrugated diameter. The numerical method using DOE has enhanced heat transfer rate as compared to the smooth pipe. Moreover, the minimum Tout is for Case 11 (296.49°C) and the maximum Tout is for (303.10°C) hence the value of Nu number for both cases is 32.9 and 42, respectively. That means using this type of passive device can improve the heat transfer in the pipe. The outcomes illustrate that the performance evaluation factor (PEF) ratio of the corrugated pipe with different geometrical configurations is changed and increased as the corrugated pipe geometrically changed and the value of PEF is more than 1.3.

Exploration of Temperature Distribution through a Longitudinal Rectangular Fin with Linear and Exponential Temperature-Dependent Thermal Conductivity Using DTM-Pade Approximant

The present study elaborates on the thermal distribution and efficiency of a longitudinal rectangular fin with exponentially varying temperature-dependent thermal conductivity and heat transfer coefficient concerning internal heat generation. Also, the thermal distribution of a fin is comparatively studied for both exponentially varying temperature-dependent thermal conductivity and linearly varying temperature-dependent thermal conductivity. Further, the thermal distribution of a longitudinal fin is examined by using ANSYS software with different fin materials. Many physical mechanisms can be explained by ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with symmetrical behavior, the significance of which varies based on the perspective. The governing equation of the considered problem is reduced to a non-linear ODE with the assistance of dimensionless terms. The resultant equation is solved analytically using the DTM-Pade approximant and is also solved numerically using Runge-Kutta Fehlberg’s fourth-fifth (RKF-45) order method. The features of dimensionless parameters influencing the fin efficiency and temperature profile are discussed through graphical representation for exponentially and linearly varying temperature-dependent thermal conductivity. This study ensures that the temperature field enhances for the higher magnitude of thermal conductivity parameter, whereas it diminishes for diverse values of the thermo-geometric parameter. Also, greater values of heat generation and heat transfer parameters enhance the temperature profile. Highlight: Thermal distribution through a rectangular profiled straight fin is examined. Linear and non-linear thermal properties are considered. The combined impact of conduction, convection, and internal heat generation is taken for modeling the energy equation of the fin. Thermal simulation is performed for Aluminum Alloy 6061 (AA 6061) and Cast Iron using ANSYS.

Combustion Characteristics and Flame Stability of a Methane-Air Mixture in Micro-Structured Systems

Cavities are effective in improving the ability of a flame in micro-structured systems, but the mechanism for increased flame stability remains unclear. Numerical simulations are performed to understand the overall small-scale combustion characteristics of a cavity-stabilized burner. The effects of inlet velocity, equivalence ratio, wall thermal conductivity, channel height, and heat transfer coefficient on flame stability are investigated. A dimensionless number analysis is performed to better understand the heat transfer characteristics of the burner. The results indicate that the cavity structure can induce recirculation of hot products, thereby improving flame stability. The wall thermal conductivity and inlet velocity are vital in determining the flame stability of the burner. Further improvement in flame stability can be achieved using anisotropic walls. Fast flows can cause a blowout and slow flows can cause extinction. There exists an optimum inlet velocity for the greatest flame stability. A critical issue of fuel-rich cases is the loss of combustion efficiency. Combustion at the microscale can offer many advantages. Faster ignition and more efficient heat transfer can be achieved, but the design is challenging due to the loss of flame stability.

Investigation on convection heat transfer performance of quaternary mixed molten salt based nanofluids in smooth tube

As thermal energy storage and heat transfer material, molten salt is widely used in concentrating solar power (CSP) plant. The thermophysical properties of molten salt can be significantly changed by adding nanoparticles into molten salt. In this work, the heat transfer characteristics of quaternary mixed molten salt with SiO2 nanoparticles are experimentally studied. The results show that the heat transfer performance of molten salt based nanofluids is better than that of pure molten salt. The convection heat transfer coefficient and Nu number of molten salt based nanofluids are 22.34% and 11.42% higher than that of pure molten salt, respectively. The classical heat transfer correlation equations are not suitable for quaternary mixed molten salt based nanofluids. The heat transfer correlation of quaternary mixed molten salt based nanofluids is fitted, the maximum deviation between the experimental data and fitted heat transfer correlation of molten salt based nanofluids is 12%. This work could provide basic heat transfer data of molten salt based nanofluids for thermal energy storage application.

Thermal Load and Heat Transfer in Dental Titanium Implants: An Ex Vivo-Based Exact Analytical/Numerical Solution to the 'Heat Equation'.

Introduction: Heat is a kinetic process whereby energy flows from between two systems, hot-to-cold objects. In oro-dental implantology, conductive heat transfer/(or thermal stress) is a complex physical phenomenon to analyze and consider in treatment planning. Hence, ample research has attempted to measure heat-production to avoid over-heating during bone-cutting and drilling for titanium (Ti) implant-site preparation and insertion, thereby preventing/minimizing early (as well as delayed) implant-related complications and failure. Objective: Given the low bone–thermal conductivity whereby heat generated by osteotomies is not effectively dissipated and tends to remain within the surrounding tissue (peri-implant), increasing the possibility of thermal-injury, this work attempts to obtain an exact analytical solution of the heat equation under exponential thermal-stress, modeling transient heat transfer and temperature changes in Ti implants (fixtures) upon hot-liquid oral intake. Materials and Methods: We, via an ex vivo-based model, investigated the impact of the (a) material, (b) location point along implant length, and (c) exposure time of the thermal load on localized temperature changes. Results: Despite its simplicity, the presented solution contains all the physics and reproduces the key features obtained in previous numerical analyses studies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first introduction of the intrinsic time, a “proper” time that characterizes the geometry of the dental implant fixture, where we show, mathematically and graphically, how the interplay between “proper” time and exposure time influences temperature changes in Ti implants, under the suitable initial and boundary conditions. This fills the current gap in the literature by obtaining a simplified yet exact analytical solution, assuming an exponential thermal load model relevant to cold/hot beverage or food intake. Conclusions: This work aspires to accurately complement the overall clinical diagnostic and treatment plan for enhanced bone–implant interface, implant stability, and success rates, whether for immediate or delayed loading strategies.

Determination of thermal properties (and their uncertainties) during the cooling of apples (Malus communis)

AbstractThe present study goal was to determine the thermal properties of apples during their cooling. Fuji apple was cooled in a domestic refrigerator by natural convection. Thermal properties were determined assuming the geometry of an equivalent sphere. An optimizer software (LS Optimizer) was used for the inverse problem. A new heat conduction software was developed to solve the direct problem, using the spherical geometry of the diffusion equation with the boundary condition of the third kind. Thus, thermal properties of apples and their uncertainties were calculated during cooling. The developed software for the direct problem was used to simulate the cooling kinetics for any previously specified point within the sphere. The fitting of the simulated curve to the experimental points showed coefficient of determination (R2) greater than 0.99 and low values of the chi‐square function (). Therefore, it can be concluded that the spherical geometry and the boundary condition of the third kind were adequate to describe the process of heat removal for apple. Determined values of thermal diffusivity and convective heat transfer coefficient wereα = (1.38 ± 0.07) × 10−7 m2 s−1andh = (1.360 ± 0.018) × 10−6 m s−1, respectively, with confidence intervals of 95.4%. Another confirmation of the developed model was the fact that the thermal diffusivity was similar to the estimate by Riedel correlation (α = 1.38 × 10−7 m2 s−1). The position of the thermocouple in the equivalent sphere calculated by numerical solution wasr = 6.6 mm.Practical ApplicationsOne of the main contributions of this paper is the calculation of thermal parameters along cooling with their uncertainties. This will result in very accurate simulation of the pasteurization and freezing processes. Furthermore, the values obtained in the study can be used to predict new cooling curves for the same product, but with different dimensions.

Simulation-Assisted Determination of the Minimum Melting Temperature Composition of MgCl2–KCl–NaCl Salt Mixture for Next-Generation Molten Salt Thermal Energy Storage

Molten chloride mixtures such as MgCl2–KCl–NaCl are potential thermal energy storage (TES) materials and heat transfer fluids (HTFs) for next-generation concentrating solar power (CSP) systems due to their high operation temperatures (&amp;gt;700°C) and low costs. This ternary MgCl2–KCl–NaCl salt mixture with a low material cost (&amp;lt;0.35 $/kg) is a promising salt for high-temperature TES/HTF applications, for example, it could enable next-generation CSP plants to have significant power cycle efficiency and lower levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). In this study, the minimum melting temperature composition for the MgCl2–KCl–NaCl mixture was estimated by FactSage simulation, while the binary and ternary phase diagrams of the MgCl2–KCl–NaCl salt system, including their phase transitions, were studied. Five different eutectic compositions of the MgCl2–KCl–NaCl mixture from literature and simulations were selected to determine the minimum melting temperature composition by the differential scanning calorimetry technique. Results show agreement between experiments and simulations of the melting temperature and its composition. Hence, values of the exact and reliable minimum melting temperature and salt composition in mol% and wt% are given. Based on the determined melting temperature, the minimum operating temperature of MgCl2–KCl–NaCl is recommended according to the safety margin for CSP applications.

High-temperature corrosion of a nickel-based alloy in a molten chloride environment – The effect of thermal and chemical purifications

There is currently an ever-increasing demand for higher process efficiencies in next generation (Gen3) concentrating solar power (CSP). Higher process efficiencies may be procured by increasing the operating temperature, and simultaneously, minimizing the degradation of materials used for construction of CSP plants (e.g., piping, thermal storage tanks, solar receivers and heat exchangers). Thus, understanding materials corrosion in the presence of molten salt mixtures used as thermal energy storage media and heat transfer fluids is indispensable for CSP development. The present paper provides insights into the effects of salt purification on the corrosion of a nickel-based alloy (Haynes 230) isothermally exposed to a stagnant chloride-based salt mixture at 800 °C. The MgCl 2 -based salt mixture was thermally dehydrated and chemically treated with (0.1 and 0.5 wt %) elemental magnesium. Results reveal the electrochemical nature of the corrosion process, and the formation of corrosion products such as oxides (MgO, MgCr 2 O 4 , and MgAl 2 O 4 ) and nitrides (CrN) on the alloy surface and in sub-surface regions. Magnesium additions enhanced the ability to resist corrosion by reducing the concentration of impurities (H 2 O, MgOH + , OH − species) and polarizing the alloy surface. The formation of nitrides in all cases studied indicates the impact of using nitrogen as a protective gas in the system. Results also reveal that a single step treatment of the salt using metallic Mg could be considered as a measure to control the salt's impurity level, e.g., if required for system control. • Haynes 230 was exposed to several unpurified and purified MgCl 2 -based salt at 800 °C. • The corrosion behavior was systematically investigated using several analytical tools. • Abundant evidence for Cr- and Al-rich spinel and nitride formation was documented. • Possible formation mechanisms for the principal corrosion products were discussed. • Single-step purification of the salt substantially reduced the corrosion rate.

Investigation of Performance on Photovoltaic/Thermal (PV/T) System Using Magnetic Nanofluids

Photovoltaic/Thermal (PV/T) systems provide hot fluid (usually water) production as well as electrical energy production. In addition, since the overheating of the PV systems is prevented by the heat drawn by the thermal system, the electricity production performance of the PVs increases. Nanofluids are offered as a solution to increase the heat absorbed in the thermal system. The main physical events that lead to a significant improvement in the heat transfer performance of nanofluids can be summarized as follows: (i) The thermal conductivity of the prepared nanofluid increases at certain rates because the thermal conductivity of the solid metal is higher than that of the basic fluid, (ii) The heat transfer surface area increases due to the increase in the thermal conductivity of the fluid, (iii) Increase in the effective thermal capacity of the fluid, (iv) Increase in the thermal conductivity of the fluid and turbulent volume due to high fluid activity. In this study, by using nanofluids obtained by adding 1% Fe2O3, Fe3O4 and NiFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles by weight to the basic fluid water, a bidirectional performance increase was achieved by increasing the thermal heat transfer of the PV/T system while providing more cooling of the PV system. In the experimental study, a 14% improvement in electricity production was achieved in NiFe2O4 nanofluid by drawing more heat from the heated PV panels by utilizing the high thermal conductivity of nanofluids. Since the amount of heat absorbed in the thermal system is high, an average of 104% temperature (∆T) increase in the hot fluid temperature compared to the base fluid water was obtained in the NiFe2O4 nanofluid.

Homogeneous molten salt formulations as thermal energy storage media and heat transfer fluid

Homogeneous ternary and quaternary molten nitrate salts with low melting points (<110 °C) with enhanced thermo-physical properties were synthesized for thermal energy storage media and heat transfer fluids. The ternary and quaternary molten salts were synthesized by varying the contents of the individual salts. Specifically, one ternary mixture KNO3 (50%), NaNO2 (40%) & Ca (NO3)2 (10%) and two quaternary mixtures KNO3 (50.25%), NaNO2 (35.5%), LiNO3 (9.5%) & Ca (NO3)2.4H2O (4.75%) and KNO3 (50.25%), NaNO2 (35.5%), LiNO3 (4.75%) & Ca (NO3)2.4H2O (9.5%) were synthesized. Experimental results have shown that ternary and quaternary molten salts exhibiting melting point below 110 °C and higher thermal stability greater than 550 °C. Synthesized quaternary salts are showing high heat capacity, low viscosity at higher temperatures. Corrosion studies of synthesized salts shown that QUAT-1 is showing low corrosion compared to other formulations. Among three formulations, QUAT-1 salt has shown higher specific heat capacity and low viscosity, and lower corrosion rate.

The hydraulic and thermal performances of rectangular and square microchannel with different hydraulic diameters cooled by graphene–platinum hybrid nanofluid

The objective of this paper is to analyze the effect of hydraulic diameter and channel shape on the thermal and hydrodynamic characteristics of a microchannel cooled by Graphene–Platinum/water hybrid nanofluid for electronic cooling applications. The study was performed numerically using mathematical software called Maple 19.0. Microchannels having square and rectangular cross-sections, and hydraulic diameters ranging from 200 µm to 1,000 µm were taken into consideration. Thermal resistance, heat transfer coefficient, pressure drop, and friction factor were evaluated for different conditions and their corresponding graphs are presented and discussed. It was evident from the results that low thermal resistance and high heat transfer coefficient was achieved upon decreasing the hydraulic diameter, which is favorable for the cooling of electronic chips and devices. Based on the Reynolds number, the heat transfer coefficient increased by 2–4 times for both rectangular and square microchannels, on decreasing the hydraulic diameter from highest value (1,000 µm) to lowest value (200 µm). However, friction factor and pressure drop increased for channels with lower hydraulic diameters. In addition, rectangular microchannels exhibited better heat transfer performance, while square microchannels had lower friction factor and pressure drop. Rectangular microchannels presented a maximum enhancement of 30% in heat transfer coefficient and a reduction of 18% in thermal resistance, when compared to square microchannels. The results also suggested that the performance of microchannels with 500 µm hydraulic diameter is balanced, considering both heat transfer performance and pressure drop constraints.

Thermal stress and temperature distribution of an annular fin with variable temperature-dependent thermal properties and magnetic field using DTM-Pade approximant

The thermal distribution within a rectangular profiled annular fin in the presence of a magnetic field and internal heat generation is examined in the present inspection. Furthermore, the linear and nonlinear temperature-dependent thermal conductivity and heat transfer coefficient are considered. The heat transfer equation is nondimensionalized using dimensionless terms, which results in a nonlinear ordinary differential equation (ODE) with related boundary conditions, which is then solved analytically and numerically using the DTM-Pade approximant and Runge–Kutta Fehlberg’s fourth-fifth order (RKF-45) approach respectively. Moreover, the effect of several non-dimensional parameters on temperature gradient, radial, and tangential thermal stresses is explained with the assistance of graphs. The significant outcomes of the investigation reveal that enhancing the heat generation parameter strengthens temperature distribution significantly, but increasing the magnitude of the thermo-geometric parameter and magnetic field parameter leads to the lessening of thermal distribution through the fin.

Variable transform-based semi-analytical methods for solving convective straight fins problem with temperature-dependent thermal conductivity

This paper presents effective algorithms to approximate solutions of nonlinear fin problem with temperature dependent thermal conductivity and heat transfer coefficient. We propose new approximate semi-analytical techniques, namely the Laplace homotopy variable transform method (LHVTM) and the differential variable transform method (DVTM), to obtain expressions for generalized convective straight fins problem. The linear dependence of thermal conductivity on temperature is considered, and fin efficiency and effectiveness are evaluated. We further analyzed the effects of the model parameters on surface heat loss, and the results are presented in tables and with graphical illustrations.

Assessment of Solid Wastes and By‐Products as Solid Particle Materials for Concentrated Solar Power Plants

The revalorization of solid wastes and by‐products to be applied as solid particles in concentrated solar power (CSP) leads to cost savings and progresses toward more sustainable technology. Herein, the physicochemical, morphological, thermal, and solar absorption properties are evaluated for electric arc furnace dust, black slag from the steel industry, and Gossan waste from the Rio Tinto mining industry. The principal objectives of this work are (i) to carry out a thermal aging at 900 °C at different times, (ii) to assess the solid's stability throughout the evaluation of physicochemical, morphological, thermal, and optical properties of the material as received, after 300 and 500 h of thermal aging, and (iii) to determine the most appropriate candidate as a thermal energy storage medium and heat transfer fluid for the CSP concept with solid particles. The results show that electric arc furnace black slag is the most suitable candidate from the three solids studied, as it is the one that optimizes the combination of absorptance, thermal conductivity, and chemical stability after thermal aging.

Hybrid nanofluids flow and heat transfer in cavities: a technological review

ABSTRACT The urgent and indispensable need to develop new methods of enhancing heat transfer efficiency to improve energy devices’ performance cannot be overlooked in this era of green energy and sustainable technologies. Nanofluids research has proliferated in the past decade, and reports indicate that nanofluids can be used for heat transfer applications in engineering and in general and/or commercial industries. Nanofluid is the dispersion of nanoparticles with high thermal conductivity in common working fluids. Nevertheless, a growing area of research in recent years has involved using two or more nanoparticles in a base fluid, known as hybrid nanofluids. Studies show that hybrid nanofluids exhibited better thermal and rheological characteristics than mono nanofluids. In addition, many researchers have reported on the thermal-fluid behaviors of nanofluids in comparison with hybrid nanofluids on natural convection in cavity flows. This review discusses hybrid nanofluids preparation, stability analysis and characterization, thermal properties and heat transfer characteristics in cavities. Furthermore, hybrid nanofluids demonstrated better heat transfer characteristics than mono nanofluids or conventional fluids even if more research is needed in terms of hybrid nanofluids preparation, stability, characterization and applications.

Analytical solution for temperature equation of a fin problem with variable temperature-dependent thermal properties: Application of LSM and DTM-Pade approximant

Temperature variation through a longitudinal fin with linear and nonlinear temperature-dependent thermal conductivities and heat transfer coefficient, subject to radiative heat flux and convective heat transport is explained in the present examination. For the radiative heat flux, the Rosseland approximation is incorporated and convection mode of energy transmission is accounted on the fin's surface. The associated physical problem is developed in such a manner that the steady-state heat transmission problem is governed with the help of dimensionless variables signified by a second order differential equation (ODE). To solve this equation, an analytical approach, DTM-Pade, and the LSM are implemented. Moreover, the consequence of a few non-dimensional factors on the temperature field are depicted graphically. The investigation's main findings illustrate that a significant decline in the thermal field is caused by an increment in the convection and the radiation mechanism. The internal development of heat affects the thermal distribution in the fin.