Temperature Gradient Research Articles

Flow regimes in a melting system composed of binary fluid: transition from penetrative convection to diffusion

In a horizontally heated melting system, where a solid substance is subject to melting by a warmer liquid beneath, the presence of solute in the liquid introduces a complex interplay between temperature and concentration dynamics. Employing a recently developed sharp interface method (Xue et al., J. Comput. Phys., vol. 491, 2023), we conduct direct numerical simulations to investigate the transient behaviour of the system across a broad range of Rayleigh numbers and solute concentrations. Our observations reveal distinct flow regimes: at low concentrations, the system resembles a temperature-driven melting problem, characterized by vortex rolls beneath the melting interface. As the solute concentration increases, a stably stratified layer emerges beneath the interface, leading to the transition from thermal convection to penetrative convection, which resembles those flow characteristics observed in the double-diffusive convection. This shift results from the competition between the stabilizing effect induced by solute concentration gradient and the destabilizing effect caused by temperature gradient. Otherwise in the diffusion regime, characterized by very high solute concentrations, the flow becomes static due to the complete suppression of convection by the stably stratified layer. This regime further exhibits two distinct patterns: ‘melting’ and ‘dissolution’. Beyond characterizing diverse flow patterns, our study conducts a quantitative analysis, examining heat/mass transfer, melting rates, and the evolution of temperature and concentration at the interface. These insights contribute to a better understanding of the intricate interplay between temperature and solute concentration during phase change, with implications for accurately estimating melting rates in binary fluid systems.

Multidisciplinary Optimization of Gyroid Topologies for a Cold Plate Heat Exchanger Design

Abstract The strive to reduce the environmental impact of aviation has led to electrification and increasing demand for powerful on-board power electronic systems. These high-performance electrical components are bound to produce significant amounts of low-quality heat waste that, if not dissipated properly, will lead to malfunctioning and even permanent damage. For this reason, high-performance heat exchangers (HX) represent a key enabler for future advances in aircraft systems electrification and are vital to meet net zero goals and reduce the aviation's carbon footprint. For a given volume of the exchanger, the heat flow rate can be increased by adopting more sophisticated fluid domains. However, excessive geometrical complexity will lead to an increase in pressure losses, often resulting in inhomogeneous temperature distributions. In this paper, a novel optimization procedure is employed to maximize the efficiency of a high-performance heat exchanger, while minimizing overall pressure loss and temperature gradients. The optimization is performed with full three-dimensional high-fidelity computational flow simulations. The geometry of the fluid domain is constituted by triply periodic minimal surfaces (TPMS), with a parametrization based on thickness and aspect ratios, done by using the ntopology suite. To assess the performance gain, the topology-optimized design is compared against the datum case and a conventional serpentine design.

The IPWP as a capacitor for autumn sea ice loss in Northeastern Canada

The Indo-Pacific Warm Pool (IPWP) has been warming due largely to increasing greenhouse gas emissions, but its impact on Arctic sea ice remains unclear. Our study finds a significant negative correlation between the IPWP index and sea ice concentration in northeastern Canada during boreal autumn (October-December). Our results suggest that IPWP warming statistically accounts for 45% of sea ice loss observed in this region. We introduce the “Arctic capacitor effect of the IPWP”, a novel concept that expounds upon the distant connection between greenhouse gas emissions and Arctic sea ice loss. Specifically, as greenhouse gases elevate temperatures in the IPWP, increasing temperature gradient and tropical convection, a planetary wavetrain is initiated. This wavetrain, along with transit eddy feedback, traverses towards the Arctic and thereby influences the strength of the Arctic vortex and its associated effects on Arctic sea ice. Our findings highlight the crucial role of tropical oceans in the broader context of global climate change, emphasizing the necessity of accounting for their impact on polar climate.

Excited ion-scale turbulence by a magnetic island in fusion plasmas

The characteristics of ion-scale turbulence in the presence of a magnetic island are numerically investigated using a gyrokinetic model in fusion plasma. We observe that in the absence of the usual ion temperature gradient (ITG) drive gradient, a magnetic island and its flatten effect could drive ITG instability. The magnetic island (MI) not only drives high-n modes of ITG instability but also induces low-n modes of vortex flow. Moreover, as the magnetic island width increases, the width of the vortex flow also increases. This implies that wider islands may more easily induce vortex flows. The study further indicates that the saturated amplitude and transport level of MI-induced ITG turbulence vary with different magnetic island widths. In general, larger magnetic islands enhance both particle and heat transport. When the magnetic island width reaches to 21ρi, the turbulence-driven transport becomes the same level with the cases that ITG is driven by pressure gradients. Our findings indicate the presence of intricate nonlinear effects in the modulation of plasma turbulence by MIs. These effects are of significant importance for comprehending the phenomenon of nonlinear coupling in forthcoming tokamaks such as ITER.

A Numerical Study of the Effect of Graphene Nanoparticle Size on Brownian Displacement, Thermophoresis, and Thermal Performance of Graphene/Water Nanofluid by Molecular Dynamics Simulation

Brownian motion, often known as BM, is an inherent characteristic of minute particles suspended in a fluid. It plays an important role in several physical and chemical processes. Thermophoresis refers to the process where particles in a fluid are carried along with a gradient in temperature (Temp). This feature has significant importance in several applications, including microfluidics, thermal control, and energy conversion. Through the examination of the thermophoresis phenomenon in water/graphene nanofluid (NF), researchers might get valuable knowledge on the potential uses of these materials. The current study examined the effect of various sizes of graphene nanoparticles (NPs) (5, 6, 9, and 10 Å) on the thermal behavior (TB), BM, and thermophoresis of water/graphene NF using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. This study reported the changes in heat flux (HF), thermal conductivity (TC), average Brownian displacement (BD), and thermophoresis. It is concluded that by increasing the size of graphene NPs from 5 to 10 Å, the average BD and thermophoresis increased from 3.06 Å and 23.88 Å to 4.16 Å and 31.46 Å, respectively. Due to their higher kinetic energy (KE) and momentum, larger graphene NPs experienced more BM, enabling them to withstand random thermal fluctuations more effectively than smaller particles. In addition, as the size of graphene NPs increased, the HF and TC values ​​increased from 39.54 W/m2 and 0.36 W/(m.K) to 47.19 W/m2 and 0.51 W/(m.K) after 10 ns. Therefore, the size-dependent changes in BD and thermophoretic effects led to a simultaneous increase in HF and TC of the NF, which was attributed to the larger heat transfer (HT) surface area, improved HT properties, and synergistic effects of larger graphene NPs. The maximum (Max) Temp increased from 1415 K to 1504 K. These findings were useful in a variety of industries, particularly for improving TB in different NFs.

Carbon stocks in Norwegian eelgrass meadows across environmental gradients

Seagrass meadows are well-known for their capacity to capture and store blue carbon in sediments. However carbon stocks vary significantly between meadows, spanning more than three orders of magnitude on both local and global scales. Understanding the drivers of seagrass carbon stocks could help improve strategies for incorporating blue carbon into management plans. Here, we measured sediment carbon stocks in eelgrass (Zostera marina) meadows and unvegetated areas along the Norwegian coast, spanning wide gradients in temperature, wave exposure, water depth, salinity, and eelgrass biomass. Carbon stocks were generally higher in eelgrass meadows than in adjacent unvegetated areas, yet they displayed considerable variation (400 − 30 000 g C m−2 at 50 cm sediment depth) even among nearby sites. Overall, the highest carbon stocks were found in deeper, muddier, sheltered meadows near river mouths. These sites likely have the highest input and retention of carbon from different sources. Consequently, they should be prioritized as conservation targets for preserving coastal blue carbon stocks. Despite ever-increasing efforts to quantify seagrass blue carbon globally, high uncertainties still persist, partly due to differing methodologies, processes, and environmental context. Blue carbon stock estimates could be improved through the coordination of standardised mapping and sampling methods.

Manipulating density pedestal structure to improve core–edge integration towards low collisionality

Abstract DIII-D experiments have achieved promising core–edge integrated plasma scenarios which combine a high-temperature low-collisionality pedestal (pedestal top temperature Te ,ped > 0.8 keV and collisionality ν*ped < 1) with a partially detached divertor by leveraging the benefits of a low-density-gradient pedestal in a closed divertor. It is found that with a closed divertor and high heating power, strong gas puffing to achieve detachment moves the peak density gradient outward with respect to the maximum gradient of electron temperature and reduces the density gradient at the pedestal region, which correlates with shallow pedestal fuelling due to the closed divertor geometry. In high-current plasmas in particular, the pedestal top density is found to change little with gas puffing while the separatrix, density increases to allow access for divertor detachment. The separation between density and temperature pedestals results in a high- ηe well above the electron-temperature-gradient stability threshold. Electron turbulence is found to be enhanced in the pedestal and correlated with high ηe resulting from the pedestal shift. The pedestal is wider than the EPED scaling. A revised empirical width scaling is derived based on the combination of EPED scaling with ηe and highlights the important role of additional turbulence on the pedestal structure. The wide temperature pedestal facilitates the achievement of a high-temperature, low-collisionality pedestal and high global performance. Simultaneously, the outward shift of the density pedestal facilitates access to detached divertor conditions with low temperature and heat flux towards the target plate. This approach may be promising for closing the core–edge integration gap for future fusion reactors, which may have a weak-gradient density pedestal due to the highly opaque boundary plasmas.

Oceanic eddy with submesoscale edge drives intense air-sea exchanges and beyond

Oceanic mesoscale eddies influence air-sea interaction and atmosphere dynamics through ventilating heat and moisture upward. However, whether the sea surface temperature (SST) gradient on the eddy edge could affect the heat and moisture release is still unknown because of the limited observations and coarse-resolution climate models. Using high-resolution atmospheric simulations, this study compares the atmospheric response to the mesoscale (~ 40 km) and submesoscale (~ 4 km) SST gradients at the edge of an eddy. Results show that submesoscale SST gradient drives stronger surface heat and moisture fluxes, enhancing the vertical mixing intensity by 2–3 times within and above the marine atmospheric boundary layer. As a result, one local precipitation event is found to be an order of magnitude larger overlying the eddy. Our findings highlight the importance of resolving oceanic submesoscale features for accurately predicting atmosphere dynamics and precipitation over the ocean.

Reconfigurable, zero-energy, and wide-temperature loss-assisted thermal nonreciprocal metamaterials

Thermal nonreciprocity plays a vital role in chip heat dissipation, energy-saving design, and high-temperature hyperthermia, typically realized through the use of advanced metamaterials with nonlinear, advective, spatiotemporal, or gradient properties. However, challenges such as fixed structural designs with limited adjustability, high energy consumption, and a narrow operational temperature range remain prevalent. Here, a systematic framework is introduced to achieve reconfigurable, zero-energy, and wide-temperature thermal nonreciprocity by transforming wasteful heat loss into a valuable regulatory tool. Vertical slabs composed of natural bulk materials enable asymmetric heat loss through natural convection, disrupting the inversion symmetry of thermal conduction. The reconfigurability of this system stems from the ability to modify heat loss by adjusting thermal conductivity, size, placement, and quantity of the slabs. Moreover, this structure allows for precise control of zero-energy thermal nonreciprocity across a broad temperature spectrum, utilizing solely environmental temperature gradients without additional energy consumption. This research presents a different approach to achieving nonreciprocity, broadening the potential for nonreciprocal devices such as thermal diodes and topological edge states, and inspiring further exploration of nonreciprocity in other loss-based systems.

TiC reinforced Ti6Al4V fabricated by circular oscillating laser directed energy deposition: Microstructure and wear resistance

Gaussian laser is a common laser source in the field of laser directed energy deposition (L-DED). However, Gaussian laser sources have certain limitations, as they produce elevated temperature differentials and internal stresses during L-DED, which can result in significant distortion and fracturing. To address these restrictions, this research proposes using a circular oscillating laser as the energy source for L-DED. TC4 deposition samples and 5 wt% TiC/TC4 composite deposition samples were prepared using both Gaussian laser directed energy deposition (GL-DED) and circular oscillating laser directed energy deposition (COL-DED), and the deposition samples prepared under the two laser modes were compared and studied. The results indicate that, in the process of COL-DED, the laser oscillates periodically at a constant frequency in the high-temperature molten pool, which produces a more consistent temperature gradient and improved stirring effect in the molten pool. This inhibits grain growth and effectively refines the grains. Compared to the TiC/TC4 deposition samples prepared with Gaussian laser, the average grain size of COL TiC/TC4 deposition samples decreased by approximately 54.3 %. Due to the effects of the high-power laser beam, TiC particles partially melted and decomposed into Ti and C. As the laser advanced, the molten pool cooled swiftly, ultimately precipitating uniformly distributed gray-white TiC hard phases. Compared to the TC4 alloy prepared with the Gaussian laser, the TiC/TC4 composite material manufactured with a circular oscillating laser exhibited a 24.5 % increase in microhardness (430.76 HV0.2) and a reduction in wear rate of approximately 42.15 % (to 1.4 × 10−6 g/mm). Circular oscillating laser directed energy deposition can, to a certain extent, improve the hardness and wear resistance of materials compared to Gaussian laser directed energy deposition.

Early emergence and determinants of human-induced Walker circulation weakening

The Walker circulation is projected to slow down in response to greenhouse gas warming. However, detecting the impact of human activities on changes in the Walker circulation is challenging due to the significant influence of internal variability. Here, based on ensembles of multiple climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6), we show evidence that the emergence of the human-induced weakening of Walker circulation tends to occur earlier in the middle-upper troposphere than at the surface. This earlier emergence is attributed to a more pronounced initial weakening response of the middle-upper tropospheric Walker circulation to atmospheric CO2 radiative forcing. We further reveal that the emergence time of a weaker Walker circulation varies across models. This intermodel spread is governed by an ocean thermostat that operates by modulating the zonal sea surface temperature gradient over the tropical Indo-Pacific region. Our findings address the key question of whether and how to detect human-induced large-scale atmospheric circulation changes and provide valuable insights for assessing the associated risks.

Coral growth along a natural gradient of seawater temperature, pH, and oxygen in a nearshore seagrass bed on Dongsha Atoll, Taiwan.

Coral reefs are facing threats from a variety of global change stressors, including ocean warming, acidification, and deoxygenation. It has been hypothesized that growing corals near primary producers such as macroalgae or seagrass may help to ameliorate acidification and deoxygenation stress, however few studies have explored this effect in situ. Here, we investigated differences in coral growth rates across a natural gradient in seawater temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO) variability in a nearshore seagrass bed on Dongsha Atoll, Taiwan, South China Sea. We observed strong spatial gradients in temperature (5°C), pH (0.29 pH units), and DO (129 μmol O2 kg-1) across the 1-kilometer wide seagrass bed. Similarly, diel variability recorded by an autonomous sensor in the shallow seagrass measured diel ranges in temperature, pH, and DO of up to 2.6°C, 0.55, and 204 μmol O2 kg-1, respectively. Skeletal cores collected from 15 massive Porites corals growing in the seagrass bed at 4 sites revealed no significant differences in coral calcification rates between sites along the gradients. However, significant differences in skeletal extension rate and density suggest that the dynamic temperature, pH, and/or DO variability may have influenced these properties. The lack of differences in coral growth between sites may be because favorable calcification conditions during the day (high temperature, pH, and DO) were proportionally balanced by unfavorable conditions during the night (low temperature, pH, and DO). Alternatively, other factors were simply more important in controlling coral calcification and/or corals were acclimated to the prevailing conditions at each site.

Performance prediction applying different reduced turbulence models to the SMART tokamak

Abstract The SMall Aspect Ratio Tokamak (SMART) is currently being
commissioned at the University of Seville and will be able to compare the
performance of positive and negative triangularity plasmas at low aspect ratio.
Predictive simulations have been performed for different machine scenarios and
heating schemes using the TRANSP code. The objectives of these simulations
are to predict the parameters expected in positive triangularity plasmas, to
guide diagnostic development, and to validate transport models. Several reduced
turbulence models have been used to predict electron and ion temperatures for the
operational phase 2. All models provide similar results from approximately midradius
to the separatrix but important discrepancies are found in the core region.
These positive triangularity results are compared with experiments from a similar
size machine like GLOBUS-M2. The multi-mode model (MMM) shows the best
agreement. Simulations with different boundary conditions have been performed
and no strong differences have been observed between them. The impact of neutral
beam injection (NBI) on the predicted profiles has also been addressed. Rotation
reduces turbulence levels so higher temperatures are achieved when included in
the simulations. Studying the different contributions to the thermal diffusivities,
it is observed that electron temperature gradient (ETG) turbulence dominates
at the plasma core while mictro-tearing modes (MTM) dominate at the edge
in the electron channel. In the ion channel, the neoclassical contribution is
dominant at the core and at the very edge while the Weiland component, which
includes ion temperature gradient mode (ITG), trapped electron mode (TEM),
kinetic ballooning mode (KBM), peeling mode (PM) and collisionless and collision
dominated magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) modes governs the mid-radius region.
For phase 3, two plasmas with different electron densities have been studied. The
case with lower density matches well a specific discharge of GLOBUS-M2. The
higher density plasma shows high performance with βN ≈ 3.8.

Intensified upwelling: normalized sea surface temperature trends expose climate change in coastal areas

Abstract. Eastern boundary upwelling systems (EBUSs) provide valuable natural resources due to their high primary production. However, there is significant uncertainty in how climate change may affect the mechanisms that sustain these ecosystems in the future. Therefore, assessing the effects of climate change on EBUSs under the current global warming scenario is crucial for efficient ecosystem management. In 1990, Andrew Bakun suggested an increase in the upwelling intensity due to the rise of the ocean–land pressure gradient. Since there is a significant link between thermal gradients and offshore Ekman transport, we use sea level pressure (SLP) and deseasonalized sea surface temperature (SST) data from remote sensing to elucidate this hypothesis and validate it using in situ observations. SST is an indicator of coastal upwelling, and our long-term analysis of monthly and deseasonalized SST records shows that the seasonal and synoptic processes have minimal influence on the SST–upwelling intensity relationship. Upwelling within the same EBUS is not usually evenly distributed along coastlines, leading to upwelling in specific areas, referred to as upwelling centers. We compare the SST trends in the main upwelling centers of the four EBUSs with those in open ocean waters through a new index, αUI, designed to characterize upwelling changes in the EBUS. An a-dimensional number allows us to normalize the trends independently of the upwelling system and compare all of them. Furthermore, we have complemented the SST index with sea level pressure gradient data. This new index (supported by SLP gradient trends) indicates intensification in all the EBUSs, revealing a coherent pattern within EBUSs in the same ocean (i.e., Canarian and Benguela or Californian and Humboldt upwelling systems).

Mixed Convection Flow of a Viscous Dissipative and Heat Generating/Absorbing Fluid Through a Slit Microchannel

This paper is aimed at investigating the consequences of viscous dissipation and super-hydrophobicity on a magnetized mixed convection flow of an electrically conducting fluid across an up facing microchannel influenced by a transverse magnetic field. The plates were alternatively heated and incorporated with heat source/sink effect. The modeled governing equations have been obtained using a semi-analytical (regular perturbation) method. Various line graphs have been plotted to demonstrate the behavior of key parameter dictating the flow. It was found out that the thermal gradient and fluid velocity are significantly enhanced for mounting values of mixed convection Gre, Brickman number Br, Darcy porous number K and heat source S parameters in the superhydrophobic microchannel for constant pressure gradient Г. On the other hand, the velocity deteriorates for increasing levels of magnetic field M and heat sink S factors. Further, the comparison of this present analysis with previously published literature for limiting cases when Г=S=0 and Gre=1 showcased an excellent concurrence, thereby confirming the accuracy and validity of this present investigation. The findings from this research will find relevance in engineering, technological and industrial processes such as for solar collectors, nuclear reactors cooled during emergency shutdown, nuclear power plants, gas turbines and the various propulsion devices for aircraft, missiles, satellites and space vehicles.

Study on the Stress Distribution Characteristics of Rock in the Bottomhole and the Influence Laws of Various Parameters Under the Impact of a Liquid Nitrogen Jet

This study presents research on the stress distribution characteristics of rock in the bottomhole and the influence laws of various parameters under the impact of liquid nitrogen jet. A multi-field coupled numerical model considering transient flow field, conjugate heat transfer, and nonlinear solid deformation was established to investigate the damage-induced fracturing mechanism of rock under liquid nitrogen jet. The study compares the impact effects of liquid nitrogen jet and water jet on rock and analyzes the variations in the stress field under different parameters. Due to its extremely low temperature, the liquid nitrogen jet creates a strong thermal stress gradient in a short time, significantly increasing the maximum principal stress and Mises stress in the rock compared to a water jet. Solid parameters, particularly the confining pressure and elastic modulus of the rock, have a more significant impact on stress distribution, while fluid parameters such as outlet pressure and fluid temperature have a smaller and more volatile effect. An increase in confining pressure inhibits tensile failure in the rock, while a higher elastic modulus enhances both tensile and shear failure. The initial rock temperature significantly affects the stress distribution, with optimal tensile failure observed at intermediate temperatures. The liquid nitrogen jet achieves a higher maximum velocity and overflow velocity than the water jet, contributing to more effective rock fracturing. The results provide a theoretical basis for the optimization of liquid nitrogen jet drilling parameters, which can help improve drilling efficiency.

Initiation of prefrontal convection within a Northeast China cold vortex: The roles of elevated front and dry air intrusion

AbstractConvective initiation ahead of a surface cold front within the Northeast China cold vortex of June 1, 2021, is investigated using observations and a convection‐permitting simulation. The initiation of the convection is elevated without identifiable surface mesoscale forcing. Air feeding the initial convective cells originates from at least 1 km above the ground where parcel‐based convective available potential energy is sufficiently large. An elevated front with large equivalent potential temperature gradient and flow convergence across is primarily responsible for the initiation of elevated convection and later organization into a deep convective line. The elevated front is similar to the upper cold front within extratropic cyclones studied elsewhere, but its altitude is lower in this case. Backward‐trajectory analysis of air parcels on the cold side of the elevated front shows that dry air intrusion reinforces the elevated front by increasing the equivalent potential temperature gradient and moment convergence across the front. The convergence forcing combined with access to convective unstable air at the leading edge of the westerly flows east of the elevated front causes the initiation of convection. The development and spreading of a surface cold pool help push the convective line eastward away from the surface cold front located to the west. Orographic gravity waves provide additional forcing so that convection cells are initiated first at the upward branches of the gravity waves, but the overall organization of initial cells into a solid convective line is controlled mainly by mesoscale structures associated with the elevated front.

Enhancing the Performance of Oxide‐Based Transverse Thermoelectric Generators by Optimized Internal Geometry

AbstractIn transverse thermoelectric generators (TTEGs), comprising an artificially anisotropic material formed by a layered and tilted structure of two materials, the induced thermoelectric voltage is generated perpendicular to the applied temperature gradient. The performance of TTEGs composed of alternate layers of La1.99Sr0.01CuO4 (LSCO) and silver (Ag), tilted at an angle φ, with metal‐to‐ceramic thickness ratio νt, is investigated. Improvement in performance is achieved by optimizing the internal geometry parameters, φ and νt of the tilted layered structure. The transverse power factor PFtr and figure‐of‐merit ZtrT of the artificially tilted material composite are analytically calculated and presented in color contours. Experimentally, a power output Pout of 14.5 mW at ΔT = 140 K is measured for a TTEG with φ = 66°, compared to 2.8 mW and 11 mW for generators with φ of 20° and 45°, respectively. Moreover, TTEGs with different values of νt are prepared. Furthermore, transverse multilayer thermoelectric generators (TMLTEG) with output power of 14.3 mW at ΔT = 225 K are fabricated utilizing the ceramic multilayer technology. It is demonstrated that the transverse thermoelectric effect using an artificial anisotropic material consisting of ceramic and metal can be explored for autonomous thermoelectric energy generation for low‐power applications.

Self-powered wireless sensor system utilizing a thermoelectric generator for photovoltaic module monitoring application

In this work, we demonstrate a self-powered wireless PV module monitoring system that utilizes a thermoelectric generator (TEG) to convert residual thermal energy from the PV module into electrical power. We investigated the TEG performance with and without the heat sink. Results show that the temperature difference between the hot and cold sides of the TEG increased to 7.2 °C with the heat sink, compared to only 1 °C without it, at a hot side temperature of 50 °C. We integrated the TEG/heat sink with the PV module, which served as the heat source, achieving a maximum output power of 0.981 mW at a voltage of 0.06 V under a temperature gradient of 3.6 °C in a 1 sun condition. We successfully demonstrated a self-powered wireless PV monitoring sensor system by integrating a step-up voltage converter, microcontroller, IR thermometer, Bluetooth communication module, and the TEG/heat sink, which generated sufficient power for the monitoring system operation. The findings introduce a novel solution for wireless PV module monitoring that operates independently of grid connections or battery power. This innovation not only signifies advancements in renewable energy management but also opens new opportunities in the Internet of Things (IoT) sector.

In-situ laser powder bed fusion: real-time assessment of residual stress through thermal gradient analysis

In-situ laser powder bed fusion: real-time assessment of residual stress through thermal gradient analysis