Thermal Degradation Of Biomass Research Articles

Critical review of the role of ash content and composition in biomass pyrolysis

In the face of environmental challenges (e.g., dramatically increasing greenhouse gas emissions and climate change), it is utmost of importance to sustainable energy systems. Biomass consisting of agricultural and forest waste, municipal solid waste, and aquatics, has been identified as alternative and promising fuel sources. Thermochemical conversion approaches like pyrolysis can turn various types of biomass into three valuable product streams, namely, bio-oil, biochar, and syngas. To date, past review articles have considered the major operating parameters of kinetics, chemistry, and the application of pyrolysis products. However, ash content is one of the key biomass components that lacks investigation on its influence during biomass pyrolysis with respect to products yield and properties. This review article examines: i) the ash content and composition in different types of biomass; ii) effects of ash content on catalytic pathway and biomass thermal degradation; iii) ash related problems in the thermal degradation of biomass; and iv) available deashing techniques for biomass. The review aims to provide new understandings and insights regarding the effects of ash content and composition on biomass pyrolysis.

Bioenergy enhancement for isolated microalgae-yeast cocultured residual biomass as a function of inorganic micronutrients’ distribution

This research aims to get the statistical optimization of the higher heating value for residual biomass of a coculture conformed of microalgae and yeast species (CCMY). The CCMY was grown in different culture broths with micronutrient (N, P, and Fe) distributions defined by the Box-Behnken experimental design. Lipids in the cultured biomass were removed by the reactive extraction method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed that biomass compounds were susceptible to applying thermogravimetric characterization. A pyrolysis process determines the invested energy and accumulated energy during biomass thermal degradation. The pyrolysis process evaluated the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), yielding the determination of the amount of volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ashes in terms of the nutrient’s distributions. The obtained volatile matter range was 50.57-69.27%, fixed coal from 19.61-22.77% and the ash content was between 7.04 and 19.94%. The optimization problem considers that the accumulated energy is a function of the culture broth micronutrients’ distribution. Applying the response surface method (RSM) over the experimental design data leads to determining the best nutrient combination that produces the higher heating value in the residual biomass (22.04 MJ/kg, dry-basis biomass).

Pyrolysis kinetics and conversion of pomegranate peels into porous carbon

AbstractPyrolysis is one of the most common, sustainable, and excellent environmental‐friendly method to evaluate the bio‐energy potential of different types of biomass wastes. Pomegranate peel is a well‐known low‐cost industrial waste. Thus, pomegranate peel's physicochemical properties were explored in detail, and a pyrolysis kinetic study and thermal behavior analysis were performed. Thermal degradation of biomass was investigated on different heating rates (5, 10, 15, and 20°C/min) by using TG‐DSC. To calculate the kinetic parameters (Ea, A), three different kinetic models were used, including the Flynn‐Wall‐Ozawa (FWO), Kissinger‐Akahira‐Sunose (KAS), and Starink methods. The average Ea values for FWO, KAS, and Starink methods are 85.2141, 80.37217, and 80.74315 kJ mol−1, respectively. Furthermore, the reaction mechanism and thermodynamic parameters (ΔH, ΔG, and ΔS) were simulated and calculated to further comprehend the pyrolysis process. The residual carbon (char) obtained after the pyrolysis process was further characterized by SEM‐EDX and BET to quantify the morphology, surface area, and porosity. SEM results revealed that the residual carbon has a honey‐comb like porous structure, whereas BET analysis reflects that PP800 possesses the highest specific surface area (SSA) ~ 1288.97 m2 g−1 with an average pore diameter of 8.85 nm. Thus, it has enormous potential to be used as adsorbent and active electrode material in energy storage devices.

Determination of the ignition temperature of hay for the purposes of fire risk assessment on farms - Slovak case study

Hot surfaces are an integral part of the technological processes of agricultural crop processing. Their surface temperature at critical points can exceed the minimum ignition temperature. This paper aims to experimentally observe the behaviour of hay when exposed to radiant heat. The model presented here is implemented using a hot plate device. The hot plate has a defined temperature-time curve. Based on the above, the hot plate temperature is determined as the minimum ignition temperature of the investigated hay specimen. At the same time, the temperature inside the tested material was monitored. The heterogeneity of the above specimens significantly influenced the nature of the biomass thermal degradation. The ignition temperature of the hay (406 °C) can serve as a tool for fire risk assessment.

Experimental Investigation of Kinetic Parameters of Bamboo and Bamboo Biochar Using Thermogravimetric Analysis Under Non-isothermal Conditions

The present investigation deals with the thermogravimetric analysis of bamboo and bamboo biochar in an inert environment at 10, 20, and 30 °C/min. In addition, vacuum pyrolysis was used for the bamboo biochar. The FWO (Flynn–Wall–Ozawa) and KAS (Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose) methods were used to determine thermodynamic and kinetic parameters within the active pyrolysis zone. Thermal degradation of bamboo biomass undergoes several steps of loss of mass, including moisture loss, and passive and active pyrolysis. Between 180 and 395 °C, the active pyrolysis zone accounted for 50 to 55% of the mass loss. Furthermore, in both FWO and KAS models, bamboo biochar had lower activation energy values (99.23 and 96.07 kJ/mol) than bamboo biomass (262.5303 and 266.62 kJ/mol). The study’s study on bamboo and its biochar revealed a significant opportunity in the agro-industry for designing and building pyrolysis reactors for long-term biofuel generation.

Co-thermal degradation characteristics of rice straw and sewage sludge

Co-thermal treatment of binary biomass mixture is an alternative to enhance the refractory decomposition of biomass thermal degradation efficiency resulted in the synergistic reaction. Rice straw (RS) containing a large amount of fixed carbon (FC) is quite difficult to thermally decompose at a lower temperature. Considering the RS and sewage sludge (SS), co-thermal treatment for enhancing energy conversion efficiency was feasible. This study investigates the kinetic behaviors and gas evolution of RS, SS, and their blends under co-thermal decomposition processes using Thermogravimetric analysis combined with Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The experimental results indicate that SS could enhance the volatile matter decomposition in RS co-thermal process at lower temperatures. Activation energy decreases from 53 to 49 kJ mol− 1 with an increase in SS addition from 50 to 80% under pyrolysis conditions. The major volatile components were aliphatic chains with double bonds, as well as carbonyl, hydroxyl, and C–H groups in organic compounds by FTIR identification. The tested materials characteristics in terms of volatile matter (VM)-to-FC ratio significantly affected the thermal degradation performance. Activation energy was decreased with increasing the VM/FC ratio. It implied that co-thermal reaction could be accelerated. In summary, the results could provide the important information for co-thermal treatment of SS and RS in application for commercial-scale plant design.

Thermal degradation of coconut husk waste biomass under non-isothermal condition

Thermal degradation of coconut husk waste biomass under non-isothermal condition

Recent Developments in Understanding Biochar’s Physical–Chemistry

Biochar is a porous material obtained by biomass thermal degradation in oxygen-starved conditions. It is nowadays applied in many fields. For instance, it is used to synthesize new materials for environmental remediation, catalysis, animal feeding, adsorbent for smells, etc. In the last decades, biochar has been applied also to soils due to its beneficial effects on soil structure, pH, soil organic carbon content, and stability, and, therefore, soil fertility. In addition, this carbonaceous material shows high chemical stability. Once applied to soil it maintains its nature for centuries. Consequently, it can be considered a sink to store atmospheric carbon dioxide in soils, thereby mitigating the effects of global climatic changes. The literature contains plenty of papers dealing with biochar’s environmental effects. However, a discrepancy exists between studies dealing with biochar applications and those dealing with the physical-chemistry behind biochar behavior. On the one hand, the impression is that most of the papers where biochar is tested in soils are based on trial-and-error procedures. Sometimes these give positive results, sometimes not. Consequently, it appears that the scientific world is divided into two factions: either supporters or detractors. On the other hand, studies dealing with biochar’s physical-chemistry do not appear helpful in settling the factions’ problem. This review paper aims at collecting all the information on physical-chemistry of biochar and to use it to explain biochar’s role in different fields of application.

Comparative study of the reaction kinetics of three residual biomasses

Kinetic analysis for the combustion of three agro-industrial biomass residues (coconut husk, corn husk, and rice husk) was carried out in order to provide information for the generation of energy from them. The analysis was performed using the results of the data obtained by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) at three heating rates (10, 20, and 30 K/min). The biomass residues were characterized in terms of proximate analysis, elemental analysis, calorific value, lignin content, α-cellulose content, hemicellulose content, and holocellulose content. The biomass fuels were thermally degraded in an oxidative atmosphere. The results showed that the biomass thermal degradation process is comprised of the combustion of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin. The kinetic parameters of the distributed activation energy model indicated that the activation energy distribution for the pseudocomponents follows lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose in descending order. The activation energy values for each set of reactions are similar between the heating rates, which suggests that it is independent of the heating rate between 10 K/min and 30 K/min. For all the biomass samples, the increased heating rate resulted in the overlap of the hemicellulose and cellulose degradation events.

Describing biomass pyrolysis kinetics using a generic hybrid intelligent model: A critical stage in sustainable waste-oriented biorefineries

The pyrolysis process is one of the most widely practised thermochemical pathways for converting biomass into biofuel. The most challenging aspect of the pyrolysis conversion is modelling the thermal decomposition kinetics of lignocellulosic biomass. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a generic hybrid intelligent model to describe biomass pyrolysis kinetics based on the ultimate analysis (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur content) and process heating rate. First, an analytical model was fitted to the experimental data from thermogravimetric analysis reported in the published literature to determine the pyrolysis kinetic parameters of a wide range of biomass feedstocks. The derived kinetic parameters of biomass pyrolysis (i.e., reaction order, frequency factor, activation energy) were then modelled using three exclusive Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) models tuned by genetic algorithm (GA). The capability of the GA-ANFIS approach in modelling the kinetic parameters of biomass was also compared with that of the classical ANFIS model. The obtained results showed that the GA-ANFIS approach outperformed the classical ANFIS model in estimating the pyrolysis kinetic parameters of biomass. Generally, the highly nonlinear and extremely complex kinetic parameters of biomass thermal degradation were satisfactorily estimated using the GA-ANFIS models with a coefficient of determination exceeding 0.940 and a mean absolute error lower than 0.096. The pyrolysis reaction kinetics of five biomass materials, unexploited during the development of the GA-ANFIS models,‏ were estimated with a correlation coefficient higher than 0.811 and a mean absolute error lower than 0.7376 using the generic hybrid intelligent model. The promising agreement between the predicted and experimental kinetic data suggested that the generic hybrid intelligent model could be an alternative to the laborious experimental thermogravimetric measurements, thereby allowing pyrolysis process optimization, monitoring, and controlling to be more effectively conducted. Finally, an easy-to-use software package was developed based on the developed generic hybrid intelligent model to describe the devolatilization behaviour of biomass.‏

Photosynthetic response of young oaks to biochar amendment in field conditions over 3 years

ABSTRACT Amendment by biochar made by thermal degradation of biomass is expected to enhance carbon sequestration through stimulating carbon assimilation by plants. We clarified the effect of biochar amendment on the photosynthesis of trees in forest ecosystems. Biochar was applied to young oak trees (Quercus serrata) in temperate deciduous forest at rates of 0, 5, 10 and 20 Mg ha−1 in four plots (C0, C5, C10, and C20). The variation in photosynthetic parameters (the maximum photosynthetic rate: Pmax, maximum carboxylation rate: Vcmax and the potential rate of electron transport: Jmax) and leaf traits (the stomatal conductance: gc, leaf mass per area (LMA) and leaf nutrient concentrations) were examined every month during the growing seasons for 3 years. Pmax generally increased in C5 and C10 and did not increase in C20. Similarly, Vcmax and Jmax increased in C5 and C10 and correlated significantly positively with Pmax, suggesting that biochar amendment basically increased the photosynthetic rate through improvements in physiological activities but that there was a maximum useful dosage. We also found that gc, LMA and leaf nutrient (N, Mg, and S) showed significant positive correlations with Pmax, indicating that an increase in photosynthetic rates would be supported by these leaf traits. However, stimulation of photosynthesis became smaller year by year, indicating that the effects of biochar amendment faded gradually. We concluded that biochar amendment basically improved the photosynthesis of oak trees in the forest through the change of all gc, LMA and leaf nutrient concentrations but declined yearly.

Elaeis guineensis-activated carbon for methylene blue removal: adsorption capacity and optimization using CCD-RSM

The activated biochar is a carbonaceous material obtained from thermal degradation of biomass with high adsorption potential. On the other hand, the high production cost has still limited its use in large-scale, so that low-cost raw materials derived from biomass have been encouraged. For instance, waste from palm oil industry, such as palm endocarp (Elaeis guineenses), has shown high potential to produce cheaper activated carbon since high amount of palm residues are annually generated worldwide. Moreover, as far as we know, Elaeis guineensis-biochar activated by ZnCl2 has not been tested as an adsorbent for methylene blue (MB) removal. In addition, optimization studies on activation variables focused on maximizing MB removal are still scarce. This work aims to investigate the adsorption capacity of the Elaeis guineensis-activated carbon for MB removal and to find optimized conditions. Thermo-chemical activation was carried out using ZnCl2. Temperature ( $$T$$ ), activation time ( $$t$$ ) and particle size ( $$PS$$ ) were the variables evaluated through a full factorial design. The optimal condition was obtained based on central composite design (CCD) and surface response methodology (RSM) techniques. Kinetic and equilibrium studies were also carried out. CCD and RSM predicted an optimal MB removal of 93.2% adopting 0.05 g of activated biochar, PS = 65 mesh, $$T\hspace{0.17em}$$ = 700 °C and $$t\hspace{0.17em}$$ = 3 h. Kinetic and adsorption equilibrium results agreed to pseudo second-order model and Langmuir’s model, respectively. Finally, Elaeis guineensis showed to be a promising feedstock to produce activated biochar aiming MB removal from water and wastewater.

Thermal Degradation of Different Biomass to Fuel: Optimization of Process Parameters by Response Surface Methodology

In the present study, the yield of different pyrolysis products was optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Here, User Defined Model and quadratic programming (QP) have been used to model and optimize the influence of two process parameters like reaction temperature and type of biomasses on the five responses such as oil yield, liquid yield, char yield, gas yield and reaction time using the experimental data obtained from the fast pyrolysis in a semi-batch reactor system. Mathematical model equations are derived for all the responses by using sets of experimental data and analysis of variance (ANOVA). ANOVA analysis showed that the model was very significant for all the responses. From the residual vs. predicted plots, the value of the coefficient of correlation (R2) is found to be a good agreement with the experimental ones. From the optimization study, the liquid, oil, char, and gas yield at the optimum temperature (584C) of seed biomass are found to be 81.34%, 70.12%, 9.8%, and 9.64% respectively.

Acid treatment effecting the physiochemical structure and thermal degradation of biomass

Abstract Biomass is not a mature industry as it concerned with many technical challenges such as ash slagging, heated surface corrosion and fouling which threat safe operation of biomass conversion and increase maintenance cost. The leaching process can eliminate/reduce ash forming constituents from biomass which results the improvement in bio-fuel properties. The wheat straw (WS) sample was chosen for this study and treated with three different diluted acid solutions (CH3COOH, HCl and H2SO4) and their mixture. This study was aimed to maximize ash extraction and energy contents, and to investigate the effect of leaching on thermal degradation and physiochemical structure of wheat straw samples. Acid treatment has significant effects on thermal behavior and char contents of WS samples which were indicated by Thermogravimetric (TGA) and differential Thermogravimetric (DTG) analysis. The physiochemical structure was analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) method and FTIR spectroscopy. This study demonstrated that acid treatment has ability to reduce ash concentration, which increased energy and char contents of biomass.

A cleaner process for conversion of invasive weed (Prosopis juliflora) into energy-dense fuel: kinetics, energy, and exergy analysis of pyrolysis process

In this paper, bio-oil production, kinetics analysis, and exergy analysis of Prosopis juliflora pyrolysis are reported. The biomass was segregated into two different particle sizes ( 2.0 mm). Elemental analysis and higher heating value of Prosopis juliflora biomass were estimated. Thermogravimetric analysis of biomass was performed at 5 different heating rates of (5 °C min−1, 10 °C min−1, 15 °C min−1, 20 °C min−1, 25 °C min−1). Thermal degradation of Prosopis juliflora biomass was performed at different temperature ranging from 400 °C, 450 °C, 500 °C, 550 °C to 600 °C. The maximum liquid yield was 17.4% obtained at 500 °C with 0.5 mm particle size. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the Prosopis juliflora liquid phase showed the presence of petroleum compounds. Iso-conversion method is used to establish the kinetic parameters. The mean activation energies obtained from the Kissinger, Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose, Ozawa-Flynn-Wall, and Friedman model are 107.583 kJ mol−1, 138.78 kJ mol−1,145.36 kJ mol−1, and 157.21 kJ mol−1 respectively. The maximum exergy efficiency for pyro-gas was 54.92%, with a particle size of < 0.5 mm at 600 °C. The present study shows that hazardous material like Prosopis juliflora can be converted into energy-dense fuel, thereby paving way for mitigation of the toxic weed.

Thermal degradation of crab shell biomass, a nitrogen-containing carbon precursor

Waste and low-cost lignocellulosic biomasses are well studied and widely used as raw materials for porous carbon adsorbents. Much less attention is given to the exploration of the potential of marine biomasses, though these materials contain also nitrogen, which—if preserved during the processing—has a beneficial influence on the sorption properties of the porous carbon obtained. Here, we report a multi-technique investigation into the conversion of crab shell to porous carbon adsorbent. Thermogravimetry and pyrolysis-GC/MS studies were used to reveal the thermal degradation of this natural polymer and follow the decomposition process through the identification of the products. Almost 40 various volatile degradation products were distinguished released at 500 °C pyrolysis temperature. Based on the TGA/DTG results, two temperatures, 350 and 500 °C, were selected to obtain pyrolytic samples in macroscopic quantities in order to characterize the morphology and surface chemistry of the solid fraction. More than 50% of the nitrogen atoms were still in the carbonaceous matrix after the 500 °C pyrolysis in the C–N=C, C–NH and 3C–N-type bonds. The ash content < 1% included hydroxylapatite-type crystalline matter. Based on these results, we may conclude that crab shells have a high potential as precursor of nitrogen-containing biochar.

The thermal degradation of lignocellulose biomass with an acid leaching pre-treatment using a H-ZSM-5/Al-MCM-41 catalyst mixture

Improvements on the pyrolysis process of biomass fuels are needed to obtain a high-quality of bio-oil. Pre-treatment by acid leaching prior to the pyrolysis process is considered to remove Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal (AAEM) from the biomass, since AAEM adversely affect the catalytic pyrolysis process. Therefore, the main objective of the present work was to determine and compare the effect of mixed-catalysts consisting of H-ZSM-5 and Al-MCM-41, which are used at different ratios in lignocellulose biomass pyrolysis via Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) for both, un-leached and leached biomass. In addition, the activation energies have been determined based on the solid-state reaction mechanism. The results from the acid leaching treatment showed that the optimum leaching process was set to 30 min, 30 °C and 5 wt% acetic acid in the leaching liquid. This resulted in 59%, 95%, 99%, and 96% reduction degree of Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Potassium or Kalium (K), and Natrium (Na), respectively. The Higher Heating Values (HHVs) for un-leached and leached biomass were 19.42 and 19.14 MJ/kg, respectively, calculated by using the Milne formula. The HHV value is not significantly influenced by the acid-leaching pre-treatment. Thermogravimetric analysis showed similar trends for the mass loss as a function of temperature and four stages could be determined from the thermal degradation of biomass. There was no significant shift in the temperature profiles between un-leached and leached biomass degradations. However, the removal of AAEM significantly affected the degradation of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin. A 12.4–18.2% increase of mass losses could be found in Phase 2 for leached biomass, compared to un-leached biomass. The mass losses in Phase 2 also increased with increased heating rates. From the un-leached biomass experiments using a catalyst mixture, the percentage of mass loss increased from 64.95 wt% at 10 K min−1 to 68.33 wt% at 50 K min−1. Moreover, for the leached biomass, it rose from 65.71 wt% at 10 K min−1 to 66.73 wt% at 30 K min−1, before decreasing to 62.44 wt% at 50 K min−1. A lower mass loss in Phase 4 for leached biomass compared to un-leached biomass showed the influence of an AAEM removal. The second order (F2) mechanism was able to illustrate the catalytic pyrolysis process, proven by the result that the coefficient of determination (R2) was higher than 0.99, which was high compared to other mechanisms. An acid leaching pre-treatment led to a reduction in the activation energies. The activation energies for the un-leached biomass were 26.94 and 25.56 kJ mol−1 at a heating rate of 10 K min−1 for a process without and with a catalyst mixture, respectively. The activation energies for leached biomass were 24.05 and 21.80 kJ mol−1. The results also showed that the use of the acid leaching process as a treatment prior to catalytic pyrolysis is positive, since it resulted in high devolatilization and reaction rate.

Techno‐economic analysis of levoglucosan production via fast pyrolysis of cotton straw in China

AbstractThe pyrolysis of cotton straw is a promising technology because a large variety of chemical species can be produced from the thermal degradation of biomass. A more promising chemical, levoglucosan, was the subject of this study. A techno‐economic analysis of a plant producing levoglucosan via fast pyrolysis of cotton straw and extraction of levoglucosan from the produced bio‐oil was conducted by modeling a 200 000 ton per year feedstock‐processing plant. Experimental and modeling data were gathered from recent publications and used for analysis. For the modeled feedstock handling capacity, the results indicated that levoglucosan production capacity could reach around 18 000 tons per year. The estimated levoglucosan net production cost, including byproduct credits, was $3.0/kg. Sensitivity analysis also showed that the yield of levoglucosan from bio‐oil, the cotton straw cost, the calcium hydroxide cost, the hydrochloric acid concentration, and the number of days of operation are the main factors in levoglucosan net production costs. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd

The Impact of Hydrothermal and Dilute Acid Pretreatments and Inorganic Metals on Thermal Decomposition of Agricultural Residues and Agricultural Residue Ash Properties

The impacts of hydrothermal and dilute acid pretreatments and alkali and alkaline earth metals (AAEMs) on the thermal degradation of biomass were studied. Besides, the influence of these pretreatments on the biomass ash properties was investigated. The influence of pretreatments on the biomass thermal degradation was manifested in the removal of potassium out of the biomass. The presence of potassium in the biomass catalyzed cellulose thermal degradation and increased the char percentage at temperatures higher than 380 °C. Pretreatments were effective at removing the potassium from biomass and dramatically reduced the char percentage at temperatures higher than 380 °C. It was found that the best burning temperature for biomass ash production was 500 °C because at this temperature the thermal degradation of biomass was completed under pure combustion. It was shown that when burning biomass in oxygen-limited environments, removing AAEMs, particularly potassium, will improve the quality of ash as a potential candidate for supplementary cementitious materials for concrete application.

Biomass fast pyrolysis in a shaftless screw reactor: A 1-D numerical model

The thermochemical conversion of biomass can be effective for flexible and programmable production of electric and thermal power. Only a few models have been developed so far in the literature to describe the behavior of a screw reactor system designed for biomass fast pyrolysis. The temperature profile plays a crucial role in particular for fast pyrolysis purposes. Hence, a complete heat transfer model is required to that aim. This paper is focused on numerical modeling of a shaftless screw pyrolyzer with special focus on the kinetic framework, as well as the description of heat and mass transfer phenomena. A steady-state model with constant wall temperature has been developed to generate temperature profile and conversion patterns along the reactor. Residence time distribution input has been considered to take into account non-perfect mass conveying characteristics. The model, including all the different heat flux mechanisms such as conduction, convection and radiation, is based on a four parallel Distributed Activation Energy Model. The structure includes the three major biomass pseudo-component occurring in the biomass thermal degradation, and namely cellulose hemicellulose and lignin, along with the moisture evaporation process. Numerical results have been compared with experimental data of spruce wood pellet fast pyrolysis obtained in a lab-scale screw reactor. Numerical temperature profiles for both gas and solid phase, are in good agreement with experimental data. The results obtained allow for demonstrating that the selected framework gives realistic conversion rates for all the fast pyrolysis products namely bio-oil, char, and syngas. The maximum bio-oil production from ground spruce wood has been observed at 500 °C, with yield in the range of 64%. Moreover, the results show a strong dependence on wall temperature, gas-solid heating rate, and screw geometry.