Thermal Decomposition Process Research Articles

Effects of Overload on Thermal Decomposition Kinetics of Cross-Linked Polyethylene Copper Wires.

During an overload fault in an energized wire, the hot metal core modifies the structure of the insulation material. Therefore, understanding the thermal decomposition kinetics of the insulation materials of the overloaded wire is essential for fire prevention and control. This study investigates the thermal decomposition process of new and overloaded cross-linked polyethylene (XLPE) copper wires using thermogravimetry-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and cone calorimetry. The thermal decomposition onset temperature and activation energy of the overloaded XLPE insulation materials were reduced by approximately 15 K and 20 kJ mol-1, respectively, and its reaction mechanism function changed from D-ZLT3 to A2 (0 < α < 0.5). The FTIR shows that the major spectral components produced during the pyrolysis of the XLPE insulation material are C-H stretching, H2O, CO2, C-H scissor vibrations, and C=O and C=C stretching. Additionally, the four functional groups in the PE chains produced the spectral components in the following decreasing order of wavenumber: C-H stretching > CO2 > C-H scissor vibration > C=O and C=C stretching.

THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF MONO- AND DIETHANOLAMINEBORATE MODIFIED WOOD IN AIR ATMOSPHERE

"For cellulosic materials used in various branches of the economy, the issue of increasing thermal stability is still relevant today. Especially acute is the problem of fire resistance for wood materials used in building structures. In our work, we investigated the effect of mono- and diethanolamine borates on the thermal decomposition of wood in an air atmosphere. It has been previously found that mono- and diethanolaminoborates, when used as surface modifiers, provide 100% biostability to plant raw materials. In this regard, the purpose of the study was to identify the flame retardant effect of the described modifiers. In the course of the study, it was found that the developed compositions, the main components of which are boron-nitrogen compounds, effectively reduce the combustibility of wood materials, suppress smoldering, and reduce the burning rate of wood. Since it is the smoldering of wood after the liquidation of the fire that is the main cause of structural collapse, which prevents evacuation during the fire, the use of the developed compositions for fire protection of wooden structures is extremely appropriate. A regression model of the dependence of activation energy on conversion has been obtained and substantiated on the basis of correlation and regression analysis. The presented semi-logarithmic model can be further applied to predict the dependence of the activation energy value of the thermal decomposition process of modified wood on the degree of conversion."

Mechanical properties of pyrolysis carbon black in rubber compound application

Waste tire pyrolysis is a thermal decomposition process that converts waste tires into liquid fuel which also produce by product material such as producer gas, pyrolysis carbon black (CBp), and steel wire. Nowadays, carbon black produced by pyrolysis is being employed as a low-grade carbon base fuel. The technical feasibility of using CBp as a substitute for commercial carbon black N330 in styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) was investigated in the study. The researcher also looked at how the composition ratio of CBp and N330 affected the mechanical characteristics of rubber in comparison to the outcomes of pure carbon black N330. It was discovered that the low composition ratio of 20% CBp and 80% N330 (R-2) had comparable Mooney viscosity to that of N330 carbon black, as well as the highest torque (MH) and torque increment (ΔM) values, but increased CBp content led to increased rubber viscosity and decreased cure time due to sulfur residues CBp was inferior to N330 in its effect on reinforcement. With an increase in CBp content, the tensile strength, shear strength, and elongation at break of SBR vulcanizates decreased considerably, while the hardness increased. Consequently, the CBp value evaluated for hardness applications provides significant manufacturing cost savings.

Synergistic interaction for catalytic co-pyrolysis of municipal paper and polyethylene terephthalate wastes coupling with deep learning methodology

Municipal papers and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) wastes are primary constituents of municipal solid waste (MSW) which necessitates effective disposal. Co-pyrolysis is an efficient transformation technology for the production of valuable gas and liquid fuels. Therefore, co-pyrolysis characteristics, kinetics, gas and liquid products of cellulose and PET mixtures were investigated in a two-stage reactor by multiple characterizations coupling with deep learning approach. The results indicated that there exhibited positive interaction for cellulose and PET co-pyrolysis in terms of mass difference (δm) and mass loss rate difference (δr) between experimental and calculated values. The thermal decomposition process and synergistic effects (δm and δr) were accurately predicted by deep learning approaches (R2 =0.9823–0.9993) using temperature, catalyst, mixing ratio and heating rate variables. Feature importance revealed that the temperature, catalyst, heating rate and mixing ratio were in the descending order to affect the remaining mass from TG curves. And the temperature played a predominant role in synergistic effects. The Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) method was more suitable for fitting the pyrolysis process to obtain activation energy (Ea) with higher R2 (0.94714–0.99640) compared with Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) method. When the mixing ratio of cellulose and PET was 1:1, the Ea was significantly reduced to 80.73 KJ/mol, and further reduced to 73.04 KJ/mol by introducing the catalyst, as compared to Ea of individual cellulose (178.95 KJ/mol) and PET (198.34 KJ/mol). Co-pyrolysis of cellulose and PET led to a reduction of carbohydrates, furans, alcohols, ketones, and phenols, while the content of acids was remarkably increased which was consistent with the observation in FTIR that the absorption peak of C＝O became sharp and strong. The introduction of ZSM-11 resulted in an increase in aromatics and a decrease in acids content owing to aromatization and deoxygenation. This work is expected to offer beneficial guidance for the efficient disposal of MSW and the application of deep learning methods.

Effect of roasting temperature on vanadium extraction, kinetics, phase transformation, and microstructure evolution of vanadium-bearing shale during suspension oxidation roasting process

Suspension oxidation roasting is an efficient method for enhancing vanadium extraction from shale ore, however, the mechanism research of the process in extracting vanadium is not complete. In this work, vanadium extraction, kinetics, phase transformation, and microstructure evolution of vanadium-bearing shale during the suspension roasting process were systematically investigated. 900 °C was the optimum roasting temperature. The higher temperature caused materials sintering and hindered vanadium leaching. The mechanical function of the thermal decomposition process of vanadium shale was the nucleation model (A1/4): f(α) = 1/4(1 − α)[−ln(1 − α)]−3 and G(α) = [−ln(1 − α)]4; Eα = 243.7362 kJ/mol and As = 16.8559 s−1. According to the X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis results, the lattice of main vanadium-bearing minerals, such as muscovite, kaolinite, and limonite, was destroyed at 900 °C. A better vanadium leaching efficiency could be obtained at this temperature. Meanwhile, the result of Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis indicated that the dense layered structure transformed into a loose porous structure after the roasting at 900 °C. However, material sintering occurred and it hindered vanadium leaching when the temperature was above 950 °C. The results of XRD and SEM explained the reason for vanadium leaching rate changes with roasting temperature.

A study on the preparation of V2O5 from NH4V3O8 based on thermal decomposition including the thermal decomposition temperature effect, mechanism and kinetics

This study extensively investigated the thermal decomposition process of NH4V3O8, examining how varying temperatures affect the physicochemical properties of the products, as well as exploring the mechanism and kinetics of the process. Through XRD and SEM analysis, the study identified the phase compositions, crystal structures, and micromorphology of the thermal decomposition products. It also systematically investigated the effects of temperature on particle size and specific surface area, identified the lowest thermal decomposition temperature, and proposed the reaction equations. Additionally, by employing FT-IR analysis and DFT calculation, the study revealed the molecular-level thermal decomposition mechanism of NH4V3O8. Finally, the study calculated the kinetic parameters of NH4V3O8 thermal decomposition using the Kissinger and Kissinger-Crane methods and established the rate equation. These findings not only provide practical guidance but also serve as theoretical references for the thermal decomposition of other metal ammonium salts.

Photo-assisted capacitive performance of V2O5 supercapacitor

A photo-assisted energy storage system enables a new pathway to utilize unlimited solar energy. Herein, V2O5 was synthesized using a simple, time-saving thermal decomposition process. The V2O5 samples were characterized thoroughly. The photo-electrochemical performances of the as-prepared V2O5 samples were evaluated using a three-electrode system. The material showed increased specific capacity from 45 C g−1 to 69 C g−1 in the presence of light. The photo-assisted V2O5||V2O5 and V2O5||AC (activated carbon) ASC (asymetric supercapacitors) FTO devices effectively responded to the light sources. The areal capacity of the V2O5||AC ASC FTO photo-assisted charging device was 112 mC cm−2 under the given light intensity, whereas the device tested using the conventional process (without light irradiation) delivered only 45 mC cm−2 at the same current density. Further, the asymmetric FTO device delivered high specific energy and power density of 9.8 Wh kg−1, and 29 W kg−1 respectively, in the presence of light. Notably, the symmetric FTO device was photo charged to 200 mV in 1 h without any external current and was discharged in the dark at 0.01 mA cm−2. On the other hand, V2O5 symmetric coin cell delivered excellent cycle stability over 40,000 cycles at different current rates with an outstanding coulombic efficiency of 98%. These results are a clear indication that the photo charging-based supercapacitor will pave an innovative path in constructing futuristic energy storage devices.

Sample size dependence of high-temperature thermal stability of Ti2AlN MAX phase

The thermal stability of Titanium Aluminum Nitride (Ti2AlN) microcrystalline powder in vacuum has been studied by in-situ high-temperature X-ray diffraction. The limit of thermal stability for Ti2AlN phase is T < 850 °C. The process of thermal decomposition consists of the Al atoms sublimation and the formation of a new TiNx phase on the sample surface. An increase in sample size leads to an increase in thermal stability limit (850 °C for microcrystals and 1550 °C for dense bulk sample). Based on crystal chemical analysis and quantum chemical calculations, a mechanism of thermal dissociation was proposed. Kinetics of thermal dissociation of the Ti2AlN phase was modeled using the Avrami equation. Avrami exponent parameters (n = 1.09; 1.28) indicate that the process of germs formation occurs at a subgrain boundaries of the sample. The observed temperature dependence of the parameter n can be associated with a probability change of crosslinking formation during the growth of a new phase. The size dependence of Ti2AlN thermal stability was explained by the ratios of Al diffusion coefficients in the crystallite bulk and along the subgrain boundaries.

Experimental insight into interaction mechanism of guanidinium-5-aminotetrazole (GA) and nitrocellulose

5-Amino-1H-tetrazole (5-ATZ), an environmentally friendly energy-containing material for new propellants, is gradually applied in high-energy propellants and its ionic salt compounds have received wide attention. This study focused on investigating the interaction mechanism of guanidinium-5-aminotetrazole (GA) and nitrocellulose (NC) by kinetic methods and TG-DSC-FTIR analysis. DSC and TG experiments indicated that there was a certain interaction during the pyrolysis process of NC and GA. Comparing the kinetic models of NC and peak 3 in NC-GA, it can be found that the addition of GA mainly affected the m-value and contribution in the second step B→C, and the mechanism function changed from Fn to Cn,m. TG-DSC-FTIR experiments indicated that the initial decomposition product of NC, NO2, participated in the thermal decomposition process of GA, and the two reacted chemically to form CO, N2O, which made NO2 unable to completely oxidize the skeleton of NC to produce CH2O, HCOOH.

Effect of incompatible substances on the thermal stability and decomposition products of 2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile and 1,1′-azobis(cyclohexanecarbonitrile)

2,2-Azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) and 1,1′-azobis (cyclohexanecarbonitrile) (ABCN) are two common azo initiators in the polymerization industry. In the chemical process, incompatible substances are commonly in contact with azo initiators. However, the thermal stability and decomposition process of azo compounds may change. In this study, the effects of common incompatible substances (hydrochloric acid (HCl), sodium hydroxide (NaOH), ferric oxide (Fe2O3), and water (H2O)) on the thermal stability and decomposition products of AIBN and ABCN were investigated. Thermal activity monitor IV (TAM IV) was utilized to investigate the thermal behavior of AIBN and ABCN industrial applications and storage processes. Several parameters such as the maximum peak power (Qmax), time to maximum rate under isothermal conditions (TMRiso), and heat of decomposition (ΔHd), were used to evaluate the effect of incompatible substances on the thermal stability of AIBN and ABCN. The results show that HCl will significantly reduce the thermal stability of AIBN and ABCN and increase the thermal risk in industrial applications. Accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC) was utilized to simulate the thermal runaway of the industrial application process. The real thermal runaway behavior was obtained by correcting the ARC experimental data with thermal inertia (φ). The decomposition products affected by incompatible substances were explored by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR). After AIBN or ABCN were mixed with the incompatible substances, in addition to the free radicals and nitrogen generated, there may be 2-propenenitrile, 2-methyl-, hydrazinecarboxamide, and 4-cyano-1-cyclohexene. The process safety parameters can provide a valuable reference for industrial loss prevention.

Machine learning-assisted quantitative prediction of thermal decomposition temperatures of energetic materials and their thermal stability analysis

In this study, machine learning (ML)-assisted regression modeling was conducted to predict the thermal decomposition temperatures and explore the factors that correlate with the thermal stability of energetic materials (EMs). The modeling was performed based on a dataset consisting of 885 various compounds using linear and nonlinear algorithms. The tree-based models established demonstrated acceptable predictive abilities, yielding a low mean absolute error (MAE) of 31°C. By analyzing the dataset through hierarchical classification, this study insightfully identified the factors affecting EMs’ thermal decomposition temperatures, with the overall accuracy improved through targeted modeling. The SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) analysis indicated that descriptors such as BCUT2D, PEOE_VSA, MolLog_P, and TPSA played a significant role, demonstrating that the thermal decomposition process is influenced by multiple factors relating to the composition, electron distribution, chemical bond properties, and substituent type of molecules. Additionally, descriptors such as Carbon_contents and Oxygen_Balance proposed for characterizing EMs showed strong linear correlations with thermal decomposition temperatures. The trends of their SHAP values indicated that the most suitable ranges of Carbon_contents and Oxygen_Balance were 0.2∼0.35 and −65∼−55, respectively. Overall, the study shows the potential of ML models for decomposition temperature prediction of EMs and provides insights into the characteristics of molecular descriptors.

Innovative integration of pyrolyzed biomass into polyamide 11: Sustainable advancements through in situ polymerization for enhanced mechanical, thermal, and additive manufacturing properties

The incorporation of pyrolyzed biomass, i.e., biochar, in polymers can be viewed as a sustainable approach that reduces bio-waste in a smart way. Herein, various biochar concentrations were integrated into the biobased polyamide 11 (PA11) matrix via in situ polymerization. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs demonstrated the homogeneous dispersion of up to 50 wt% biochar within the PA11 matrix, free from any phase separation, particle agglomeration, or crack formation. Consequently, there was a remarkable enhancement in mechanical and thermal properties. Notably, tensile strength and modulus increased by 35% and 72%, respectively, while the thermal decomposition process was significantly delayed with the incorporation of biochar particles. Furthermore, the viscoelastic performance of the PA11 matrix exhibited substantial improvement upon the addition of the filler particles. These impressive results verified the excellent interfacial compatibility achieved between the PA11 matrix and biochar, owing to the utilization of in situ polymerization. To demonstrate the potential application of these composites in additive manufacturing, a filament with a uniform diameter was fabricated from a composite comprising 50 wt% biochar. It was successfully employed in material extrusion to print a complex object. The resulting structure exhibited high shape fidelity, precise dimensions, and no noticeable defects. This groundbreaking strategy not only highlights the utilization of biochar as a sustainable filler but also underscores the efficacy of in situ polymerization in fabricating high-performance PA11/biochar composites for various demanding applications, including filament production for additive manufacturing.

Intensification of the Process of Coal Ignition by Adding Biomass Under Flame Combustion Conditions

The characteristics of thermal decomposition and combustion processes on the heating of fine particles (100–200 m) of Chernogorsky coal, larch wood, and mixtures based on them, including the concentrations of the main components of flue gases (CO, CO2, NOx, and H2S + SO2), were determined using moderntechniques, analytical instrumentation, and experimental equipment. The biomass contents of the fuel mixtures based on coal were 10, 20, and 30 wt %. The temperatures at which the ignition of the coke residue occurred and the combustion process was completed were established using the synchronous thermal analysis of individual solid fuels and their mixtures. Larch sawdust was more reactive than Chernogorsky coal due to the lowest temperature at which the carbon residue was ignited; therefore, the addition of even 10% biomass to coal had a positive effect on the reactivity of the mixture. Under conditions of fuel heating in a flow of air at temperatures of 500–800C, the ignition delay times were determined using a hardware–software complex for high-speed video recording of fast processes. Based on the results of the experimental studies, it was found that the ignition delay times of the test fuels in a flow of heated air varied in a range from 0.02 to 0.22 s, and the addition of 10–30 wt % biomass to coal shortened the ignition delay times of fuel mixtures by up to 50%. The analysis of flue gases upon the combustion of solid fuels made it possible to establish the concentrations of the main anthropogenic emissions; the use of biomass as an additive to coal reduced the emissions of carbondioxide, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur compounds (H2S + SO2) by 2.2–13.5, 6.2–28.9, and 18.2–33.3%, respectively.

Response of CH3NH3PbI3 films to thermal exposure and proton irradiation

For the purpose of the space application, the thermal stability and proton irradiation effects of the methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3, MA+ = CH3NH3+) films have been investigated via the experimental and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation methods. Surface decomposition of MAPbI3 is found to occur at 100 °C, which leads to the formation of a PbI2 layer on the sample surface that suppresses the decomposition of the underlying MAPbI3. PbI2 can be further decomposed into Pb and I2 at 150 °C, creating a porous structure of the film. After 100 keV proton irradiation, the photoluminescence yield from the MAPbI3 keeps almost unchanged with proton fluences up to 1 × 1013 p/cm2, followed by a rapid decrease at the higher fluences. The proton irradiation-induced damage evolution in MAPbI3 is dominated by a pronounced defect recovery, which is owing to the fast migration of the defects in MAPbI3. However, the defect recovery efficiency decreases with increasing defect concentration. The MA component in MAPbI3 is preferentially destroyed by proton irradiation, which accounts for the optical degradation of the film. The reported results provide atomic-level insights into the thermal decomposition processes and the proton irradiation-induced damage accumulation in MAPbI3.

A study on the preparation of Cr2O3 from (NH4)2Cr2O7 based on thermal decomposition including the thermal decomposition temperature effect, mechanism and kinetics

In this study, the thermal decomposition process of (NH4)2Cr2O7, including the effect of thermal decomposition temperature on the physicochemical properties of products, thermal decomposition mechanism, and kinetics, was studied in detail. The phase compositions, crystal structures, and micromorphology of thermal decomposition products were determined based on XRD and SEM analysis. The effect of thermal decomposition temperature on particle size, specific surface area, and chromaticity was investigated systematically. The lowest thermal decomposition temperature was determined, and the reaction equations were conjectured. The thermal decomposition mechanism of (NH4)2Cr2O7 was further revealed at the molecular level using FT-IR analysis and DFT calculation. At last, Kissinger and Kissinger-Crane methods calculated the kinetic parameters of (NH4)2Cr2O7 thermal decomposition, and the rate equation was established.

Key Aspects of the Processes of Thermal Decomposition of Complex Compounds of Copper Formate for Low-Temperature Printed Electronics. II. The Solvent Effect

Key Aspects of the Processes of Thermal Decomposition of Complex Compounds of Copper Formate for Low-Temperature Printed Electronics. II. The Solvent Effect

Molecular dynamics study on the thermal decomposition of 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX) catalyzed by aluminum nanoparticles with different contents

The mechanism of thermal decomposition of 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazinane (RDX) catalyzed by nano-sized aluminum powder remains unclarified. In the present study, reactive molecular dynamics simulations using the parameterized reactive force field with low gradient correction (ReaxFF-lg) were conducted to study the microscale process of the RDX thermal decomposition catalyzed by different Al contents, and the density functional theory calculations were used to analyze the initial decomposition pathways of RDX on the Al surface. The thermal disintegration and the released energy of RDX are significantly facilitated by an increase in Al concentration at a lower level and the optimal value is around 35 wt%, while a higher concentration of Al will lead to an opposite effect. The dissociation of nitro group is the most probable initial reaction pathway for RDX decomposition on the Al surface. In addition, the evolutions of Al-containing clusters, key intermediates, and final products were analyzed, providing more information about this reaction. The findings suggest that the addition of Al nanoparticles improves the properties of RDX-based explosives, but the optimal amount of Al is critical for achieving the desired effects. The detailed analysis of the reaction mechanism and intermediate products provides valuable insights into the underlying mechanisms of the Al/RDX system.

Safety assessment for Tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite (Irgafos 168) used as an antioxidant and stabilizer in food contact applications.

During and after fabrication of polymeric food contact articles (FCA), polymers undergo oxidation by thermal decomposition processes initiated by oxygen, heat, light, shear, and catalyst residues. To reduce degradation of the polymer, a commonly used secondary antioxidant (AO), Irgafos 168 (I-168), may be included. Use of I-168 in polymeric FCAs presents a potential concern for neurotoxicity due to its phosphate-containing degradation species, I-168ate. As a result, we evaluated dietary exposure and oral toxicity data for I-168 and its degradants when used as an AO in FCAs. Our exposure assessment included extensive review of the U.S. food-contact regulatory history of I-168 resulting in a combined cumulative estimated daily intake (CEDI) of 0.09 mg/kg bw/day for I-168 and I-168ate when used as an AO in FCAs. Our comprehensive literature review of toxicological data and supporting structure activity relationship (SAR) analysis of I-168 reactivity against acetylcholinesterase diminished concern for potential neurotoxic effects of I-168 and its degradants. An acceptable daily intake (ADI) value of 1 mg/kg bw/day for I-168 was derived from a two-year rodent combined chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity study, which is higher than the CEDI and supports the safety of current authorized food contact use levels of I-168.

Highly selective photocatalytic CO 2 reduction to ethylene in pure water by Nb 2O 5 nanoparticles with enriched surface –OH groups under simulated solar illumination

Photocatalytic CO₂ reduction to valuable chemical compounds could be a promising approach for carbon neutral practice. In this work, a simple and robust thermal decomposition process was developed with ammonium carbonate as both the precipitation agent and sacrificial template to produce fine Nb₂O₅ nanoparticles with a rich existence of surface -OH groups. It was found by Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations and experiments that the rich existence of surface -OH groups enhanced the adsorption of both reactants (CO₂ and H₂O molecules) for the photocatalytic CO₂ reduction on these fine Nb₂O₅ nanoparticles, and a highly selective conversion of CO₂ to a high value chemical compound of ethylene (~ 68 mmol·g^-1·h^-1 with ~ 100% product selectivity) was achieved under simulated solar illumination without the usage of any sacrificial agents or noble metal cocatalysts. This synthesis process may also be readily applied as a surface engineering method to enrich the existence of surface -OH groups on various metal oxide-based photocatalysts for a broad range of technical applications.

Influence the host lattices on photoluminescent properties of the Ce/Tb doped CaF2, NaYF4, and NaGdF4 nanoparticles

Ce3+/Tb3+ ions doped CaF2, NaYF4, and NaGdF4 nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by the EDTA chelating-based thermal decomposition process. X-ray diffraction (XRD) profile shows the cubic phase in CaF2 and NaYF4 host lattice, whereas NaGdF4 in hexagonal phase, highly crystalline with an average grain size is estimated to be 20, 10, and 25 nm, respectively. Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR) spectra were employed to determine the superficial chemistry of the metal fluoride NPs. UV/Visible spectra measured in H2O solution exhibited good optical properties, and excellent colloidal stability of the luminescent NPs, implying the surface-attached organic moieties. Optical bandgap energies were estimated to determine the optical performance of the NPs. The excitation and emission spectra revealed the good photoluminescence properties of the respective host matrices. In a comparative analysis, CaF2:Ce/Tb NPs host lattice revealed efficient charge transmission from Ca2+ to the activator Tb3+ resulting in observed emission transitions of the Tb3+-ions are remarkably high luminescence efficiencies. The lifetime estimated for the Ce3+/Tb3+-doped CaF2, NaYF4, and NaGdF4 NPs is found to be 7.32, 4.169, and 4.81 ms, respectively. These findings show that the synthesized luminescent NPs presented novel luminescent properties in which CaF2:Ce/Tb NPs produce remarkable crystallinity and photoluminescent properties to be highly useful in fluorescent-based biomedical and technological applications.