Thermal Cycling Process Research Articles

Er-modified AlSi7Mg alloy with high-density cellular structure and nano precipitates produced by selective laser melting

The multiple thermal cycling processes during the selective laser melting (SLM) produce unique microstructure in AlSi7Mg alloy, and the addition of Er significantly affects the microstructure evolution under the thermal cycling. Due to the rapid solidification during the gas-atomization and SLM, the elements distribute uniformly in gas-atomized powder, and high-density cellular structure and nano precipitations form in as-built AlSi7Mg alloy. The addition of Er promotes the formation of coherent Al3Er nano particles through in-situ reaction, which act as the cores of heterogeneous nucleation and pin the subgrain boundaries, and result in higher fraction of fine equiaxed grains and substructure in Er-modified AlSi7Mg.

Evaluation of heat transfer enhancement effect at the hot/cold end of a Stirling engine using performance improvement factor

The driving force of a Stirling engine comes from the heating expansion and cooling compression of working medium. The enhancement of heat transfer capacity of the hot/cold end is the key to improve the Stirling engine performance, while how to objectively evaluate the heat transfer enhancement effect is a precondition. Herein, a polytropic model of a Stirling engine thermal cycle process was firstly established. A method for evaluating the heat transfer enhancement performance under oscillating flow was proposed based on the efficiency and power improvement of a Stirling engine. This method was further used to evaluate the heat transfer enhancement effect of a novel four-leaf helical heating tube under oscillating flow, the efficiency and power improvement factor of which was reached 13.5 % and 6.1 %, respectively. The results show that the efficiency and power improvement evaluation criterion was more comprehensive and intuitive in evaluating the heat transfer enhancement performance under oscillating flow compared with the conventional evaluation indictor like performance evaluation criterion and equivalent tube length and tube number criterion.

Investigation of the microstructural characteristics of laser-cladded Ti6Al4V titanium alloy and its corrosion behavior in simulated body fluid

Laser cladding technology has a wide range of potential industrial applications in the surface strengthening, repair and reuse of orthopedic implants. By employing this technique to conduct same-material surface restoration and enhancement on titanium alloys, it demonstrates significant developmental potential. However, the microstructure of laser additively manufactured titanium alloy differs significantly from that of traditional titanium alloys, which affects its corrosion resistance in human body fluids. To compare the corrosion resistance differences between the cladding layer and the substrate, this study investigates the microstructure of multi-pass laser cladding Ti6Al4V (TC4) titanium alloy and analyzes the corrosion morphology and corrosion products of the cladding layer in simulated body fluids (SBF). By comparing the electrochemical corrosion behavior of laser cladding with that of traditionally manufactured TC4, this research reveals the differences in corrosion resistance between the two titanium alloys. The research demonstrates that the microstructure of cladding primarily consists of prior-β grains and continuous grain boundary α phase, along with a complex basketweave structure composed of fine acicular α phase and lamellar α phase. Additionally, due to the complex thermal cycling process, the acicular α' colonies within the prior-β grains. These features enhance the cladding layer’s resistance to plastic deformation and increase microhardness, though with some uneven distribution. Interestingly, the TC4 cladding layer forms a porous passivation layer after corrosion, primarily composed of a TiO2 passivation film and deposits of hydroxyapatite and other phosphates. Due to the lower β-phase content, finer grains with higher energy states, and a greater proportion of high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) in the cladding layer, it exhibits higher electrochemical activity. As a result of these microstructural differences, the corrosion resistance of the TC4 cladding layer in SBF is inferior to that of TC4 manufactured using traditional techniques.

Achieving low-porosity AlSi10Mg cladding layers for the additive repair of aluminum alloy parts by directed energy deposition

Directed Energy Deposition (DED) has broad application prospects for repairing damaged aluminum alloy parts such as piston aero-engine casing. However, due to the low laser absorptivity and the complex thermal cycle process, it is challenging to obtain aluminum alloy cladding layers with high-quality morphology and low-porosity by DED method. In this work, a series of individual stages of DED process are studied during single-tracks overlapping and layers stacking. Correspondingly, the within layer scanning strategy, inter-layer stacking strategy, and process parameters are examined carefully. Using the proposed DED processing flow that combines substrate preheating with intermittent process, the deposited layers without balling and collapse are successfully achieved. Furtherly, the bi-directional scanning strategy for single-tracks overlapping within layer is proposed to compensate the thickness nonuniformity caused by heat accumulation. The inter defects identified as “lack of fusion” and “gas pores” are observed in the cladding layers with uniform surface. By analyzing the pore formation mechanism and considering the energy distribution and re-melting, the multi-layer offset stacking strategy is proposed to inhibit the porosity to 0.25 %. Combined with the optimized process parameters, the porosity is reduced up to 0.09 %, ensuring the density of the DED deposition coating. This work provides new pathway and direct guidance for fabricating high-quality AlSi10Mg cladding layers during the DED repairing of valuable aluminum alloy parts.

Evolution mechanism of interfacial multi-layer intermetallic compounds and failure behavior in the Al–Au wire bonding

Evolution mechanism of interfacial multi-layer intermetallic compounds (IMCs) and their impact on failure behavior in Al–Au wire bonding after thermal storage and thermal cycle process are investigated. Microstructural analysis shows that multi-layer IMCs form between the Al wire and barrier layer. After thermal storage and thermal cycle process, the Au8Al3 layer transforms into AuAl2, and Au pad transforms to a thicker layer containing Au2Al and AuAl. Thermodynamic analysis indicates that Au8Al3, Au2Al, AuAl, and AuAl2 have increasing stability. Small-size, equiaxed AuAl2 grains form due to high stored energy, while large-size, columnar Au2Al and AuAl grains result from slower reaction rate and limited recrystallization. The stack-like formation of AuAl2 grains is attributed to the balance between driving force and interfacial energy resistance. During thermal storage, thicker IMC layers cause cracking between IMC layers and Au pad, and micro voids form near the IMC layers/barrier layer interface due to Kirkendall effect. Thermal stress results show that plastic deformation of the Al layer slightly affects the thermal stress in other layers during the thermal cycle process. The cyclic stress at the interface with initial cracks ranges from −157 MPa to 114 MPa, facilitating crack propagation. Additionally, micro void grows under cyclic thermal input, weakening interface adhesion. Therefore, bond strength decreases and frequency of bonding lift-off with cracking along the IMC layers/barrier layer interface increases after thermal storage and thermal cycle process. These results provide the guidance for regulating the interfacial IMCs and predicting the thermal stress in Al–Au wire bonding.

Assembly/disassembly control of gold nanorods with uniform orientation on anionic polymer brush substrates

Abstract Sophisticated control of the spatial arrangement of gold nanorods provides significant advantages in the design of plasmonic systems. However, dynamic modulation of the gold nanorod spatial arrangements remains challenging. Here, we present a novel strategy for dynamic control of thermo-responsive gold nanorods with uniform alignment on a solid substrate using polymer brushes. In this system, cationic and thermo-responsive gold nanorods were immobilized into anionic polymer brushes via moderate electrostatic interactions, providing vertically aligned gold nanorod arrays. Upon heating, the gold nanorods were assembled while maintaining their vertical orientation within the polymer brushes. They returned to the original state upon cooling, indicating reversible assembly/disassembly. It is noticeable that this system exhibits rapid changes in nanostructure arrangement even when immobilized in the polymer brush substrate on a solid substrate rather than those dispersed in solution. Importantly, the gold nanorods showed good adhesion stability in polymer brushes without any significant detachment during washing and thermal cycling processes but performed assembly formation even at largely separated conditions, indicating the traveling of considerable distances similar to the lateral diffusion of membrane proteins in cell membranes. In addition to providing unprecedented control over gold nanorod spatial configurations, our approach introduces a versatile platform for developing advanced plasmonic devices.

Kondo enabled transmutation between spinons and superconducting vortices: Origin of magnetic memory in 4Hb−TaS2

Recent experiments [Persky , ] demonstrate a magnetic memory effect in 4Hb−TaS2 above its superconducting transition temperature, where Abriokosov vortices are spontaneously generated by lowering the temperature at zero magnetic field after field training the normal state. Motivated by the experiment, we propose the chiral quantum spin liquid (QSL) stabilized in the constituent layers of 4Hb−TaS2 as a mechanism. We model 4Hb−TaS2 as coupled layers of the chiral QSL and the superconductor. Through the Kondo coupling between the localized moments and conduction electrons, there is mutual transmutation between spinons and vortices during the thermal-cycling process, which yields the magnetic memory effect observed in experiments. We also propose a mechanism to stabilize chiral and nematic superconductivity in 4Hb−TaS2 through the Kondo coupling of conduction electrons to the chiral QSL. Our picture suggests 4Hb−TaS2 as an exciting platform to explore the interplay between QSL and superconductivity through the Kondo effect. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Enhancement of Phase Stability and Thermoelectric Performance of Meta‐Stable AgSbTe2 by Thermal Cycling Process

AbstractThermoelectric materials are crucial components in thermoelectric devices employed for environmentally friendly solid‐state cooling and waste heat recovery, demanding not only high performance but also superior thermal or phase stability. The high‐performance thermoelectric material AgSbTe2 encounters challenges when utilized in thermoelectric modules due to the precipitation of Ag2Te, resulting in both thermally unstable characteristics and diminished performance. In this study, a thermal cycling process is employed to enhance the thermal stability and thermoelectric performance of AgSbTe2. Through thermal cycling, secondary phases of AgSbTe2 are made uniform, and the undesired Ag2Te is substituted with Sb2Te3 using an optimized thermal cycling process. As a result, the thermal stability of AgSbTe2 is enhanced due to its meta‐stable state, with <5% variance in thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) measurements, and the ZT value is raised from 0.8 to 1.7 at 643 K through the optimized thermal cycling. The findings indicate that thermal cycling is an effective strategy for enhancing the thermal stability and thermoelectric performance of AgSbTe2, presenting a novel approach for achieving uniform secondary phases in materials with phase separation or phase change characteristics.

Grain boundary infiltration and corrosion mechanism of CMAS attack on M-YTaO4 thermal barrier coating ceramics at 1300 °C

M-YTaO4 is one of the most promising candidates for the next-generation thermal barrier coatings. However, the CMAS-induced degradation of M-YTaO4 is still in dispute. This work comprehensively investigates the CMAS corrosion of M-YTaO4 at 1300 °C which provides new insights into the corrosion mechanism. CMAS attacks M-YTaO4 forming a thick recession layer and the main corrosion product is accurately confirmed to be (Ca2-xYx)(Ta2-y-zMgyAlz)O7 solid solution. The recession layer presented a small difference in Young's modulus with M-YTaO4. No delamination cracking occurred during the thermal cycling process indicating good reliability. In addition, grain boundary infiltration of CMAS is first revealed in M-YTaO4. The results have corrected the misjudgment of the corrosion mechanism and CMAS infiltration process in previous studies which provides guidelines for the design of M-YTaO4 thermal barrier coatings.

Thermal cycle stability and microstructure of Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 single crystals

The Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) ferroelectric single crystals have been commercially available as important components in medical ultrasound transducers due to their excellent piezoelectric and electromechanical coupling performance. The variation in piezoelectric and dielectric properties of PMN-PT single crystals with ambient temperature is an important application indicator. In this work, the PMN-PT single crystals after direct current poling (DCP) and alternating current poling (ACP) were subjected to the cyclic thermal treatment process. The thermal cycling stability and microstructural changes in PMN-PT single crystals were investigated. The ACP single crystals exhibit a higher dielectric constant ε33T/ε0 (6500–7600) and piezoelectric coefficient d33 (2100–2500 pC N−1) compared to the DCP single crystals (ε33T/ε0 of 4100–5000, d33 of 1200–1300 pC N−1). Under thermal cycling at 60 °C, the DCP and ACP single crystals exhibit good thermal cycling stability after 150 cycles. Microstructural observations show that the domain structure of the DCP single crystals exhibits “staggered domain walls, inhomogeneous domain size, variety of domain structure,” while the relatively homogeneous stripe-like domains were observed in the ACP single crystals. After thermal cycling, new fine striped domains appear in both the DCP and ACP single crystals due to the instability of rotated polarization, but the piezoelectric and dielectric properties are not greatly affected. This work provides an intensive understanding of the effects of thermal cycling on the domain structure, which is useful for applications.

Study on thermal cycling ageing resistance of performances of polypropylene/elastomer/boron nitride nanocomposites for high voltage direct current cable insulation

AbstractThe influences of thermal cycling ageing on structures and insulation performances of polypropylene (PP)/elastomer/boron nitride (BN) nanocomposites are investigated. The Melt blending method was used to prepare the nanocomposites, in which propylene‐based elastomer (PBE) or ethylene‐octene copolymer elastomer (EOC) was contained for comparison. Then, the samples were treated using a thermal cycling process with a temperature range from −30 to 150°C, and the number of thermal cycles was set from 0 to 15. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry and X‐ray diffraction measurements were taken to facilitate the comprehension of structural changes. Additionally, measurements were taken to assess the trap distribution and direct current (DC) breakdown strength of the samples. The obtained results revealed that following thermal cycling ageing, the morphology and crystallinity of PP/PBE/BN remained almost unchanged. In contrast, PP/EOC/BN exhibited substantial microstructural damage accompanied by a significant reduction in crystallinity. As the number of thermal cycles increased, the trap level and DC breakdown strength of PP/PBE/BN were maintained at high levels, while those of PP/EOC/BN initially remained stable but then experienced a sharp decline. It is suggested that the addition of BN nanoparticles enhances the thermal cycling ageing resistance of the PP/PBE blend, whereas it weakens this resistance of the PP/EOC blend.

Customizable Nichrome Wire Heaters for Molecular Diagnostic Applications.

Accurate sample heating is vital for nucleic acid extraction and amplification, requiring a sophisticated thermal cycling process in nucleic acid detection. Traditional molecular detection systems with heating capability are bulky, expensive, and primarily designed for lab settings. Consequently, their use is limited where lab systems are unavailable. This study introduces a technique for performing the heating process required in molecular diagnostics applicable for point-of-care testing (POCT), by presenting a method for crafting customized heaters using freely patterned nichrome (NiCr) wire. This technique, fabricating heaters by arranging protrusions on a carbon black-polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) cast and patterning NiCr wire, utilizes cost-effective materials and is not constrained by shape, thereby enabling customized fabrication in both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D). To illustrate its versatility and practicality, a 2D heater with three temperature zones was developed for a portable device capable of automatic thermocycling for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 pathogen DNA. Furthermore, the detection of the same pathogen was demonstrated using a customized 3D heater surrounding a microtube for loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). Successful DNA amplification using the proposed heater suggests that the heating technique introduced in this study can be effectively applied to POCT.

Thermal analysis and microstructure evolution of TiC/Ti6Al4V functionally graded material by direct energy deposition

Metal/ceramic functionally graded materials (FGMs) have attracted significant attention due to their ability to combine the unique mechanical properties of metals with the high-temperature resistance of ceramics while mitigating the thermal stresses arising from the differences in their thermal expansion coefficients. In this study, the directed energy deposition (DED) technology is applied to manufacturing TiC/Ti6Al4V FGMs with TiC contenting up to 50 wt%. However, the variations in composition gradients and the complex thermal cycling processes lead to difficulties in the microstructure evolution and control. Therefore, a combined approach involving finite element (FE) simulations and experiments was employed to investigate the mechanisms underlying microstructural transformations under various gradient thermal cycles. The results showed that the morphology of TiC in the FGM from top to bottom is as follows: coarse dendritic TiC + unmelted TiC, granular primary TiC + underdeveloped dendritic TiC, chain-like eutectic TiC + granular eutectic TiC. Meanwhile, both α-Ti and β-Ti exhibited equiaxed transformation, with their sizes decreasing continuously with the gradient. This is due to the strong orientation relationship between TiC particles and the titanium matrix, allowing α-Ti and β-Ti to form non-uniform nucleation within the TiC phase. In addition, the chain-like eutectic TiC and dendritic primary TiC showed a certain degree of fragmentation and granulation after undergoing thermal cycling. The microstructural evolution mechanism in different gradient regions during the DED process under the coupling effect of thermal cycling and ceramic composition was clarified by combining the FE simulation results. The specimen at the bottom of FGMs exhibits strong and ductile (tensile strength: 1296 MPa, elongation: 7.17 %), which are mainly attributed to the Hall Petch strength and solid solution strengthening. The brittle phase of dendritic TiC and unmelted TiC under high gradients leads to decreased tensile properties.

Thermal stabilizing and toughening of a dual-phase Nb alloy by tuning stabilizing element C in Nb-BCC

Niobium alloys have found extensive application in industries, such as aerospace, nuclear reactor, and emerging electronic technologies, owing to their high melting point, low density, and remarkable formability. Nevertheless, they still fall short in terms of comprehensive strength, toughness, and thermal stability when subjected to complex impacts and/or torsional forces during service. Here, a dual-phase (BCC/FCC) Nb alloy with attractive mechanical properties and thermal stability was designed by tuning stable element C in the Nb-BCC matrix assisted by hot deformation and aging processes. Our findings reveal that the formation of discontinuous carbides at the grain boundary promotes the phase transformation of the matrix from BCC to FCC (K-S orientation relationship), resulting in the formation of FCC thin layers and nano particles. This unique configuration hinders the slipping of dislocations during deformation and impedes the degeneration of microstructures during the thermal cycling process from 200 °C to 900 °C. Moreover, the discontinuous carbides at GBs provide channels to transfer dislocations between various phases and/or grains, which results in attractive mechanical properties and thermal stability. The ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and elasticity modulus of the designed Nb alloy reach impressive values of 790.5 MPa, 436.5 MPa, 39.1 %, and 63.5 MPa, respectively. These observations provide guidelines for designing dual-phase Nb alloys with remarkable strength, toughness, and thermal stability for aerospace applications by tuning the stabilizing element C in the Nb-BCC matrix.

Effects of high energy laser peening followed by pre-hot corrosion on stress relaxation, microhardness and fatigue life and strength of single crystal nickel CMSX-4® superalloy

This study investigated the stress relaxation and fatigue life and strength of laser peened single crystal nickel superalloy specimens following hot corrosion exposure and then fatigue testing compared to un-peened and shot peened specimens. The specimens were treated by conventional laser peening and a new cyclic laser peening plus thermal microstructure engineering process. Stress measurements by slitting showed the plastic penetration depth of laser peening exceeded shot peening by a factor of 24. Un-peened and peened specimens were exposed to sulphate corrosives at 700°C for 300 hours and then fatigue tested. Tests of five non-laser peened specimens all failed in low cycle fatigue regime whereas three identically tested laser peened specimens all achieved multi-million-cycle runout without failure, indicating fully consistent large benefit for life by laser peening. Additional tests showed fatigue strength improvement of 2:1 by laser peening.

A novel insight into Au-Au thermosonic flip chip joint under extreme thermal cycles: Defect characterization and failure analysis

Au-Au thermosonic flip chip joints are regarded as a promising chip-substrate interconnect structures and their reliability has been a concern. Compressing the top of Au stud bumps during the coining process would result in plastic deformation of Au; During the bonding process, plastic deformation took place at the interface of Au stud bump and substrate under the impact of ultrasonic vibration, elevated temperature, and bonding pressure; additionally, due to different Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) between various components of the joint, the mismatch of CTE caused by the thermal cycling process would also result in plastic deformation. For Au element with extraordinary ductility, plastic deformation would inevitably lead to various material defects. This research first performed thermal cycling tests on Au-Au thermosonic flip chip joints, and found that a crack developed after 500 cycles and it propagated along the interface to the entire width of the joint, which seriously injured the joint. Here, for the first time, this research characterized all types of material defects (dislocations, stacking fault, twin, and amorphization) at the bonding interface of the Au-Au flip chip joint which underwent 500 thermal cycles. Their causes and effects on cracking were investigated individually, finally a novel failure mechanism was proposed from the perspective of material defects and a technique to prevent cracking was proposed. This research is anticipated to provide an in-depth study of the microstructure at the bonding interface of Au-Au flip chip joints and the impact of various defects on their reliability.

Effects of Rapid Thermal Cycling (Cold Shock) on Fish Health: Evidence from Controlled Laboratory Experiments, Behavior, and Telemetry

Powerplants frequently use river water for cooling, subsequently discharging warm effluent. Some of these plants can cycle on and off rapidly based on electricity demand, resulting in dramatic temperature fluctuations in the receiving waters. To understand the impacts on resident fish populations in the Upper Mississippi River, we (i) assessed the effects of rapid water cooling on three native fish species; (ii) investigated whether smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu) behavior favored movement into thermal plumes when given a choice of cooler or ambient water; and (iii) tracked native M. dolomieu with acoustic tags and recorded core body temperature during the thermal cycling process of a steam electric powerplant. In cold shock experiments, mortality was associated with rapid temperature declines and dependent on the final (cold) holding temperature. The species or developmental stage of the tested organism did not affect survival. When given a choice between warm and ambient waters, M. dolomieu exhibited little inclination to acclimate to the warmer water and instead “self-regulated” by moving in and out of the warm water plume. This finding was supported by telemetry data on M. dolomieu. The core temperature of the fish never increased more than 2 °C above the ambient (upstream) Mississippi River temperature, even during warm effluent discharge.

Innovation in thermal cycling aging compared to isothermal aging for precipitation hardening stainless steel

The cyclic thermal process can assist and accelerate the kinetics of phase transformation. Conventional UNS S17400 grade stainless is characterized by a martensitic microstructure. After solution treatment, the steel was aged by thermal cycling between 600 °C and 25 °C and quenched in water in each cycle, completing under the self-designed system. The nano precipitates of very fine copper particles and larger NbC particles were found by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The fraction and quantity of high angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) after 36 cycles were the highest among the three numbers of thermal cycles. The peak hardness also occurred after 36 cycles and was attributed to the finest grains, high fraction of HAGBs, and the largest local microstrain. The microtwins and the reverted γ were formed by the thermal cycling process. The estimated fraction value of reverted γ was very low, below 0.1, with a calculated precipitation rate about 12.6 s−1 at t0.5.

Tunable rejuvenation behavior of a metallic glass by residual stress modulation

In this study, the structure changes and related mechanical properties of the Zr61Ti2Cu25Al12 metallic glass treated by triaxial compression and followed by further cryogenic thermal cycling were systematically studied. It is found that the structure evolution based on the changes in the relaxation enthalpy and diffraction peak position shows inconsistencies with each other. Vickers hardness mapping reveals that residual stresses may impart and store in the extremely deformed metallic glass sample, which can be verified from the change of hardness and that can well explain such inconsistencies. As thermal cycling proceeds, the stored residual stresses will relieve and compete with structure softening from the process of thermal cycling, leading to a tunable rejuvenation behavior. A plausible model that correlates rejuvenation and thermal-mechanical protocols is proposed. This work highlights that residual stress plays a vital role in the metallic glass rejuvenation and should be taken into account, which may be helpful for the design of metallic glasses with desired mechanical performance.

Advances in the application of recombinase-aided amplification combined with CRISPR-Cas technology in quick detection of pathogenic microbes.

The rapid diagnosis of pathogenic infections plays a vital role in disease prevention, control, and public health safety. Recombinase-aided amplification (RAA) is an innovative isothermal nucleic acid amplification technology capable of fast DNA or RNA amplification at low temperatures. RAA offers advantages such as simplicity, speed, precision, energy efficiency, and convenient operation. This technology relies on four essential components: recombinase, single-stranded DNA-binding protein (SSB), DNA polymerase, and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, which collectively replace the laborious thermal cycling process of traditional polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In recent years, the CRISPR-Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-associated proteins) system, a groundbreaking genome engineering tool, has garnered widespread attention across biotechnology, agriculture, and medicine. Increasingly, researchers have integrated the recombinase polymerase amplification system (or RAA system) with CRISPR technology, enabling more convenient and intuitive determination of detection results. This integration has significantly expanded the application of RAA in pathogen detection. The step-by-step operation of these two systems has been successfully employed for molecular diagnosis of pathogenic microbes, while the single-tube one-step method holds promise for efficient pathogen detection. This paper provides a comprehensive review of RAA combined with CRISPR-Cas and its applications in pathogen detection, aiming to serve as a valuable reference for further research in related fields.