Thermal Considerations Research Articles

Torque ripple reduction and increasing of torque per volume for hybrid electrical vehicle

Hybrid electrical vehicles (HEV) should be designed somehow torque is smooth. Because torque ripple not only reduces control precision but also increases elements vibration that causes acoustic noise, mechanical instability and early aging parts. Furthermore, torque per volume should be maximized and heat removal should be accomplished without torque weakening. It is proposed the volume and internal dimensions are determined due to the thermal considerations and maximize torque per volume. The mentioned application is neglected heat removal so volume is constant. Therefore, HEV is manufactured by two objective functions: either minimum fluctuations or maximum average torque. In this paper series hybrid excitation synchronous machine (SHESM) is utilized as HEV. Two-objective optimization problems are solved by MOEA/D, NSGA II, PESA II and SPEA II algorithms based on a two-dimensional (2-D) model. The performance indices of optimal structure are evaluated by 2-D and confirmed by numerical method.

Frequency-domain analysis of CMOS-driven interconnects utilizing doped multilayer graphene nanoribbons and mixed carbon nanotube bundles

A frequency-domain model is developed to analyze isolated interconnects of multilayer graphene-nanoribbon (MLGNR) and mixed carbon-nanotube bundle (MCB) driven by CMOS gates. The model derived is founded on an equivalent-single-conductor model of MLGNR and MCB that takes thermal considerations into account (i.e. TD-ESC). The model includes the derivation of transfer function of interconnect to estimate its delay and bandwidth performance. The attained results, reveals that among the neutral MLGNR (N-MLGNR), intercalation doped MLGNR (ID-MLGNR) intercalated with FeCl3, MCB and Cu interconnects, FeCl3 ID-MLGNR achieves the best bandwidth efficiency. At a global interconnect length of 1 mm, FeCl3 ID-MLGNR outperforms N-MLGNR, MCB, and Cu in terms of bandwidth with an improved bandwidth value of 12.2 GHz, 7 GHz, and 61.4 GHz, respectively. Further, employing the proposed CMOS-gate-driven model, for FeCl3 ID-MLGNR, bandwidth is improved by nearly 7.52 × at global length (∼1 mm) in relation to the linear resistance model. Additionally, TD-ESC dependency of the proposed model reveals that FeCl3 ID-MLGNR becomes more stable as interconnect resistance increases.

Solar performance-driven urban development: the case of western Sydney, Australia

ABSTRACT Urban densification, a response to population growth, poses adverse impacts on built environments. Limited access to sunlight is one of these consequences. Solar radiation and daylight affect urban canyons in different ways, including thermal comfort and illuminance levels. A balance between summer and solar heat gain can alleviate solar thermal considerations. This becomes even more important in an urban context like Western Sydney with an air temperature of around 6 to 10 degrees hotter than Inner Sydney (during extreme heat events). Additionally, Western Sydney is predicted to absorb two-thirds of the population growth of the Sydney region. Nevertheless, the urban development trend in this region doesn’t seem to meet the requirements of an environmentally sustainable scheme covering solar geometry-based design principles. Therefore, this study aims to develop a general urban model based on the spatial analysis of the western Sydney suburbs and propose a novel integrated methodology to provide the optimal solar-based urban design solution. This process uses an evolutionary algorithm as a computational tool to optimize solar radiation and daylight levels in extreme weather conditions. Results offer the optimum value for a wide range of design parameters regarding solar geometry.

Frequency reconfigurable slot antenna utilizing solid-state plasma S-PIN diodes: simulation and experimental analysis

This article examines the feasibility of integrating solid-state plasma surface p-i-n (S-PIN) diodes into on-chip slots using silicon-on-insulator technology. Two categories of solid-state plasma S-PIN diodes are characterized. Simulations analyze the current–voltage (I–V) characteristics, carrier concentrations, potential distribution, and thermal considerations of both single and dual S-PIN diodes, with optimization of their structural parameters and sizes. Experimental tests on fabricated S-PIN diodes of varying sizes with bias lines embedded in the on-chip slots show favorable I–V characteristics for both types of diodes. The measured results closely align with simulation predictions for the diodes’ conduction onset voltages. Additionally, a cavity-backed slot antenna is proposed to evaluate and compare radiation characteristics resulting from integrating different types of S-PIN diodes.

A Comprehensive Review of Processing-in-Memory Architectures for Deep Neural Networks

This comprehensive review explores the advancements in processing-in-memory (PIM) techniques and chiplet-based architectures for deep neural networks (DNNs). It addresses the challenges of monolithic chip architectures and highlights the benefits of chiplet-based designs in terms of scalability and flexibility. This review emphasizes dataflow-awareness, communication optimization, and thermal considerations in PIM-enabled manycore architectures. It discusses tailored dataflow requirements for different machine learning workloads and presents a heterogeneous PIM system for energy-efficient neural network training. Additionally, it explores thermally efficient dataflow-aware monolithic 3D (M3D) NoC architectures for accelerating CNN inferencing. Overall, this review provides valuable insights into the development and evaluation of chiplet and PIM architectures, emphasizing improved performance, energy efficiency, and inference accuracy in deep learning applications.

Sustainability beyond the surface: Evaluating the long-term environmental and energy performance of selected cladding materials for housing retrofits

External walls, constituting the largest exposed surface area of the building envelope, face heightened susceptibility to environmental influences. In this study location, aesthetic con- siderations often overshadow environmental impact and comfort requirements in selecting exterior cladding materials. This paper investigates the energy performance, global warming potential, and thermal comfort aspects of carefully selected cladding materials, informed by an exhaustive literature review, for application in retrofit projects in Abuja, Nigeria. Energy con- sumption, carbon emissions, and temperature distributions were simulated using materials in a hypothetical single-floor residential building finished with cement-sand plaster. The findings show that gravel stone exhibits the most negligible environmental impact. In contrast, alumi- num and lightweight metal cladding panels contribute significantly to the embodied carbon of the building despite ranking as the most expensive materials. Insulating the test building with polyurethane boards yields substantial energy savings of up to 9% in cooling electricity, averting the need for added cladding. This study emphasizes the significance of adopting a multi-criterion approach in selecting façade cladding materials, prioritizing environmental and thermal considerations over aesthetic and cost benefits. The implications extend beyond mere emissions reduction, shedding light on the vital interplay between material choices on comfort and energy efficiency in building design.

Spark plasma sintering of boron carbide (B4C): From characterisation to finite element modeling of sintering

Boron carbide (B4C), known for its unique properties, presents challenges in reaching its full density with sintering process due to low diffusion coefficients. This study explores the application of Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) to overcome these challenges and enhance the understanding of its impact on pure B4C ceramics. The study outlines a comprehensive methodology for developing an SPS sintering model. Starting with a summary of conducted studies, powder oxidation analysis, characterization methods, and dilatometry curves processing, the article details the derivation of constitutive parameters based on the Skorohod-Olevsky theory. Isothermal profiles at different temperatures, variation in heating regimes, and a stepwise approach for SPS pressure application form the basis of the derivation methods. A grain growth model is developed for a comprehensive simulation of sintering, incorporating microstructural analysis and parameter derivation. Finally, the article addresses the integration of this mechanical sintering model with thermal and electrical considerations into a finite element method (FEM) software for a holistic SPS modeling. Thermo-electrical considerations, including the Peltier effect, are also computed, providing a well-rounded understanding of the SPS process for B4C ceramics. This study contributes valuable insights to optimizing the SPS parameters to achieve enhanced densification and microstructure control in B4C ceramics.

Efficient modelling of thermo-hydrodynamic properties in lubricated technical systems using NURBS-based isogeometric analysis

Wet grinding is a process that involves many different subprocesses. In order to model this highly complex process, efficient models of the individual subprocesses are required that are robust enough to be used in multiphysics analyses. To approach the modelling of the macroscopic hydrodynamic effects of the grinding wheel as one component of the analysis, this paper is dedicated to the thermo-hydrodynamic problem and its modelling by expanding the isogeometric analysis (IGA) from hydrodynamic analysis to the thermal consideration. Extended by a consideration of flow effects in areas with high surface gradients and particular attention paid to the necessary stabilization of the governing equations, thermo-hydrodynamic systems with temperature- and pressure-dependent fluid properties are considered. Selected benchmarks feasible for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are used to demonstrate the good suitability of this modelling strategy. The presented modelling strategies can also be applied to lubricated technical systems in general, beyond wet grinding systems.

Investigating crossflow interactions in multi-perforation cooling systems: Experimental and numerical insights

This study investigates the effects of employing a multi-perforation cooling system on crossflow interactions, utilizing both numerical simulations and experimental methods. A 30° inclined multi-perforation cooling system is applied on a heated flat plate as part of the experimental setup. Large Eddy Simulation (LES) is utilized for Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) calculations to analyze the impact of multi-perforation on heat transfer dynamics. Validation is conducted by comparing the results with experimental investigations. The study encompasses both aerodynamic and thermal considerations, employing Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and infrared techniques for analysis, while wall heat flux is measured using electrical discharge. Experimental data on film cooling are collected through these methods, focusing on the impact of blowing ratio (M) and the number of open jet rows (R). The LES-based CFD simulations accurately predict the trajectory of the cooling film. Notably, the influence of flow through the multi-perforation on the primary flow is observable across both configurations of open jet rows (4R and 8R near the wall). The outcomes substantiate the formation of a cooling film emanating from the jet’s fourth row (4R configuration), thereby validating the LES simulations. Visualization of wall temperatures illustrates the formation of a cooling film, discernible through the visible heat distribution from row 4R. However, discrepancies arise in predicting the adiabatic cooling efficiency towards the exit of the 4R region and the commencement of the 8R region, potentially attributed to the alterations induced by the additional multi-perforated injection. The novelty and the main objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of the variation of geometric parameters between the jets and the main flow on the dispersion of the jets themselves. A novel function, tailored to the temperature evolution of the cooling gas, is employed for data analysis. Two geometry configurations, featuring varying open hole areas, are evaluated. The film-cooled heat transfer coefficient, depicted by the Nusselt number, and the adiabatic film cooling efficiency results, serve to appraise the film cooling efficacy of the configurations.

Techno-Economic Assessment of Molten Salt-Based Concentrated Solar Power: Case Study of Linear Fresnel Reflector with a Fossil Fuel Backup under Saudi Arabia’s Climate Conditions

Concentrated solar power (CSP) has gained traction for generating electricity at high capacity and meeting base-load energy demands in the energy mix market in a cost-effective manner. The linear Fresnel reflector (LFR) is valued for its cost-effectiveness, reduced capital and operational expenses, and limited land impact compared to alternatives such as the parabolic trough collector (PTC). To this end, the aim of this study is to optimize the operational parameters, such as the solar multiple (SM), thermal energy storage (TES), and fossil fuel (FF) backup system, in LFR power plants using molten salt as a heat transfer fluid (HTF). A 50 MW LFR power plant in Duba, Saudi Arabia, serves as a case study, with a Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) above 2500 kWh/m2. About 600 SM-TES configurations are analyzed with the aim of minimizing the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). The analysis shows that a solar-only plant can achieve a low LCOE of 11.92 ¢/kWh with a capacity factor (CF) up to 36%, generating around 131 GWh/y. By utilizing a TES system, the SM of 3.5 and a 15 h duration TES provides the optimum integration by increasing the annual energy generation (AEG) to 337 GWh, lowering the LCOE to 9.24 ¢/kWh, and boosting the CF to 86%. The techno-economic optimization reveals the superiority of the LFR with substantial TES over solar-only systems, exhibiting a 300% increase in annual energy output and a 20% reduction in LCOE. Additionally, employing the FF backup system at 64% of the turbine’s rated capacity boosts AEG by 17%, accompanied by a 5% LCOE reduction. However, this enhancement comes with a trade-off, involving burning a substantial amount of natural gas (503,429 MMBtu), leading to greenhouse gas emissions totaling 14,185 tonnes CO₂ eq. This comprehensive analysis is a first-of-a-kind study and provides insights into the optimal designs of LFR power plants and addresses thermal, economic, and environmental considerations of utilizing molten salt with a large TES system as well as employing natural gas backup. The outcomes of the research address a wide audience including academics, operators, and policy makers.

Design & Development of Vortex Cooling System

Abstract: Possibilities for integration of vortex tube with automotive radiator for more effective cooling of automotive engine is the aim of the overview. An automotive radiator/heat exchanger is a device which helps maintain the working temperature of the engine. The vortex tube is a device which provides low temperature and high temperature output with pressure as an input. Because of its compact design and little maintenance requirements, it is very popular in heating and cooling processes. Despite its simple geometry, the mechanism that produces the temperature separation inside the tube is complicated. In addition, thermal and kinetic energy considerations have been used to explain temperature separation. There have also been plenty of numerical analyses that confirm earlier experiments. One fact remains, however. In this study, the past investigations of the design criteria of vortex tubes were overviewed and the detailed information was presented on the design of them. Vortex tubes were classified and the type of them was described. All criteria of vortex tubes were given in detail using experimental and theoretical results from the past until now.

On the influence of graphene oxide and hydroxyapatite modification on alginate-based hydrogel matrix: thermal, physicochemical, and biological considerations

Sodium alginate (SA) hydrogels with an addition of graphene oxide (GO) and hydroxyapatite (HAp) crosslinked by calcium chloride solution were investigated as potential materials for osteochondral tissue regeneration. The influence of various ratios of the nanoadditives in the natural derived polymer matrix on the thermal, physiochemical and biological properties was studied. Two thermal characterization methods (DSC and TGA) were employed to examine the thermal properties of the materials and provide information regarding the different types of water within the hydrogel structure. These parameters are crucial for the assessing and understanding of the adsorption/desorption processes in hydrogels and also impact their biocompatibility. The effect of GO and HAp addition on thermal characteristics of alginate hydrogel is reported, as well as the nanoadditives polymer chains interaction, as evidenced by FTIR results. The compression test confirmed that the nanoadditives, uniformly dispersed in the polymer matrix, improved the mechanical properties of the hydrogels, but only up to a certain content of additives. The composite hydrogels exhibited a very low friction coefficient. Both GO and HAp also enhanced chemical stability of alginate hydrogels under in vitro conditions. Biological assays demonstrated that most of the tested hydrogel extracts were not cytotoxic to hUC-MSCs, but they can affect the proliferation rate of the cells. Developed materials may present an intriguing alternative for osteochondral tissue regeneration.

Study Roadmap Selection Based on the Thermal Comfort of Street Trees in Summer: A Case Study from a University Campus in China

The intensification of the urban heat island effect, characterized by persistent high temperatures in Chinese cities during summer, has led to notable shifts in urban residents’ activity patterns and travel preferences. Given that street trees, as fundamental components of urban road networks, have significant interaction with residents, it is imperative to investigate their thermal comfort impact. This study aims to enhance the comfortable summer travel experience for urban dwellers. Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU) was selected as the case study site, with eight street tree species identified as measurement points. The summer solstice (21 June 2023) served as the representative weather condition. Through monitoring temperature and humidity, the study explored the correlation between street tree species, their characteristic factors, and thermal comfort. Utilizing ENVI-met and ArcGIS, the thermal comfort of campus travel routes was assessed, leading to the development of a summer travel guide based on thermal comfort considerations. The research novelty lies in applying a combined ENVI-met 5.0.2 and ArcGIS 10.8 software approach for modelling and visualizing the microclimate, which enables a more precise analysis of the thermal comfort variations of different campus paths, thus improving the accuracy and applicability of the results in urban planning. The findings reveal several points. (1) Different street trees possess varying capacities to enhance human comfort, with Falcataria falcata and Mangifera indica exhibiting the strongest cooling and humidifying effects, whereas Bauhinia purpurea and Amygdalus persica perform the poorest. Additionally, the research confirms ENVI-met’s scientific accuracy and practicality for microclimate studies. (2) The contribution of street trees to the comfort of campus road travel is primarily determined by the Sky View Factor (SVF), which negatively correlates with cooling and humidifying intensity and positively with thermal comfort. (3) During midday, travel comfort conditions on campus roads are better. Based on the thermal comfort assessment, a summer roadmap was created for the campus. In this case, the campus roads indicated by road A are considered the best travel routes in summer, and the roads indicated by roads B and C are considered alternatives for travelling. This practical application demonstrates how theoretical research results can be translated into practical tools for daily commuting and urban planning. It provides data references and empirical cases for the scientific optimization and enhancement of urban roads.

Qualitative assessment of optimizing the well spacings based on the economic analysis

The design of well spacing significantly influences the sustainability and economic benefit of geothermal energy extraction. However, most studies have predominantly employed heat production-related parameters as indicators of well spacing, and a comprehensive analysis of well spacing design based on an economic model is necessary for practical implementation. In this study, an economic indicator considering the benefits derived from heat production and operating costs is proposed and applied in the Caofeidian, a typical abandoned oilfield in the Bohai Bay Basin. It offers a refined portrayal of directional wells, moving beyond rudimentary representations, to capture their appropriate degree of complexity and behavior in drilling configurations. First, by integrating thermophysical information and site investigation data from previous oil investigations, a heterogeneous 3D model is constructed to forecast the 30-year temperature and pressure evolution. Then, a modified levelized cost of heat (LCOH-HT) is proposed to perform economic analysis in optimizing the well spacing, revealing an optimal range of 300–600 m for the different selected wells. In comparison with results derived solely from heat production considerations, drilling and pumping costs contribute to a 300 m reduction in the optimal well spacing based on the proposed approach, as a larger well spacing leads to increased hydraulic losses and drilling cost, necessitating greater pumping efforts and costs. This finding underscores the need to balance economic and thermal considerations. In addition, we found the difference in the optimal well spacing in space is also caused by the porosity variations. Porosity affects fluid temperature and pressure, leading to changes in the benefits and costs associated with pressure fluctuations. Notably, this novel economic analysis method is not limited to spacing optimization; it can also be used to optimize operating parameters, such as the flow rate, which could provide practical strategies for geothermal energy extraction.

Feedback control of an experimental electrically-heated steam methane reformer

Steam methane reforming (SMR) is the most common industrial process to produce hydrogen (H2) from methane and water vapor. The SMR reactions are overall highly endothermic and traditionally, fossil fuels are burned to provide the necessary heat of reaction. However, it was found that electrifying the tubular SMR reactors using renewable electrons instead of conventional heating gives the opportunity of producing H2 with lower carbon emissions, lower reactor volumes, and higher carbon conversion. While current studies in this new technology focus on improving the catalysts or heating sources, a more efficient process control scheme can also significantly contribute to the understanding of potential challenges and opportunities of combining renewables and natural gas in the production of H2 at industrial scales. In order to further develop the electrically-heated SMR process and the associated control strategies, we have constructed an experimental Joule-heated SMR system at UCLA. The system contains a tubular reactor with a washcoated Ni/ZrO2 catalyst, two thermocouples connected to the top and bottom of the reactor, a power supply for providing electrical heating, and an on-line gas chromatograph (GC) for measuring outlet gas concentrations. The synthesis procedure of the catalyst, SMR data collection, and thermal considerations for catalyst degradation are described in this paper and are all accounted for experimentally when using a proportional integral (PI) controller to gradually increase the reactor temperature without harming the catalyst. Advanced control strategies, such as model predictive control (MPC), require a process model that uses measurement feedback to make predictions of the process time-evolution in order to optimize the control actions in real-time. We have previously developed a lumped-parameter modeling strategy for the SMR process. The MPC objective is to control the H2 production rate by manipulating the current flowing through the outer reactor shell. However, to use this model in an MPC, feedback values for all state variables should be provided by the sensors. In our experimental system, the on-line GC only gives discrete measurements with a long sampling period. To this end, the process model is incorporated into an extended Luenberger observer (ELO) that uses the reactor temperature and GC measurements to provide estimates of all the variables needed by the MPC. The ELO-based MPC system is then experimentally implemented on the process and it is demonstrated to be more efficient in terms of speed of the closed-loop response than the PI controller using delayed, measurement feedback by the GC.

Driving towards sustainability: A review of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites for eco-friendly automotive light-weighting

The automotive industry stands at a critical juncture, compelled by the imperative of sustainability to seek innovative materials for eco-friendly light-weighting. Natural fiber reinforced polymer composites (NFRPCs) have gained popularity due to their environmentally friendly nature and excellent engineering capabilities. This review paper comprehensively examines the landscape of NFRPCs in the context of automotive applications. Beginning with an overview of the ecological urgency and regulatory framework driving sustainable automotive materials, the review navigates through key advancements in NFRPC technology. The paper delineates the diverse array of natural fibers employed as reinforcements, elucidating their intrinsic properties, sources, and processing considerations. Concurrently, an in-depth analysis of various polymer matrices showcases their compatibility with different fiber types, emphasizing the critical interplay between fiber and matrix for optimal composite performance. A pivotal facet of this review manuscript lies in the rigorous evaluation of NFRPC performance across an array of metrics, including mechanical, thermal, and environmental considerations. Studies examining the interfacial interactions between natural fibers and polymers, as well as enhancements through additives and treatments, are critically assessed. Environmental and economic considerations are paramount in the quest for sustainable automotive materials. While economic evaluations delve into the viability and cost-effectiveness of widespread adoption, life cycle assessments and environmental impact analyses are evaluated to estimate the ecological footprint of NFRPCs. The paper also surveys current trends and prospects, offering insights into forthcoming innovations and directions for research. Therefore, this review article consolidates a comprehensive body of knowledge on NFRPCs for eco-friendly automotive light-weighting. By synthesizing findings from diverse studies, it provides a holistic perspective on the potential, challenges, and future trajectory of NFRPCs in the automotive sector.

A Review of Carbon Emissions from Electrical Machine Materials

As the world embarks on a global mission to tackle climate change, reducing carbon represents a key challenge given the escalating global warming. The U.K. is among many other nations that are determined to decarbonise all sectors and strive to achieve a net zero carbon target by 2050. While much attention has been paid to improving performance and reducing carbon emissions in electrical machines, the current research landscape focuses mainly on the thermal and electromagnetic facets. Surprisingly, carbon emissions from the production stage, especially those related to raw material consumption, remain a largely unexplored area. This paper wishes to shed light on a neglected dimension by providing a comprehensive review of carbon emissions in the manufacture of electrical machines, thus contributing significantly to the wider discourse on carbon emission reduction by comparing the carbon emission values associated with various materials commonly used for the main components of these machines. A further case study is included to assess and explore the impact of material alterations on a synchronous machine, from a carbon emission perspective. A reliable material guide will provide engineers at the design stage with the critical insight needed to make informed material selection decisions, highlighting the critical role of carbon emission values beyond conventional thermal and electromagnetic considerations, achieving sustainable and environmentally conscious electrical machine design.

Feasibility of high temperature superconducting cables for energy harvesting in large space-based solar power satellite applications: Electromagnetic, thermal and cost considerations

The aim of this paper is to present feasibility of application of High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) cables for Space-Based Solar Power (SBSP) application. SBSP is a promising technology that can deliver an infinite amount of clean and eco-friendly energy to the Earth. To deliver the harvested solar energy to the power systems on Earth, efficient energy transmission is critically important. To address the challenges of conventional transmission means, an ideal solution would be using HTS cables. In this research, the design procedure of a Direct Current (DC) HTS cable considering electromagnetic, thermal, and cost constraints is presented. The study considered a 2 MW bipolar DC HTS cable in five operational temperatures: 20 K, 30 K, 50 K, 65 K, and 77 K. The results were showed that the cost and weight of the designed HTS cables were increased by operational temperature increase. However, the cooling cost of HTS cable in higher temperatures, was less than lower temperatures. Also, the total efficiency of the HTS cable and cooling system were increased, when operational temperatures were changed from 20 K to 77 K, from 99.70% to 99.97%, respectively.

FEA and CFD analysis and optimization of tube in tube heat exchanger for various cases

This research describes the use of advanced simulation techniques to investigate use of different materials for a tube-in-tube heat exchanger. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are employed to simulate thermal aspects and optimize the heat exchanger design. The objective is to identify the best-Suitable material combination considering both design and thermal considerations. The findings of this research contribute to the development of more efficient heat exchanger designs.

Estimation of heat transfer and thermal conductivity of particle-reinforced hollow cylinder composites

With the expansion of seabed gas hydrate exploitation, particle-reinforced cement is widely used in well cementing. However, the estimation of heat transfer and thermal conductivity for hollow cylinder composites reinforced with particles remains ambiguous and requires further clarification. This paper employs the inclusion-based boundary element method (iBEM) to calculate both the local field distribution and effective thermal properties of particle-reinforced hollow cylinder composites (PRHCC). Particle interactions are simulated through the introduction of the eigen-temperature gradient, and the boundary effect is modeled using the boundary element method. Numerical simulations explore the influence of interparticle interactions, particle volume fraction, particle properties, and particle distribution on the thermal properties of PRHCC. The results show that the particle interactions have distinct effects in different directions, significantly altering the temperature spread in the central and lower regions within the particles, and then affecting the overall thermal properties of PRHCC. This method serves as a valuable reference for the engineering industry, providing insightful guidance for optimizing design, fabrication processes, and material selection, particularly in components with thermal considerations.