Thermal Conductivity Parameter Research Articles

Intelligent computing for the electro-osmotically modulated peristaltic pumping of blood-based nanofluid

The study delves into a novel application of artificial neural networks within the biomedical realm, specifically focusing on the peristaltic pumping of ionized blood-infused nanofluid using the Casson model. The investigation takes into account the impacts of electrokinetic forces, chemical reaction, thermal radiation and variable thermal conductivity. The endorsed nanofluid model encompasses both thermophoretic and Brownian diffusions. The Nernst-Planck and Poisson equations are used to characterize electroosmotic process. The mathematical model is then numerically solved using NDSolve in Mathematica. The variation in relevant hemodynamic characteristics concerning key flow parameters is explored through numerous graphical representations. Two distinct artificial neural networks have been developed to estimate values for rates of mass and heat transfer. The Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is used as the training algorithm in network models with multi-layer perceptron architecture. Graphical inspection of the results demonstrates a decrease in blood flow with an elevated Helmholtz-Smoluchowski velocity. A lower pressure gradient is recorded with a higher electroosmotic parameter. Furthermore, an augmentation in the thermal conductivity parameter leads to a reduction in heat transfer rate at the wall. The concentration profile demonstrates an increase with a rise in the chemical reaction parameter. The results obtained from the neural network models exhibit an ideal harmony with the target values. The developed neural network models demonstrated the ability to predict rates of heat and mass transfer values with average deviations of −0.01% and 0.004%, respectively.

Impacts of thermal conductivity and viscosity variation parameters on non-Newtonian nanofluid flow with mixed convection and chemical reaction features

Impacts of thermal conductivity and viscosity variation parameters on non-Newtonian nanofluid flow with mixed convection and chemical reaction features

Dynamic simulation of unsteady Casson–Carreau fluid flow considering temperature-dependent variable-properties and thermo-solutal mixed convection over flat and slendering sheets

The present investigation delves into the intricate interplay between surface effects and fluid dynamics, focusing on the flow characteristics of Casson and Carreau fluids endowed with temperature-dependent thermophysical properties. Specifically, the study explores the ramifications of radiative, mixed convection, and magnetized processes on heat and mass transfer phenomena. A comprehensive mathematical model is developed to analyze the behavior of Casson–Carreau fluids in conjunction with microscopic particles and gyrotactic microorganisms over both flat and slender surfaces. Leveraging similarity transformations, the governing equations are transformed into dimensionless form, facilitating numerical solutions using the bvp5c solver in MATLAB. The ensuing numerical and graphical analyses elucidate key physical quantities, including local skin friction coefficients, gyrotactic microorganism density, Nusselt number, and Sherwood number, across a spectrum of physical parameters. Notably, the investigation underscores the profound influence of flat surfaces on flow patterns and highlights the heightened consumption of fluid particles with increasing variable diffusivity and thermal conductivity. Moreover, enhanced values of parameters such as variable motile microorganism diffusion coefficient, Brownian motion parameter, and temperature-dependent thermal conductivity parameter are found to augment the Nusselt number, indicative of intensified heat transfer rates. This research underscores the imperative of comprehending the intricate dynamics of fluid flow and heat transfer, offering actionable insights for enhancing engineering designs and addressing multifaceted challenges across domains encompassing chemical engineering, environmental science, and biomedical applications.

Heat transfer investigation of nano – Encapsulated phase change materials (NEPCMs) in a thermal energy storage device

Phase change natural convection heat transport and flow features of a variety and new types of hybrid nanoliquids, suspension of Nano – encapsulated phase change materials (NEPCMs), within a square cavity is inspected theoretically in this analysis. The capsules are arranged with a shell and a PCM as a core. The shell of this NEPCM prevents the phase change material from the direct interaction of hot fluid and from the leakage. The heat capacity of the suspension contains latent heat generated at the time of phase change. The modeled equations are numerically scrutinized with Finite element method. Variable thermal conductivity parameter 1≤Nc≤5, variable viscosity parameter 1≤Nv≤5, radiation number 0.5≥R≥0.1, Rayleigh parameter 102≤Ra≤103, volume fraction of NEPCMs1%≤ϕ≤5% and fusion temperature (0.2≤θf≤1.0) impact on the patterns of heat capacity ratio, isotherms and velocity lines are examined in detail. The results indicates that, as the volume fraction values of NEPCMs amplifies from 1% to 5% the rates of heat transfer of the nanoliquid magnifies 42% compared to the host fluid. Non – dimensional rates of heat transport magnifies with growing (Ste) values.

Impact of electro-osmotic, activation energy and chemical reaction on Sisko fluid over Darcy–Forchheimer porous stretching cylinder

This study provides numerical solution for two-dimensional electro-osmotically motivated electro-magneto-hydrodynamic Sisko fluid through an elongating porous cylinder. The electro-osmotic, activation energy with chemical reaction are also interpreted for this flow model. The numerical equations that govern this flow problem are renewed into dimensionless form by applying appropriate transformations exploiting Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg fifth order through shooting technique method. The after-effects are illustrated as graphs for the concerned physical parameters and their impact on convection and conduction is also studied. The velocity rises for electro-osmotic parameter whereas drops for magnetic and porous parameter. The temperature shows an increasing profile for the curvature, electric and thermal conductivity parameter while decreases for Prandtl number. The concentration of nanoparticles in the fluid boosts for activation energy but deflates for curvature parameter. The present findings appear to be in good accord when compared to earlier published studies. Numerous opportunities and applications are presented by applying electro-osmotic forces to non-Newtonian fluid flow, especially in the fields of nanotechnology, electro-kinetics and micro-fluids. The current study can be applied to design effective electro-magnetic devices, particularly in certain thermal transport characteristic regime. The main findings demonstrate the great utility of electro-osmosis in micro-fluidic devices, chemical analysis, soil analysis and cement slurries for managing flow and heat transmission.

Reflection of Waves in a Two-Temperature Magneto-fiber-Reinforced Solid with Memory-Dependent Derivative Using Different Theories

Abstract Purpose The problem is concerned with the analysis of the reflection of the waves through a fiber-reinforced thermoelastic medium under the effect of the magnetic field, gravity, and the initial stress. The problem is discussed in the context of the three-phase-lag model and Green-Naghdi theory of type II and III with the memory-dependent derivative and variable thermal conductivity. Methods The harmonic representation of waves is used to find the solution to the problem. Based on the solution, it is concluded that after reflection three quasi-waves propagate through the medium. Results Numerical computations were performed using MATLAB software. The reflection coefficient ratio variations with the angle of the incident are shown graphically. Conclusion Comparisons are made with the results predicted for different values of the thermal conductivity parameter, two-temperature parameter, initial stress, gravity field, and different values of the magnetic field.

Thermal performance appraisal of hybrid and nanofluid flow between a cone and a disk with variable thermal conductivity, viscous dissipation, and Joule heating

In many engineering systems, hybrid and nanofluids are influenced by their respective thermophysical characteristics. Lately, several models have been envisaged to foresee the hybrid and nanofluid attributes. The properties of hybrid nanofluids (HNFs) as potential heat transfer fluids are controlled by numerous aspects such as solid part size, volume fraction, and temperature. Considering the interesting facts of the hybrid and nanofluid flows, we in this exploration examined the thermal performance comparison of both types of fluid flows. The nanofluid and HNF are composed of molybdenum disulfide (MoS[Formula: see text]/kerosene oil and silicon dioxide–molybdenum disulfide (SiO2–MoS[Formula: see text]/kerosene oil, respectively. The flows are taken in a canonical gap between the cone and the disk. Both the cone and the disk may be rotating or stationary. The novelty of the computational model is enhanced by discussing the effects of viscous dissipation, Joule heating, and the variable thermal conductivity with convective condition. The Tawari and Das model is designed to analyze the heat transfer performance of the assumed fluid flows. The assumed fluid model is transmuted into the set of differential equations that are dealt numerically with the bvp4c MATLAB approach. The results are displayed in tables and graphical forms. For elevating estimations of the Eckert number, the heat transmission rate is found to be more significant in the disk than cone. It is also learned that hybrid nanoliquid heat transfer performance outperforms nanoliquid. The fluid velocity increases by raising the nanoparticle volume fraction [Formula: see text], and is decreasing for a higher magnetic field parameter. With the elevating estimates of thermal conductivity, it is shown that the cone transmits heat more quickly whereas the disc transmits heat more slowly. The thermal conductivity parameter increases the probability of collision of the liquid particles, that ultimately upsurges fluid heat transmission rate.

A physics‐informed machine learning prediction for thermal analysis in a convective‐radiative concave fin with periodic boundary conditions

AbstractThe present research is focused on the inspection of unsteady heat dissipation through a radiative‐convective concave profiled fin along with the periodic boundary conditions. Additionally, the long‐short‐term memory machine learning (LSTM‐ML) approach is used in this study to examine the periodic fluctuation in the temperature of the fin. The current research is devoted to solving the highly non‐linear equation using a physics‐informed neural network (PINN) approach. Using the proper dimensionless terms, the associated fin problem is transformed into a non‐dimensional system, and the resulting partial differential equation (PDE) is then numerically solved using the finite difference method (FDM). Using the data‐driven LSTM‐ML technique, the time‐dependent periodic heat transmission in the concave fin is also examined. The impact of various factors on the temperature profile of the concave extended surface is explained, and the results are visually displayed. The temperature distribution in the concave fin diminishes as the convection‐conduction parameter and radiation‐conduction parameter rise. As the amplitude and thermal conductivity parameters improve, so does the temperature of the concave fin. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that although LSTM‐ML and PINN closely matched the FDM findings during the training domain, only PINN with designed characteristics has the potential to predict accurately beyond the trained region by capturing the physics of the problem.

Study of hybrid nanofluid flow in a stationary cone-disk system with temperature-dependent fluid properties

Cone-disk systems find frequent use such as conical diffusers, medical devices, various rheometric, and viscosimetry applications. In this study, we investigate the three-dimensional flow of a water-based Ag-MgO hybrid nanofluid in a static cone-disk system while considering temperature-dependent fluid properties. How the variable fluid properties affect the dynamics and heat transfer features is studied by Reynolds’s linearized model for variable viscosity and Chiam’s model for variable thermal conductivity. The single-phase nanofluid model is utilized to describe convective heat transfer in hybrid nanofluids, incorporating the experimental data. This model is developed as a coupled system of convective-diffusion equations, encompassing the conservation of momentum and the conservation of thermal energy, in conjunction with an incompressibility condition. A self-similar model is developed by the Lie-group scaling transformations, and the subsequent self-similar equations are then solved numerically. The influence of variable fluid parameters on both swirling and non-swirling flow cases is analyzed. Additionally, the Nusselt number for the disk surface is calculated. It is found that an increase in the temperature-dependent viscosity parameter enhances heat transfer characteristics in the static cone-disk system, while the thermal conductivity parameter has the opposite effect.

Entropy analysis on thermophoretic magnetohydrodynamic Couette flow over a deformable porous channel with temperature‐dependent viscosity and thermal conductivity

AbstractIn this study, we have investigated magnetohydrodynamic Couette flow across a deformable porous regime with entropy generation having equal suction and injection velocities. The aim of this work is to analyze the novel impact of thermophoresis deposition, activation energy, and magnetic effect by considering viscosity and thermal conductivity as dependent on temperature in a deformable porous regime. The dimensional equations are turned into nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) through proper similarity variables. To solve these ODEs, we utilized the MATLAB bvp4c approach. Graphs are used to study the behavior of many physical parameters such as skin friction, Bejan number, velocity, displacement, entropy generation, concentration, and temperature. It is found that the viscosity parameter reduces the solid displacement, whereas it enhances the fluid concentration. Due to the impact of suction/injection and drag parameters, fluid velocity becomes reduced. The thermal conductivity parameter raises entropy generation and temperature, but it decays the Bejan number. The volume fraction parameter plays an interesting behavior in skin friction. Moreover, the current work is compared with prior research work while neglecting the newly introduced effects, and the results remain consistent.

Exploring the effects of TiO2${\rm TiO}_2$–Ag/water hybrid nanofluid on MHD flow over a permeable exponentially stretching–shrinking sheet with radiative heat transfer and slip conditions

AbstractThe objective of this article is to study the importance of velocity and thermal slip in the exponentially stretching or shrinking sheet with the megnetohydrodynamic (MHD) hybrid nanofluid flow along with magnetic field, radiative, heat generation effects. This study has practical importance in enhancing heat transfer efficiency, improving energy conversion and optimizing thermal management systems. The findings can also contribute to the development of sustainable energy systems and aid in assessing the stability and safety of nanofluid applications. The governing partial differential equations are transformed into nonlinear ordinary differential equations using similarity transformation. The ODEs are solved using bvp4c solver in MATLAB. The dual solutions are achieved for specific range of the stretching or shrinking parameter and mass suction parameter. The first solution is physically significant after considering stability analysis. The hybrid nanofluid has numerous real‐life and industrial applications, such as microelectronics, manufacturing, naval structures, nuclear system cooling, biomedical, and drug reduction. The skin‐friction increases but Nusselt number decreases over the stretching sheet whereas the opposite effect shows over shrinking sheet for the both solution with the increasing velocity slip parameter. On the other hand, The Nusselt number decreases over the shrinking or stretching sheet for both solutions with the increasing in the thermal slip parameter. The skin friction increases over shrinking sheet but decreases over stretching sheet for the first solution with increasing silver volume fraction parameter and porosity parameter (). Enhancing magnetic field parameter leads to the skin friction increases over the shrinking sheet but decreases over stretching sheet but Nusselt number shows opposite trend. The Nusselt number decreases over shrinking sheet but increases over stretching sheet for the first solution with increasing porosity parameter (). The Nusselt number decreases over shrinking or stretching sheet as the increases heat generation () and variable thermal conductivity parameter () but Nusselt number shows opposite trend as the increases radiative parameter ().

The effects of thermal radiation, thermal conductivity, and variable viscosity on ferrofluid in porous medium under magnetic field

Purpose This study aims to analyze the two-dimensional ferrofluid flow in porous media. The effects of changes in parameters such as permeability parameter, buoyancy parameter, Reynolds and Prandtl numbers, radiation parameter, velocity slip parameter, energy dissipation parameter and viscosity parameter on the velocity and temperature profile are displayed numerically and graphically. Design/methodology/approach By using simplification, nonlinear differential equations are converted into ordinary nonlinear equations. Modeling is done in the Cartesian coordinate system. The finite element method (FEM) and the Akbari-Ganji method (AGM) are used to solve the present problem. The finite element model determines each parameter’s effect on the fluid’s velocity and temperature. Findings The results show that if the viscosity parameter increases, the temperature of the fluid increases, but the velocity of the fluid decreases. As can be seen in the figures, by increasing the permeability parameter, a reduction in velocity and an enhancement in fluid temperature are observed. When the Reynolds number increases, an increase in fluid velocity and temperature is observed. If the speed slip parameter increases, the speed decreases, and as the energy dissipation parameter increases, the temperature also increases. Originality/value When considering factors like thermal conductivity and variable viscosity in this context, they can significantly impact velocity slippage conditions. The primary objective of the present study is to assess the influence of thermal conductivity parameters and variable viscosity within a porous medium on ferrofluid behavior. This particular flow configuration is chosen due to the essential role of ferrofluids and their extensive use in engineering, industry and medicine.

Heat transfer analysis of magnetohydrodynamics peristaltic fluid with inhomogeneous solid particles and variable thermal conductivity through curved passageway

PurposeThe particle distribution in a fluid is mostly not homogeneous. The inhomogeneous dispersion of solid particles affects the velocity profile as well as the heat transfer of fluid. This study aims to highlight the effects of varying density of particles in a fluid. The fluid flows through a wavy curved passage under an applied magnetic field. Heat transfer is discussed with variable thermal conductivity.Design/methodology/approachThe mathematical model of the problem consists of coupled differential equations, simplified using stream functions. The results of the time flow rate for fluid and solid granules have been derived numerically.FindingsThe fluid and dust particle velocity profiles are being presented graphically to analyze the effects of density of solid particles, magnetohydrodynamics, curvature and slip parameters. Heat transfer analysis is also performed for magnetic parameter, density of dust particles, variable thermal conductivity, slip parameter and curvature. As the number of particles in the fluid increases, heat conduction becomes slow through the fluid. Increase in temperature distribution is noticed as variable thermal conductivity parameter grows. The discussion of variable thermal conductivity is of great concern as many biological treatments and optimization of thermal energy storage system’s performance require precise measurement of a heat transfer fluid’s thermal conductivity.Originality/valueThis study of heat transfer with inhomogeneous distribution of the particles in a fluid has not yet been reported.

Effect of Radiation on Casson Hybrid Nano-fluid Flow over an Inclined Surface Using Blasius Rayleigh-Stokes Variable: Application in Solar Aircraft

Solar energy is the most important heat source from the sun, with photovoltaic cells, solar power plates, photovoltaic lights, and solar pumping water being widely used. This study looks at solar energy analysis and a method for increasing the efficacy of solar aircraft by combining solar and nano-technological energy. To enrich the research on solar aircraft wings, the study is built on the investigation of heat transfer by employing a hybrid nano-fluid past inside the parabolic trough solar collector (PTSC). The thermal source is referred to as the solar radiative flow. The heat transfer efficiency of the wings was validated for different qualities such as porous medium, viscous dissipation, play heating, and thermal energy flow. The modelled energy and momentum equations were controlled by utilizing the Galerkin-weighted residual method (GWRM). This study used two types of nano-solid particles, copper (Cu) and zirconium dioxide (ZrO2), in ethylene glycol (EG) as the standard fluid. Various control parameters for velocity, temperature outlines, frictional factor, and Nusselt number were explained and shown in figures and tables. Also, analyses reveal that the thermal profile reduces with an increase in variable thermal conductivity parameters. This study will be of considerable economic value to marine engineers, mechanical engineers, physicists, chemical engineers, and others since its application will help them improve their operations. The findings revealed that the magnetic term is positively impacted by the Cu-ZrO2/EG hybrid nanofluid's thermal distribution.

Nanofluid dissipative stagnation point flow of Casson type over a stretched sheet influenced by a variable surface heat flux and magnetic field

The studied problem focuses on the flow of Casson nanofluid induced by a stretched surface in the presence of a magnetic field and exposed to variable surface heat flux, with an emphasis on enhancing thermal efficiency. This research aims to highlight the flow of Casson nanofluid at the stagnation point on a stretching sheet, taking into account the influence of heat generation and variable thermal conductivity. The fluid being examined exhibits a steady-state two-dimensional flow. The formulation of the model involves deriving partial differential equations, which are later converted into ordinary differential equations using similarity transformations. This particular research stands out by introducing an innovative mathematical model for Casson nanofluid, taking into account variable surface heat flux and covering several implications that have not been explored in current literature. We utilize the shooting method to compute numerical solutions for the formulated equations. Graphical representations are used to illustrate the numerical results for velocity, concentration, and temperature distribution. Furthermore, tabulated findings encompass the Sherwood number, skin friction coefficient, and local Nusselt number. A comparison with a previous study from the literature was conducted, demonstrating a robust agreement between our results and theirs. Several compelling findings indicate that the local Nusselt number rises as the velocity ratio parameter, suction parameter, thermal conductivity parameter, and heat flux exponent increase. Conversely, the Casson parameter, magnetic number, heat generation parameter, and thermophoresis parameter are observed to lower the local Nusselt number.

Prediction of some physical properties of nanofluids including various metal oxides using artificial neural network

In this study, physical properties of nanofluids such as viscosity and thermal conductivity are investigated. Although there are many experimental and theoretical correlations and models available to predict these parameters, predictions are highly conflicting because the involved mechanisms are not fully understood. For instance, the predicted values of dynamic viscosity of 𝛾-Al2O3/water nanofluids (at a volume fraction of 0.001) by different models range between 0.0005623 and 0.0403 kg/m.s and thermal conductivity ranges within 0.866 and 1.551 W/m.K under the same conditions. In this work, 184 experimental data of thermophysical properties of various metal oxide nanoparticle including Al2O3, SiO2, TiO2, Fe2O3, MgO, and CuO at a temperature range of 30 to 65 oC, diameter range of 10 to 50 nm, and volume fraction between 0.004% to 2% were collected from various publications. In this work, artificial neural network (ANN) has been implemented. The parameters of thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity have been correlated to nanofluid concentration, temperature, particle size and molecular weight. It has been found that the topography of )4, 4, 4) from the ANN provides about 2% and 1% cross-validating and testing error respectively. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis was performed and the effect of individual parameters was analyzed.

Significance of quadratic radiation and variable thermal conductivity on heat transfer of hybrid nanofluid using Xue model: A Legendre wavelet approach

Carbon nanotubes have a broad spectrum of applications in thermal management, enhanced cooling, lubricants, sensors and detections, environmental remediation, biomedical, and drug delivery. Motivated by its industrial applications, this work analyses the effects of nonuniform heat source/sink and quadratic thermal radiation on the thermal characteristics of hybrid nanofluid flow over a curved stretching sheet using the Legendre wavelet collocation technique (LWCT). The base fluid is found to be composed of ethylene glycol and water in the ratio of 30:70, and the nanoparticles are taken as single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) and multi-wall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) in the ratio of 2% each. The thermal conductivity models, namely Xue, modified Maxwell and Hamilton-Crosser, are compared for heat transfer enhancement. From the results up to 5% volume fraction, the Xue model shows the maximum rate of heat transfer enhancement, while the above 5% Hamilton-Crosser model shows the maximum rate of heat transfer enhancement. The temperature profiles of existing hybrid nanofluid are increased with a heat source, radiation and variable thermal conductivity. Moreover, the graphs describing the local Nusselt number display the heat transfer rate depreciation with an increase in variable thermal conductivity and radiation parameters.

Stefan flow of nanoliquid passing a plate surface with changeable fluid properties

This article describes the significance of ‘Stefan suction/blowing’ on the forced flow of nanoliquid past the surface of a ‘plate’ with temperature-obeying ‘thermal conductivity’ and ‘fluid viscosity’ with ‘zero nanoparticle flux’ at the ‘plate’ that has not till been attended by anyone and thus it points to the originality of present investigation and here lies the novelty of our work. Nanofluid flow is modeled with the help of ‘Buongiorno's two-phase model’ which contains the instantaneous virtue of thermophoresis diffusion and Brownian movement. This investigation shows that the speed of heat transport is remarkably augmented by the variable ‘thermal conductivity’ and variable ‘viscosity parameters’ which is the main contribution of this research. Due to changeable viscosity, reducing nature of velocity as well as the reducing nature of concentration of the nanoparticles near the ‘plate’ are observed. Due to Stefan's blowing parameter, fluid velocity augments but ‘temperature’ is observed to reduce for mounting values of Stefan's blowing parameter. 3.2 % reduction in skin-friction coefficient is noted when variable viscosity parameter reduces from -6 to -8. Moreover, 7.1 % reduction in heat transfer as well as mass transfer is noted when the variable thermal conductivity parameter rises from 0.2 to 0.4. The consequence of this inspection exposes a variation of exciting diversity which claims extra exploration of the present study.

Analysis of mixed convective stagnation point flow of hybrid nanofluid over sheet with variable thermal conductivity and slip Conditions: A Model-Based study

This research looks at the stagnation point flow of MHD Al2O3-Cu/H2O hybrid nanofluid against a permeable, vertically extending surface that uses thermal radiation and how different models of thermal conductivity affect it. This study is unique because it looks at how changes in thermal conductivity, mixed convection, and the slip velocity of hybrid nanofluids affect the stretching surface. It also looks at how changes in temperature, skin-friction coefficient, Nusselt number, and velocity affect convective thermal boundary conditions. With the use of boundary layer approximations, the complicated system of PDEs is simplified. The dimensionality of these PDEs and the boundary conditions they include are eliminated by applying certain modifications. Combining a local non-similarity approach up to the second truncation level with MATLAB's built-in finite difference code (bvp4c), one can obtain the results of the updated model. The research demonstrates and analyzes the impact of different factors on fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics in the studied flow situations. This is done by comparing the computed data with available literature and presenting the findings in graphical form. Tables are generated to present the numerical fluctuations of the drag coefficient and Nusselt number. This study shows how important thermal conductivity is in the mixed convection of hybrid nanofluids and looks into what happens when the thermal conductivity parameter is changed. Significantly, an augmentation in this parameter results in an elevation in the temperature distribution of the hybrid nanofluid while simultaneously reducing the rate of heat transfer across various models. Furthermore, increasing the nanoparticle volume fraction parameter leads to higher temperature and Nusselt number profiles while reducing skin friction. The mixed convection parameter has a notable impact on increasing the friction coefficient on the stretched vertical surface. However, because these elements function as regulating variables, it decreases when the magnetic, mass suction, and velocity slip parameters are present. The results also demonstrate notable discrepancies in the mean Nusselt values generated by various thermal conductivity models. According to the analysis, the Hamilton-Crosser model has the lowest average Nusselt numbers, followed by the Yamada-Ota model and the Xue model, in that order.

Two-phase simulation of entropy optimized mixed convection flow of two different shear-thinning nanomaterials in thermal and mass diffusion systems with Lorentz forces

This research compares the momentum, thermal energy, mass diffusion and entropy generation of two shear thinning nanofluids in an angled micro-channel with mixed convection, nonlinear thermal radiation, temperature jump boundary condition and variable thermal conductivity effects. The RKF 45 approach was used to solve the Buongiorno nonlinear governing model. The effect of different parameters on the flow, energy, concentration, and entropy generating fields have been graphically illustrated and explained. The hyperbolic tangent nanoliquid has a better velocity than the Williamson nanofluid. The Williamson nanofluid has higher thermal energy and concentration than the hyperbolic tangent nanoliquid in the microchannel. The Grashof number, both thermal and solutal, increases the fluid flow rate throughout the flow system. The energy of the nanoliquid is reduced by the temperature jump condition, while the energy field of the nanoliquid is enhanced by the improving thermal conductivity value. The nanoliquids concentration rises as the Schmitt number rises. The irreversibility rate of the channel system is maximized by the variable thermal conductivity parameter.