Thermal Benchmark Research Articles

Differences in human thermal and physiological responses under corridor and greenway in summer in guangzhou

As urbanization and the heat island effect intensify, comfortable and healthy outdoor micro-environments are particularly important for sustainable urban development, encouraging more outdoor activities. Fewer studies have focused on differences in thermal comfort and thermal physiology of users in potential outdoor open spaces. Therefore, this study aims to examine the differences in thermal comfort and thermal stress among users of common outdoor open shady spaces, contributing towards a better thermal experience and mitigating heat stress. In this study, a field investigation of corridors and greenways was conducted on a campus in Guangzhou in the summer based on subjective questionnaires and objective measurements of thermal environment, and thermal physiological parameters. The results found that people were more likely to experience good thermal comfort and weaker intensity of thermal stress in corridors with significant differences in physiological responses. Furthermore, the upper limit comfort temperatures of the corridor and greenway were 34.0 and 33.4 °C, respectively. In addition, it can be concluded that the corridor was a more optimal space for outdoor shade before evening, whereas the greenway was more optimal in the evening in summer. The findings determine the thermal benchmarks for typical outdoor shady spaces in hot and humid regions in summer, which can help designers create comfortable outdoor public spaces that improve thermal comfort and people's health.

Factors influencing outdoor thermal comfort in a coastal park during the transition seasons in cold regions of China

Coastal outdoor spaces serve as public venues where individuals engage in water-related activities, admire scenic views, embark on tourist excursions, and partake in social gatherings. Enhancing thermal comfort is a crucial prerequisite for increasing the attractiveness of these spaces. This study investigated the outdoor thermal comfort (OTC) in a coastal park called Xinghai Park located in a cold region of China over a period of five days during the spring and autumn seasons. The universal thermal climate index (UTCI) was employed to establish the thermal benchmark. Through on-site measurements and questionnaire surveys, both single-factor and multi-factor analyses were conducted to assess the microclimate and thermal perception in four representative coastal spaces, thereby identifying the thermal benchmark and factors influencing thermal perception in the Coastal Park. The findings indicated that: (1) during the transition seasons, the neutral UTCI (NUTCI) of the Coastal Park was 15.3 °C, with neutral UTCI range (NUTCIR) ranging from 9.3 °C to 21.4 °C, and there were significant variations in the thermal benchmarks among different types of spaces; (2) the primary factors influencing thermal perception during the transition seasons in the Coastal Park were physical factors (Ta, Tg, RH, Va, G), while individual, social, and psychological factors also exerted varying degrees of influence on respondents' thermal perception; (3) there were substantial spatial differences in the factors influencing respondents' thermal perception. The findings of this study provide valuable references for determining thermal environmental design strategies for transitional season coastal outdoor recreational spaces and enhancing the quality of urban life.

Investigation and optimization of outdoor thermal comfort in elementary school campuses: Example from a humid-hot area in China

The elementary school campus is the primary location where children both learn and live. The school environment significantly impacts children's health and well-being. While today's primary school campus designs generally adhere to regulations, they may still offer an unsafe thermal environment. To address this concern, we conducted a thermal sensory questionnaire in a representative outdoor space of an elementary school campus in Guangzhou, China. The thermal comfort of children was assessed using the Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI). Additionally, to enhance the thermal environment of current primary school campuses, we conducted a tree landscape preference survey. Based on children's thermal benchmarks and plant landscape preferences, a bioclimatic design for outdoor activity spaces on primary school campuses in humid-hot areas is proposed. The results show that: (1) Air temperature and mean radiant temperature are the main meteorological factors affecting children's thermal sensations in summer; (2) The outdoor neutral UTCI of male and female children is 25.0 and 22.8 °C, respectively, and the acceptable UTCI is 29.7 and 27.1 °C, respectively; (3) With respect to landscaping, children prefer large trees and evergreens planted in a plant community or singly. Their weighted preference scores were 3.10, 2.63, 2.27 and 1.89 respectively; and (4) Based on children's thermal benchmarks and plant landscape preferences, a tree-planting design strategy for primary school campuses in hot and humid regions is proposed. This study provides valuable advice for architects and landscape planners with respect to the design of elementary school campuses.

Summer outdoor thermal comfort assessment in city squares—A case study of cold dry winter, hot summer climate zone

Human thermal perception varies with climate. The Dwa climate zone covers vast areas. Conducting outdoor thermal comfort (OTC) studies here would benefit energy efficiency and the economy. However, since OTC research methods are not standardized, different research methods hamper comparing studies in the Dwa climate. This paper aims to determine the summer OTC of typical Dalian squares in the Dwa climate. Dalian is located in the cold A zone (2A) of the China Building Climate Division. The thermal environment of three typical squares was field measured, and a questionnaire survey of the residents was conducted. 33.2 % of Dalian residents evaluated the thermal environment as neutral, and 39.3 % considered it comfortable. And psychological perception and physical perception were not the same. Multiple methods were used to calculate outdoor thermal benchmarks and calibrate thermal stress for three thermal indexes, SET*, PET, and UTCI. Furthermore, PET, with a prediction accuracy of 25.3 %, was determined to be the best indicator applicable to Dalian in the summer. Finally, a comparison of studies under the Dwa climate zone, including Tianjin and Harbin, reconfirmed the mobility of the human thermal zone. These findings are precious and can contribute significantly to ensuring the sustainability of the outdoor environment.

Outdoor thermal perception and heatwave adaptation effects in summer – A case study of a humid subtropical city in China

Heatwaves occur more frequently during the summer owing to global warming, which causes excessive heat stress and thermal discomfort. Heat stress increases overheating risk and impacts people's health and outdoor activities. Assessing outdoor thermal risk and clarifying human thermal responses under outdoor high-temperature conditions are of particular importance. However, the effect of thermal adaptation on people's thermal perception during heatwave conditions requires exploration. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of human outdoor thermal perception under non-heatwave and heatwave conditions to obtain adaptation-based outdoor thermal benchmarks to estimate the threshold for thermal discomfort and heat stress. Longitudinal and cross-sectional questionnaire surveys are carried out during the summer in public squares in Chongqing. The results showed that thermal perceptions undergo a dynamic change process in summer, which is closely related to an individual's past thermal experience. In comparison with thermal benchmarks under non-heatwave conditions, the neutral, comfortable, and 80% acceptable range of UTCI under heatwave conditions shifted to a higher temperature. For the heatwave period, the neutral UTCI range was from 21.5 °C to 27.9 °C. The modified UTCI ranges for heat stress classifications were obtained, including the 80% acceptable temperature range from 21.4 °C to 30.1 °C. The contributions of this study are in the method of determining outdoor thermal benchmarks in heatwave conditions and clarifying local people's thermal demands. These findings can provide more refined guidance for heat stress assessment and enrich the possibilities for urban design and urban resilience responses to heatwave conditions.

Study on thermal comfort of elderly in community parks: An exploration from the perspectives of different activities and ages

Community parks are significant green spaces for outdoor activities among the elderly in urban areas, further serving as crucial environments for their social interaction and mental restoration. This study comprehensively investigated outdoor thermal perception among the elderly in community parks during the winter in Huangshan, utilizing meteorological measurements, questionnaires, interviews and activity observations. It delved into the relationship between the elderly's outdoor thermal perception, age, and activities. Findings are as follows: 1) Ta and Tg were the primary factors influencing thermal perception in the elderly, with RH also being an important factor. Additionally, thermal sensation among individuals aged 80 and above was influenced by wind speed. 2) The NPET was 5.84 °C, with NPETR of 0.22–11.46 °C. The 80% TAR was 3.32–28.91 °C. Outdoor thermal benchmarks varied significantly among elderly individuals in different age groups. 3) The intensity and content of activities significantly influenced the elderly's outdoor thermal perception from physiological and psychological perspectives. Moreover, spatial satisfaction, thermal experience, and thermal adaptation behavior also influence outdoor thermal perception among the elderly. 4) Planning and design strategies for urban public spaces were proposed to enhance elderly residents' outdoor thermal comfort. The findings can guide community park designers in meeting the specific needs of elderly individuals and promoting healthy aging.

Investigation of thermal comfort and preferred temperatures for healthcare staff in hospitals in Ningbo, China

Appropriate thermal comfort is crucial for healthcare staff to ensure a conducive working environment. Literature review indicates that staff have a much different thermal comfort requirement from patients and visitors, which has not received sufficient attention in current studies. This empirical study was conducted from December 2021 to November 2022 in dental treatment departments of four hospitals in Ningbo, China. A total of 333 questionnaires were collected and analysed to investigate the current thermal environment, the thermal sensation of healthcare staff, and the seasonal variation of the metabolic rate and clothing insulation. The adaptive coefficient of the adaptive predicted mean vote (aPMV) model for healthcare staff was −0.34 in cooler environments and 0.128 in warmer environments. The calculated thermoneutral temperatures, derived from PMV regression, TSV regression, and the Griffiths method, stood at 21.81 °C, 20.99 °C, and 22.54 °C, respectively. Correspondingly, the associated comfort temperature ranges in the case study healthcare buildings were 19.10–24.51 °C, 17.66–24.33 °C, and 22.24–22.84 °C. These parameters play a pivotal role in establishing precise thermal benchmarks and ensure optimal thermal experiences for healthcare staff investigated. The novelty of the research lies in thoroughly investigating the thermal comfort of healthcare staff, with the development of the adaptive models tailored to the climatic conditions of the Ningbo region and the specific characteristics of healthcare staff. Additionally, the research rigorously compares and validates these findings with established standards and previous studies in the field. The research indicated that the resulting comfort temperatures, while lower than established adaptive regulations, closely align with the recommended temperatures in the healthcare building design specifications.

Improving children's outdoor thermal comfort: A field study in China's severely cold regions

This study used meteorological monitoring, subjective thermal perception surveys, and activity records to explore the factors that affect children's outdoor thermal comfort in China's severely cold regions. The Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) was used to determine children's thermal benchmarks and calendar, based on which a strategy to improve thermal comfort was proposed. Results showed (1) significant differences in solar radiation and wind speed, but not in air temperature and relative humidity between different areas. (2) Different Microclimate parameters affected children's thermal perception in different seasons: solar radiation (G) in winter, air temperature (Ta) in summer. (3) Children tolerate the UTCI changes in winter than in summer. (4) Children's neutral UTCI in winter and summer were 9.7 °C and 17.6 °C, respectively, and its ranges were 2.3–17.1 °C and 13.6–21.7 °C, respectively. The thermal acceptability range by 80% of the interviewed children was 2.1–16.3 °C. (5) Based on these results, a thermal comfort improvement on two dimensions—children and the environment—was implemented. This study enriches basic research on children's outdoor thermal comfort and provides a reference for the construction of urban child-friendly spaces.

Fast power density aware three‐dimensional integrated circuit floorplanning for hard macroblocks using best operator combination genetic algorithm

AbstractIn this article, we propose a fast three‐dimensional integrated circuit (3D‐IC) floorplanning method for hard macroblocks that includes a thermal management scheme. It applies a genetic algorithm constituted by an optimal combination of crossover and mutation operations to identify the optimal solution for design variables, namely, total wire length, number of through‐silicon vias (TSVs), and maximum average layer power density. The proposed method additionally makes use of a unique TSV placement scheme that arranges TSVs next to their respective functional blocks. To enable efficient heat transmission to the ambient environment, layers with higher power densities are placed closer to the heat sink. The proposed 3D‐IC floorplanning approach provides the fewest TSVs, the lowest peak temperature, and promising values of wire length within the least amount of computation time. Compared to the recent fast thermal analysis for fixed‐outline 3D‐floorplanning, it generates 13.14% shorter wire length, 39.27% lower peak temperature, and 34.35% lesser number of TSVs on average with significant improvement in computation time, while analyzing GSRC thermal benchmark circuits.

Outdoor thermal comfort in urban and rural open spaces: A comparative study in China's cold region

To elucidate the differences in thermal perceptions between urban and rural residents in outdoor open spaces, we determined factors influencing outdoor thermal comfort (OTC) of urban and rural residents in Xi'an, China by meteorological measures and questionnaires. Physiological equivalent temperature (PET) was used to determine thermal benchmarks. Factors (i.e., physical, social, individual and psychological) that influenced urban and rural residents' thermal perceptions were analyzed and compared. We found that: 1) The neutral PET (NPET) and preferred PET of rural residents (NPET: 18.83 °C; preferred PET: 27.6 °C) were both higher than those of urban residents (NPET: 16.82 °C; preferred PET: 22.1 °C). The lower limit of the neutral PET range (NPETR) and the thermal acceptable range (TAR) for rural residents (NPETR: 8.97–28.70 °C; TAR: −2.48–36.33 °C) were both lower than these of urban residents (NPETR: 9.28–24.36 °C; TAR: −1.75–34.58 °C), and the upper limit was both higher than these of urban residents. 2) In winter and summer, urban and rural residents were mainly influenced by physical factors. In spring, individual and psychological factors were primary influencers of urban residents' thermal perceptions, while rural residents were mainly influenced by physical factors. 3) A mathematical model comparing thermal sensation and environmental factors was built using multiple linear regressions, proportions of influences of different factors were determined, and the models performed well. Our results could provide a theoretical basis for determining thermal benchmarks between urban and rural residents, and provide technical guidance for designs of urban and rural open spaces concerning thermal comfort.

Study on water cooling island effects under different climatic conditions

Water bodies are regarded as effective tools to improve urban thermal environment. However, there is little information regarding the impacts of the water bodies under different climatic conditions. In this study, the thermal effects of similar water bodies were investigated in a temperate monsoon climate city (Xi’an) and a humid subtropical climate city (Chengdu) in summer. Results showed that both the water bodies reduced the air temperature and increase the humidity in their vicinity, and the closer to the water body the more obvious the effects. However, the water body in Xi’an could provide cooling to its surroundings all day, while the one in Chengdu had warming effect at night. In this study, the universal thermal climate index (UTCI) around the water bodies was also investigated. It was found that both water bodies would improve the thermal comfort in their vicinity, and the thermal comfort achieved by the cooling effect was not cancelled out by the humidity change. In addition, it was found that the actual thermal sensation of the human body can be different for same UTCI values in Xi’an and Chengdu, which indicated the necessity to modify the thermal benchmarks before investigating the thermal comfort in different cities.

Study on outdoor thermal comfort of factory areas during winter in hot summer and cold winter zone of China

The factory area is an important part of the city. Its environment is relatively simple, mainly with large plant buildings and less vegetation, which is easy to form an extreme outdoor thermal environment. However, few studies have focused on how these changes affect outdoor thermal comfort in factory areas. In this study, through field meteorological measurements and questionnaire surveys, outdoor thermal comfort of different built environments in two factory areas in Haining, China, located in the hot summer and cold winter zone, was studied in winter. Combined with thermal comfort indices Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) and Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI), 12 observation sites in factory areas were analyzed to establish the outdoor thermal benchmark suitable for the factory area. The results show that: (1) Thermal comfort was strongly related to thermal sensation. (2) Air temperature and globe temperature were two primary factors affecting workers' thermal sensations. In addition, thermal sensation was negatively correlated with wind speed and relative humidity. (3) The built environment had a significant influence on human thermal sensation and thermal comfort; sky view factor was an important morphology parameter that affected outdoor thermal sensation, and the outdoor thermal sensation improved as it increases. (4) Neutral temperatures of PET and UTCI were 14.3 °C and 15.8 °C; neutral PET range and neutral UTCI range were 10.7–17.8 °C and 12.2–19.4 °C, respectively. These findings could serve as theoretical baselines and guidelines for factory area design.

Spatial differences in thermal comfort in summer in coastal areas: A study on Dalian, China.

Thermal comfort is an important indicator for evaluating the environment of urban public space, and appropriate thermal comfort can effectively prolong the duration of outdoor activities. In the existing studies, there is a lack of thermal comfort comparison between hot spots and cold spots. In this study, we selected the coastal city of Dalian in China as our study area and conducted field investigations on the thermal comfort of two landmark resorts, namely, a downtown commercial street and coastal leisure park. The study was conducted on typical summer days and consisted of interviewing several residents to understand their thermal comfort requirements. We investigated the thermal expectations of the interviewees through meteorological measurements and questionnaires. The universal thermal climate index (UTCI) was used to determine the thermal benchmarks of the on-site subjects. The results indicated that (1) globe temperature and air temperature were the most important factors that affected thermal comfort, followed by relative humidity and wind speed in summer daytime. (2) Shaded spaces are more comfortable than open spaces, and tree shade is preferred over artificial shade in coastal park. (3) The neutral UTCI (NUTCI) of the respondents were 24.1°C (coastal park) and 26.0°C (commercial street); the neutral UTCI ranges (NUTCIR) were 20.8–27.4°C (coastal park) and 23.3–28.7°C (commercial street). (4) The upper thermal acceptable range limits of the coastal park and commercial street were 30.2 and 32.1°C, respectively, which were substantially higher than the upper NUTCIR limit, indicating that the residents in Dalian were well-adapted to hot weather. The results can provide a good reference for determining ideal design strategies to optimize the thermal environment of urban outdoor recreation spaces in summers and improve the quality of life in coastal cities.

McCARD Criticality Benchmark Analyses with Various Evaluated Nuclear Data Libraries

International Criticality Safety Benchmark Evaluation Project (ICSBEP) criticality analyses were conducted using the McCARD Monte Carlo code for 85 selected benchmark problems with 7 evaluated nuclear data libraries (ENDLs): ENDF/B-VII.1, ENDF/B-VIII.0, JENDL-4.0, JENDL-5.0, JEFF-3.3, TENDL-2021, and CENDL-3.2. Regarding the analyses, it was confirmed that the keff results are sensitive to the ENDL. It is noted that the new-version ENDLs show better performance in the fast benchmark cases, while on the other hand, there are no significant differences in keff among the different ENDLs in the thermal benchmark cases. The sensitivity of the keff results depending on the ENDL may impact nuclear core design parameters such as the shutdown margin, critical boron concentration, and power defects. This study and keff results will be a good reference in the development of new types of nuclear cores or new design codes.

Are There Differences in Thermal Comfort Perception of Children in Comparison to Their Caregivers’ Judgments? A Study on the Playgrounds of Parks in China’s Hot Summer and Cold Winter Region

Playgrounds in urban parks are important for children’s physical and mental health, but global warming has led to a worsening outdoor environment and children’s outdoor activities have been affected. Improving the outdoor thermal comfort (OTC) of playgrounds can encourage children to engage in more and safer outdoor activities. However, there are a limited number of studies focusing on preschoolers’ outdoor thermal comfort (OTC) and most of them have substituted children’s thermal comfort with caregivers’ evaluations. To investigate the differences between children’s and caregivers’ evaluations of thermal sensation, thermal benchmarks and thermal adaptive behavior for children, we conducted meteorological measurements on representative playgrounds in three parks in Wuhan, China, and administered thermal perception questionnaires to preschool children and their caregivers. In addition, the Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) was used to establish evaluation criteria for children’s OTC and to make recommendations for the improvement of the playground environment. We draw five conclusions by analyzing 719 valid questionnaires: (1) Children were less sensitive to changes in meteorological factors than caregivers and had better tolerance of cold environments. (2) The NPET for preschoolers was evaluated by children and by caregivers, respectively, as 22.9 °C and 22.3 °C in summer and 10.6 °C and 11.2 °C in winter. (3) Playgrounds in Wuhan’s parks are uncomfortable for a long time in summer and a short time in winter. (4) Both children and caregivers want to improve summer comfort by lowering the temperature and winter comfort by increasing solar radiation. At the same time, children and caregivers show different preferences in adaptive behavior choices. (5) Adding deciduous trees and water play facilities can improve the site thermal environment. Furthermore, the OTC of humans can be improved by adding more service facilities on playgrounds.

Research on Outdoor Thermal Comfort and Activities in Residential Areas in Subtropical China

Public spaces in residential areas are the main places for the daily activities of residents, and thermally comfortable activity space is particularly important for promoting the activities and public health of residents. Previous studies have mostly focused on tropical regions, with less research on outdoor thermal comfort in subtropical regions. In this study, we aimed to investigate outdoor thermal benchmarks and outdoor activities in summer subtropical residential areas. Through physical measurements, questionnaires, and field observations, four residential areas in Changsha city were studied. The outdoor thermal comfort and activity of residents were studied with the physiological equivalent temperature (PET) as a model. The results showed that: (1) the neutral PET and neutral PET ranges for residents were 26.2 °C and 24.7–27.8 °C, respectively, and the range of 90% acceptable PET was lower than 28.5 °C; (2) globe temperature and air temperature were the primary factors influencing the thermal sensation of the residents; and (3) residents adapted to the thermal environment by adjusting their activity time and space in summer. These results help us to better understand the outdoor thermal comfort and activities of people living in subtropical regions and can provide guidance for the design of future residential open spaces.

Outdoor Cold Stress and Cold Risk for Children during Winter: A Study in China’s Severe Cold Regions

This study uses the universal thermal climate index (UTCI) and whole-body and local cooling assessment to determine the thermal benchmarks and cold risk for children in China’s severe cold regions. The relevant measurements and survey were conducted in four open spaces at a children’s park in Harbin, China. The findings of the study are as follows: (1) In winter, solar radiation and global temperature affects winter thermal sensation in male and female children the most. (2) Female children have a lower neutral UTCI (6.0 °C) than male children (7.3 °C), and female children have lower upper and lower thresholds of the neutral UTCI range (−1.3–13.4 °C) than male children (0.6–14.1 °C). (3) Children who engaged in light-intensity activities, were exposed to cold winds, and touched cold surfaces with their bare fingers are at risk of whole-body and local cooling. (4) Children prefer exercising (PFemale = 35.5%, PMale = 48.3%) and moving to sunshine for thermal adaptation (PFemale = 31.1%, PMale = 26.4%). (5) Winter travel guidelines, cold-risk-prevention measures, and safety guidelines for winter outdoor activities are proposed. The results provide references for the design of open spaces in urban parks in China’s severe cold regions.

Variations in outdoor thermal comfort in an urban park in the hot-summer and cold-winter region of China

• Outdoor thermal comfort is evaluated in an urban park in a hot-summer and cold-winter region of China (Chengdu). • Machine learning techniques are applied to determine the (nonlinear) relationship between thermal sensation vote and meteorological factors. • The effect of landscape spaces on human thermal comfort varies across the season. • NTR of PET is 6.79 °C to 19.90 °C, and NTR of UTCI is 13.27 °C to 27.25 °C. TAR of PET is 2.8 °C to 21.9 °C, and TAR of UTCI is 8.1 °C to 28.3 °C. Global warming and rapid urbanization have exacerbated the urban heat island effect. Urban parks contribute to alleviating such an effect and achieving the “carbon emission peak before 2030” and “carbon neutrality before 2060” goals of China. Their popularity is considerably influenced by human thermal comfort. However, limited thermal comfort studies have been conducted in the hot-summer and cold-winter region of China. This study examines human thermal comfort in different landscapes of an urban park in Chengdu and determines the thermal benchmarks. A machine learning (random forest) analysis shows that human thermal sensation is affected by different meteorological factors in different seasons. In addition, the influences of landscape space on human thermal comfort have considerable differences in different seasons. Residents prefer strong solar radiation in winter but fast wind speed in summer. UTCI (universal thermal climate index) is better than PET (physiological equivalent temperature) for outdoor thermal comfort assessment in the study area. This study serves as a valuable baseline and technical reference, contributing to sustainable urban park design.

The Application of the Combined Fission Matrix Theory in Fast Reactors

The combined fission matrix theory is a recently-developed hybrid neutron transport method. It features high efficiency, fidelity, and resolution whole-core transport calculation. The theory is based on the assumption that the fission matrix element ai,j is dominated by the property of the destination cell i. This assumption can be well explained in thermal reactors, and the combined fission matrix method has been validated in a series of thermal neutron system benchmarks. This work examines the feasibility of the combined fission matrix theory in fast reactors. The European Sodium Fast Reactor is used as the numerical benchmark. Compared to the Monte Carlo method, the combined fission matrix theory reports a 64 pcm keff difference and 8.3% 2D RMS error. The error is much larger than that in thermal reactors, and the correction ratio cannot significantly reduce the material discontinuity error in fast reactors. Overall, the combined fission matrix theory is more suited for thermal reactor transport calculations. Its application in fast reactors needs further developments.

Factors influencing resident and tourist outdoor thermal comfort: A comparative study in China's cold region

Thermal comfort and environmental health in scenic open spaces, a communication bridge between tourists and their environment, are prerequisites for tourism activities. In this study, scenic open spaces in an urban area of Xi'an, China were selected. Thermal perception (thermal sensation, comfort and acceptability) of residents and tourists were investigated through meteorological measurement and questionnaire survey. Physiological equivalent temperature (PET) was used to determine thermal benchmarks of all visitors to the site. Variables that influence individual thermal perception assessment (physical, individual, society and psychology) were measured and compared. Finally, a series of strategies and suggestions were proposed based on meteorological characteristics and influencing factors of thermal perception from perspectives of designers and scenic spot managers. Results show that: 1) Neutral PET (NPET) of respondents were 17.3 °C (residents) and 15.5 °C (tourists). Neutral PET ranges (NPETR) were 8.9–25.8 °C (residents) and 7.2–23.8 °C (tourists). Preferred PET values were 20.1 °C (residents) and 19.7 °C (tourists). Thermal acceptability ranges (TAR) were 6.3–37.8 °C (residents) and 0.5–39.9 °C (tourists). 2) In winter, physical factors were primary influencers of residents' thermal perception, followed by social factors, while tourists' thermal perception was mainly influenced by physical factors. In spring, physical factors were still the primary influencers for residents, followed by individual factors. Physical factors were also dominant for tourists, followed by psychological. In summer, physical factors were the major influencing factors for residents and tourists' thermal perceptions.