Thermal-aware Routing Algorithm Research Articles

Thermal-aware routing algorithm in partially connected 3D NoC with dynamic availability for elevators

Thermal-aware routing algorithm in partially connected 3D NoC with dynamic availability for elevators

Thermal-aware directional and adaptive routing algorithm for 3D network-on-chip

Due to the tier architecture <span lang="EN-US">of 3D network-on-chip (3D-NoC), reducing the thermal hotspot within the chip is challenging as a cooling mechanism that lies merely on the single side of a chip. High power density in 3D NoC is responsible for reliability degradation and thermal difficulties. Thermal-aware routing becomes substantial to handle thermal difficulties and diffusion of heat to the cooler regions. Thermal-aware routing focuses on bypassing hotspot areas by selecting cooler areas. Existing thermal-aware routing algorithms adopt slightly cooler but longer and extended paths, due to lack of ability to know the proximity of the destination's location, which aggravate thermal issues. This work presents a novel thermal-aware directional and adaptive routing algorithm. Objective of the proposed algorithm is to strive to find the best possible neighbour to reach closer to the proximity of the destination. The proposed algorithm can adaptively choose any suitable neighbour that can lead packets closer to the destination at each intermediate node. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated and compared with existing thermal-aware routing algorithm in a simulator environment. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method outperformed its counterpart in terms of average delay with 11-26% improvement, total hop counts with 8-24% reduction under various traffic conditions and improvement in overall thermal profiling of the chip.</span>

Temperature-aware routing protocol for Intrabody Nanonetworks

Intrabody Nanonetworks (IBN) are composed of nanosensors that have tremendous potential to enable cellular level monitoring and precision in drug delivery and diagnosis. Nanoscale communication using Electromagnetic (EM) waves propagation in the Terahertz (THz) band suffers from molecular absorption noise that has been regarded as the leading cause of heat generation along with antenna communication radiations. In the presented work, we propose a novel Temperature–Aware routing protocol (TA-IBN) that explicitly addresses the thermal related constraints of IBN. The proposed routing scheme aims at stabilizing the temperature in the whole network by avoiding congestion and preventing temperature rise in the heated regions. To avoid temperature rise, nanorouters estimate the temperature increase in their region and excludes data collection from the hotspots areas. Moreover, during data collection, nanonodes’ selection is also optimized based on data freshness to enable reporting of a more accurate state of physiological parameters with minimized antenna radiation exposure time. The temperature increase analysis provided in this work can also be used for safety health assessment in medical applications. We have evaluated the performance of TA-IBN by conducting extensive simulations using the Nano-SIM tool. In addition, we compare TA-IBN with the flooding scheme and Thermal-Aware Routing Algorithm (TARA) to gain further insights into our proposed protocol TA-IBN. The results obtained confirm that our protocol ensures safer intrabody routing and traffic distribution in different regions to normalize temperature rise, avoid congestion, and reduce the communication delay.

Thermal-aware Dynamic Weighted Adaptive Routing Algorithm for 3D Network-on-Chip

3D Network-on-Chip NoC based systems have severe thermal problems due to the stacking of dies and disproportionate cooling efficiency of different layers. While adaptive routing can help with thermal issues, current routing algorithms are either thermally imbalanced or suffer from traffic congestion. In this work a novel thermal aware dynamic weighted adaptive routing algorithm has been proposed that takes traffic and temperature information into account and prevents packets being routed across congested and thermally aggravated areas. Dynamic weighted model will consider parameters related to congestion and thermal issues and provide a balanced suitable approach according to the current scenario at each node. The efficiency of the proposed algorithm is analyzed and evaluated with state-of-the-art thermal-aware routing algorithms using a simulation environment. Results obtained from the simulation shows that the proposed algorithm has performed better in terms of global average delay with 17-33 percent improvement and better thermal profiling under various synthetic traffic conditions.

Q-Thermal: A Q-Learning-Based Thermal-Aware Routing Algorithm for 3-D Network On-Chips

The multilayer structure of 3-D network-on-chips (3-D NoC) leads to the unequal thermal conductance between different layers and, as a result, an unbalanced thermal distribution in the chip. This issue leads to the low reliability and performance degradation of 3-D NoCs. To ensure thermal safety, 3-D NoCs require effective cooling methods. Several thermal-aware routing algorithms have been proposed to route packets in a way which helps mitigation of imbalance temperature distribution. To have a thermal-aware path selection and safety thermal distribution, we propose a new thermal-aware routing method based on the Q-learning algorithm (Q-Thermal). In our method, thermal information propagates over the network using ordinary network packets. Thanks to the Q-learning algorithm that keeps always the thermal information of routers up-to-date that causes routers steer packets toward the cooler paths (laterally or vertically). Based on the experimental results, Q-Thermal reduces the heat and temperature of different layers of 3-D NoCs significantly in comparison with the previous state-of-the-art techniques. Q-Thermal leads to a balanced thermal distribution in the stacked layers of the chip and it improves the network performance considerably.

Towards a Secure Thermal-Energy Aware Routing Protocol in Wireless Body Area Network Based on Blockchain Technology.

The emergence of biomedical sensor devices, wireless communication, and innovation in other technologies for healthcare applications result in the evolution of a new area of research that is termed as Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs). WBAN originates from Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), which are used for implementing many healthcare systems integrated with networks and wireless devices to ensure remote healthcare monitoring. WBAN is a network of wearable devices implanted in or on the human body. The main aim of WBAN is to collect the human vital signs/physiological data (like ECG, body temperature, EMG, glucose level, etc.) round-the-clock from patients that demand secure, optimal and efficient routing techniques. The efficient, secure, and reliable designing of routing protocol is a difficult task in WBAN due to its diverse characteristic and restraints, such as energy consumption and temperature-rise of implanted sensors. The two significant constraints, overheating of nodes and energy efficiency must be taken into account while designing a reliable blockchain-enabled WBAN routing protocol. The purpose of this study is to achieve stability and efficiency in the routing of WBAN through managing temperature and energy limitations. Moreover, the blockchain provides security, transparency, and lightweight solution for the interoperability of physiological data with other medical personnel in the healthcare ecosystem. In this research work, the blockchain-based Adaptive Thermal-/Energy-Aware Routing (ATEAR) protocol for WBAN is proposed. Temperature rise, energy consumption, and throughput are the evaluation metrics considered to analyze the performance of ATEAR for data transmission. In contrast, transaction throughput, latency, and resource utilization are used to investigate the outcome of the blockchain system. Hyperledger Caliper, a benchmarking tool, is used to evaluate the performance of the blockchain system in terms of CPU utilization, memory, and memory utilization. The results show that by preserving residual energy and avoiding overheated nodes as forwarders, high throughput is achieved with the ultimate increase of the network lifetime. Castalia, a simulation tool, is used to evaluate the performance of the proposed protocol, and its comparison is made with Multipath Ring Routing Protocol (MRRP), thermal-aware routing algorithm (TARA), and Shortest-Hop (SHR). Evaluation results illustrate that the proposed protocol performs significantly better in balancing of temperature (to avoid damaging heat effect on the body tissues) and energy consumption (to prevent the replacement of battery and to increase the embedded sensor node life) with efficient data transmission achieving a high throughput value.

A Thermal Aware Routing Algorithm for a Wireless Body Area Network

Implanted biological sensors in an in-vivo Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) have a wide range of medical applications. However, such sensors generate heat while sensing or communicating data to the sink node or the base station. A rise in the temperature of a sensor node above a threshold may damage the surrounding tissues. In this paper, we propose a thermal aware routing algorithm that considers the priority of the data to be sent while maintaining the temperature within a permissible limit. The empirical studies show that the proposed routing algorithm achieves a higher packet delivery ratio and lower delivery latency as compared to the existing routing algorithms for Body Area Networks. It is also evident from the experimental analysis that the proposed algorithm ensures that more number of high priority packets reach the sink node. Moreover, the proposed algorithm has a uniform temperature distribution. The algorithmic procedure is designed in such a way that less number of the nodes are made hotspot nodes.

Adaptive Thermal-Aware Routing Protocol for Wireless Body Area Network

The recent advancement in information technology and evolving of the (IoT) shifted the traditional medical approach to patient-oriented approach (e.g., Telemedicine/Telemonitoring). IoT permits several services including sensing, processing and communicating information with physical and bio-medical constraints. Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) handles the issues pertaining to the medical purposes in the form of sensor nodes and connected network. The WBAN takes human physiological data as an input to subsequently monitor the patient conditions that are transferred to other IoT components for analysis. Such monitoring and analysis demand a cohesive routing approach to ensure the safe and in-time transfer of data. The temperature rise of bio-medical sensor nodes makes the entire routing operation very crucial because the temperature of implanted nodes rises and ultimately damages body tissues. This needs dispersion in data transmission among different nodes by opting various available routes while avoiding temperature rise. In this paper, we present Adaptive Thermal-Aware Routing algorithm for WBAN. The ATAR is designed to overcome the temperature rise issue of implanted bio-medical sensors nodes. The new protocol is based on Multi-Ring Routing approach to find an alternative route in the case of increasing temperature. The simulation results indicate that proposed protocol is more efficient in terms of temperature rise and throughput than existing approaches.

SAFT-PHENIC: a thermal-aware microring fault-resilient photonic NoC

Photonic networks-on-chip are currently being researched by many different groups. It is believed that this technology will be the future of many-core computing thanks to their advantages in bandwidth, power efficiency, and propagation speed. Related research has mainly addressed network topology, router micro-architecture design, as well as performance and power optimization and analysis. However, the key optical device in PNoC systems, microring resonators (MRs) are very sensitive to temperature fluctuation and manufacturing errors. A single MR failure can cause messages to be misdelivered or lost, which results in bandwidth loss or even complete failure of the whole system. This can be caused by a change in just a few degrees Celsius. In this paper, we present a thermal-aware routing algorithm which attempts to combat the fluctuations in heat across a chip. We used a traffic and fault-aware algorithm which attempts to avoid using a single node too much and avoids it even more if faulty MRs are overtaking the circuit. This system showed a 38% reduction in the peak energy of the nodes in the photonic network. The system was also able to maintain functionality with minimal degradation up until 15% of MRs had failed and remained functional until 30% of MRs had failed.

Kalman Predictor-Based Proactive Dynamic Thermal Management for 3-D NoC Systems With Noisy Thermal Sensors

Thermal sensor noise has a great impact on the efficiency and effectiveness of a dynamic thermal management (DTM) strategy. To address the problem of forecasting temperature based on noisy thermal sensors, we first propose a Kalman-based runtime thermal prediction scheme. To obtain accurate temperature predictions, a multivariate linear power model and a physically-based state space thermal model for 3-D network-on-chip are also proposed. Simulation results show that it reduces the standard deviations of the prediction error by 46%–53% compared with the auto-regressive based one under sensor noise with ${\sigma =2}$ . Conventional reactive DTM techniques suffer from significant performance degradation due to their pessimistic reaction, thus, based on the proposed prediction scheme, we further propose a proactive DTM strategy that primarily consists of a thermal-aware routing algorithm and a proactive throttling scheme: 1) to take into account both thermal and congestion issues, we propose a proactive congestion and thermal aware routing algorithm. Simulation results demonstrate that it can achieve better throughput as well as approach better thermal balance. Specifically, under uniform traffic, the proposed scheme reduces the maximum chip temperature by about 3.9 °C and achieves 78.3% higher throughput compared with the competing thermal optimization approach based on dynamic programming network and 2) when the temperature exceeds the threshold, existing coarse-grained reactive throttling schemes cool down the overheated nodes at the penalty of significant performance loss. In this paper, a proactive quota-based throttling scheme is proposed. Simulation results show that it improves the throughput up to 11.1% compared with the reactive throttling schemes.

A Telemedicine Application to Schedule Temperature in an In Vivo Sensor Network for Cancer Treatment

Wireless communication has played a significant role in modern healthcare systems. However, the death toll from chronic diseases, such as cancer, continues to increase. Hyperthermia combined with radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy is a promising strategy for cancer treatment, and temperature control is critical for the success of this intervention. In vivo sensors are an emerging technology in healthcare. Thermal awareness has also received attention in in vivo sensor research. In this context, we have been motivated to use in vivo sensors to regulate the temperature changes in cancer cells during combined treatment. Limitations in existing in vivo thermal-aware routing algorithms motivated us to use the in vivo "lightweight rendezvous routing" approach. However, smartphone-driven telemedicine applications are proliferating to provide remote healthcare and collaborative consultation, required in combined therapies. In this context, we have proposed a telemedicine application where a smartphone not only regulates temperature scheduling in in vivo sensors, but also communicates with local or remote clinicians to maintain collaborative efforts for combined therapies against cancer.

Temperature-Aware Routing for Telemedicine Applications in Embedded Biomedical Sensor Networks

Biomedical sensors, called invivo sensors, are implanted in human bodies, and cause some harmful effects on surrounding body tissues. Particularly, temperature rise of the invivo sensors is dangerous for surrounding tissues, and a high temperature may damage them from a long term monitoring. In this paper, we propose a thermal-aware routing algorithm, called least total-route-temperature (LTRT) protocol, in which nodes temperatures are converted into graph weights, and minimum temperature routes are obtained. Furthermore, we provide an extensive simulation evaluation for comparing several other related schemes. Simulation results show the advantages of the proposed scheme.

Hotspot Preventing Routing algorithm for delay-sensitive applications of in vivo biomedical sensor networks

Networks of implanted biomedical sensor nodes promise to give a new direction to medical research. The in vivo sensor nodes collect desired biometric data and communicate the data wirelessly to a base-station through a multi-hop network. The wireless communication produces heat, leading to a rise in the temperature of the nodes. A high temperature of the in vivo nodes for a prolonged period is not desired as it might damage the surrounding tissues. Medical applications are also often delay-sensitive. In this paper, we propose Hotspot Preventing Routing (HPR) algorithm that performs much better than the shortest hop routing algorithm and the previously proposed Thermal Aware Routing Algorithm (TARA) in terms of preventing the formation of hotspots and reducing the average packet delivery delay by dynamically adapting to the network load. The simulation results presented also show that the HPR algorithm is highly scalable, increases the operational life of the network and helps reduce the number of packets dropped.