Analysis Of Thermal Parameters Research Articles

Inversion Analysis for Thermal Parameters of Mass Concrete Based on the Sparrow Search Algorithm Improved by Mixed Strategies

In the traditional mass concrete temperature field calculation, the accuracy of the thermal parameters is extremely important. However, the actual thermal parameters of mass concrete may have some errors with the laboratory-measured values or specification values due to the site ambient temperature, concrete surface insulation measures, cooling water flow, etc. Therefore, it can be combined with the measured temperature of the field temperature sensors using the sparrow search algorithm (SSA) for the inverse analysis of thermal parameters. Firstly, to address the problem that SSA has low convergence accuracy and easily falls into local optimum, a mixed strategy was adopted to improve the algorithm, including Logistic Chaos mapping initialization of the population, the introduction of adaptive weighting factors, and the use of the Cauchy mutation strategy. Then, the performance test was carried out to compare the performance of the algorithm with three different intelligent algorithms and reflect the superiority of the SSA that was improved by mixed strategies (SSAIMSs). Finally, the proposed method was applied to the thermal parameter inversion of a mass concrete pile cap. The inversion results demonstrated that SSAIMSs can improve the accuracy and speed of thermal parameter inversion, and the calculated results of the thermal parameters and temperatures obtained using the SSAIMSs matched well with the measured results in the field, which can meet the accuracy requirements of the actual engineering.

Long-Term Comparative Life Cycle Assessment, Cost, and Comfort Analysis of Heavyweight vs. Lightweight Construction Systems in a Mediterranean Climate

Massive construction systems have always characterized traditional architecture and are currently the most prevalent, straightforward, and cost-effective in many Mediterranean countries. However, in recent years, the construction industry has gradually shifted towards using lightweight, dry construction techniques. This study aims to assess the effects on energy consumption, comfort levels, and environmental sustainability resulting from the adoption of five high-performance construction systems in a multi-family residential building: (i) reinforced concrete structure with low-transmittance thermal block infill; (ii) reinforced concrete structure with light-clay bricks and outer thermal insulation; (iii) steel frame; (iv) cross-laminated timber (CLT); (v) timber-steel hybrid structure. To achieve this goal, a multidisciplinary approach was employed, including the analysis of thermal parameters, the evaluation of indoor comfort through the adaptive model and Fanger’s PMV, and the quantification of environmental and economic impacts through life cycle assessment and life cycle cost applied in a long-term analysis (ranging from 30 to 100 years). The results highlight that heavyweight construction systems are the most effective in terms of comfort, cost, and long-term environmental impact (100 years), while lightweight construction systems generally have higher construction costs, provide lower short-term environmental impacts (30 years), and offer intermediate comfort depending on the thermal mass.

Investigation on effect of different types of inoculants on the solidification of ductile cast iron using thermal analysis

PurposeProducing superior-quality ductile cast iron demands the use of various intricate inoculants. In addition to iron and silicon, these materials also include alloying elements like calcium, barium, cerium, bismuth and zirconium. These elements are effective in minimizing carbide solidification and enhancing the formation of eutectic cells, thereby resulting in improved cast iron quality.Design/methodology/approachThis article discusses the findings of an investigation on how various inoculants impact critical thermal analysis parameters such as undercooling, recalescence and their correlation with the nucleation of graphite nodules and shrinkage tendency.FindingsFor the study, five distinct inoculants with varying active components in their chemical composition were utilized. The particular formulation of the inoculant has a notable impact on the extent of undercooling during the solidifying process of ductile cast iron. Investigation indicates that incorporating inoculant reduces the temperature at which austenite dendrites form and raises the eutectic freezing temperature. Upon analyzing the microstructure, it is found that the inclusion of inoculation led to a rise in the nodule count from 103 to 272 nodules.Originality/valueAn increased graphite factor, which denotes the growth of graphite nodules during the subsequent stage of the eutectic reaction, supports the benefits of inoculation. Ce and Bi-inoculation have increased the growth of graphite nodules in the cast area during solidification compared to other inoculant formulations. This enhanced production helps in decreasing the size of macroporosity.

Thermal effects and biological response of breast and pancreatic cancer cells undergoing gold nanorod-assisted photothermal therapy

To increase the therapeutic efficacy of nanoparticle (NP)-assisted photothermal therapy (PTT) and allow for a transition toward the clinical setting, it is pivotal to characterize the thermal effect induced in cancer cells and correlate it with the cell biological response, namely cell viability and cell death pathways. This study quantitatively evaluated the effects of gold nanorod (GNR)-assisted near-infrared (NIR) PTT on two different cancer cell lines, the 4T1 triple-negative breast cancer cells and the Pan02 pancreatic cancer cells. The interaction between nanomaterials and biological matrices was investigated in terms of GNR internalization and effect on cell viability at different GNR concentrations. GNR-mediated PTT was executed on both cell lines, at the same treatment settings to allow a straightforward comparison, and real-time monitored through thermographic imaging. A thermal analysis based on various parameters (i.e., maximum absolute temperature, maximum temperature change, temperature variation profile, area under the time-temperature change curve, effective thermal enhancement (ETE), and time constants) was performed to evaluate the treatment thermal outcome. While GNR treatment and NIR laser irradiation alone did not cause cell toxicity in the selected settings, their combination induced a significant reduction of cell viability in both cell lines. At the optimal experimental condition (i.e., 6 μg/mL of GNRs and 4.5 W/cm2 laser power density), GNR-assisted PTT reduced the cell viability of 4T1 and Pan02 cells by 94% and 87% and it was associated with maximum temperature changes of 25 °C and 29 °C (i.e., ∼1.8-fold increase compared to the laser-only condition), maximum absolute temperatures of 55 °C and 54 °C, and ETE values of 78% and 81%, for 4T1 and Pan02 cells, correspondingly. Also, the increase in the GNR concentration led to a decrease in the time constants, denoting faster heating kinetics upon irradiation. Furthermore, the thermal analysis parameters were correlated with the extent of cell death. Twelve hours after NIR exposure, GNR-assisted PTT was found to mainly trigger secondary apoptosis in both cell lines. The proposed study provides relevant insights into the relationship between temperature history and biological responses in the context of PTT. The findings contribute to the development of a universal methodology for evaluating thermal sensitivity upon NP-assisted PTT on different cell types and lay the groundwork for future translational studies.

Experimental and numerical investigation on optimization of welding parameters and prediction of temperature distribution during shielded metal arc welding of ultra high hard armor steel joints

In this investigation, Ultra-high Hard Armor (UHA) steel plate by Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) process using the Austenitic Stainless Steel (ASS) electrode. In the first part of this investigation, using the finite element method (FEM), thermal analysis parameters were optimized using bead on plate welds in software code, known as SYSWELD. In the second part, using optimized parameters, a coupled thermo-mechanical analysis on multipass welded fabrication was carried out. Weld thermal cycles were analyzed by simulation and compared with experimentally measured temperature profiles. A double ellipsoidal heat source model was used to simulate the SMAW process. The heating rate and cooling rate were calculated along with residual stresses. This range of heating and cooling rate resulted in untempered martensite in the heat-affected zone (HAZ), confirmed by microstructure analysis and hardness mapping. Good validation was found between the measured and simulated 2D model with a 4–10% variation. This study suggests that numerical simulation is the capable technique in understanding the thermal and mechanical properties that influence the welding of ultra-high hard armor steels joints.

A Finite Element Method Study on a Simulation of the Thermal Behaviour of Four Methods for the Restoration of Class II Cavities.

The possibility of dental pulp damage during dental procedures is well known. According to studies, during finishing and polishing without cooling, temperatures of up to 140 °C or more can be generated. There are many studies that have analysed the influence of the finishing and polishing of fillings on the mechanical parameters, but the analysis of thermal parameters has led to uncertain results due to the difficulty of performing this in vivo. Background: We set out to conduct a study, using the finite element method, to determine the extent to which the type of class II cavity and the volume of the composite filling influence the duration of heat transfer to the pulp during finishing and polishing without cooling. Materials and Methods: A virtual model of an upper primary molar was used, with a caries process located on the distal aspect, in which four types of cavities were digitally prepared: direct access, horizontal slot, vertical slot and occlusal-proximal. All four cavity types were filled using a Filtek Supreme XT nanocomposite. Results: The study showed that the filling volume almost inversely proportionally influences the time at which the dental pulp reaches the critical temperature of irreversible damage. The lowest duration occurred in occlusal-distal restorations and the highest in direct access restorations. Conclusions: based on the results of the study, a working protocol can be issued so that finishing and polishing restorations without cooling are safe for pulpal health.

Predicting the core thermal hydraulic parameters with a gated recurrent unit model based on the soft attention mechanism

Accurately predicting the thermal hydraulic parameters of a transient reactor core under different working conditions is the first step toward reactor safety. Mass flow rate and temperature are important parameters of core thermal hydraulics, which have often been modeled as time series prediction problems. This study aims to achieve accurate and continuous prediction of core thermal hydraulic parameters under instantaneous conditions, as well as test the feasibility of a newly constructed gated recurrent unit (GRU) model based on the soft attention mechanism for core parameter predictions. Herein, the China Experimental Fast Reactor (CEFR) is used as the research object, and CEFR 1/2 core was taken as subject to carry out continuous predictive analysis of thermal parameters under transient conditions., while the subchannel analysis code named SUBCHANFLOW is used to generate the time series of core thermal-hydraulic parameters. The GRU model is used to predict the mass flow and temperature time series of the core. The results show that compared to the adaptive radial basis function neural network, the GRU network model produces better prediction results. The average relative error for temperature is less than 0.5 % when the step size is 3, and the prediction effect is better within 15 s. The average relative error of mass flow rate is less than 5 % when the step size is 10, and the prediction effect is better in the subsequent 12 s. The GRU model not only shows a higher prediction accuracy, but also captures the trends of the dynamic time series, which is useful for maintaining reactor safety and preventing nuclear power plant accidents. Furthermore, it can provide long-term continuous predictions under transient reactor conditions, which is useful for engineering applications and improving reactor safety.

Investigation on effect of carbon equivalent and inoculation on the solidification and shrinkage tendency of ductile cast iron using thermal analysis

PurposeThe foundry industry incurs additional costs as a result of defective castings. Shrinkage defects are a frequent problem in ductile iron castings. It is still essential to understand how shrinkage porosity varies in size when the ductile iron composition changes. This information can be used to produce high-quality cast parts and determine the best processing conditions. The objective of this research paper is to examine the effect of carbon equivalent and inoculation on the morphology of the shrinkage defect using thermal analysis.Design/methodology/approachThis study focuses on certain thermal analysis parameters, such as the angle of the first derivative curve at the solidus temperature, recalescence and its relationships to graphite nucleation and shrinkage tendency. The results of thermal analysis in terms of the cooling curve and its derivative parameters, and thorough characterizations of the shrinkage observed in cup castings produced with various melt compositions and inoculation are presented in the current study.FindingsThe proportion of caved surfaces and macro shrinkage porosity defects has been reduced as the carbon equivalent of melt increases from hypoeutectic to a hypereutectic composition. The composition that is slightly hypereutectic has the lowest shrinkage propensity. Although inoculation reduces shrinkage, the importance of this parameter differs depending on the carbon equivalent.Originality/valueThe percentage of macro shrinkage porosity and the angle that the cooling rate curve forms are strongly correlated. It is found that the macro shrinkage size decreases as the angle of the first derivative curve at the solidus temperature is reduced. Further, lower macroporosity is produced by a metal that has a higher nodule count in association with a greater cooling rate toward the end of the solidification process.

Multiple faults diagnosis for ocean-going marine diesel engines based on different neural network algorithms.

Fault diagnosis technologies for ocean-going marine diesel engines play an important role in the safety and reliability of ship navigation. Although many fault diagnosis technologies have achieved acceptable results for single fault of diesel engines, the diagnosis of multiple faults is rarely involved. Due to the strong correlation, non-linearity and randomness of multiple faults, it is extremely difficult to make an accurate diagnosis. In this study, diagnosis methods based on thermal parametric analysis combined with different neural network algorithms were established and used for the diagnosis of multiple faults in the ocean-going marine diesel engine. The results show that the Levenberg Marquardt back propagation neural network has the highest diagnostic accuracy rate of 88.89% and 100% for multiple faults and single faults, respectively, and its diagnostic time is also relatively short, 0.78 s. The Bayesian regularization back propagation neural network can give a diagnostic accuracy rate of 100% for single faults, but for multiple faults, the diagnostic accuracy rate is only 55.56%, and the diagnosis time for the entire sample is the longest. As for the probabilistic neural network, although it has the fastest diagnosis speed, it has the lowest diagnostic accuracy rate for both single faults and multiple faults. The results may provide references for the online diagnosis of single faults and multiple faults in ocean-going marine diesel engines.

Sensitivity Analysis of Thermal Parameters Affecting the Peak Cladding Temperature of Fuel Assembly

Sensitivity Analysis of Thermal Parameters Affecting the Peak Cladding Temperature of Fuel Assembly

Investigations on ammonium O, O dicetyl dithiophosphate (ADCTP) as a novel antistatic additive for kerosene fuel - an exploratory study

In this study, an organic ligand ADCTP (Ammonium O, O dicetyl dithiophosphate) was synthesized and used as an antistatic additive for the first time in the kerosene fuel. The ignition hazard assessment of the ADCTP dispersed kerosene fuel was evaluated from three aspects: Physical phase structure analysis, thermal analysis and process safety parameters analysis. The physical state and thermal analysis were characterized using experimental techniques such as UV visible spectroscopy (UV), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). In order to determine the process safety parameters, the antistatic doped fuel was manifested in terms of electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, viscosity, stability, aging, and relaxation time. The results indicated an enhancement of electrical conductivity of the kerosene fuel up to 790 pS/m for 1000 ppm addition of ADCTP ligand and it will dissipate the generated and accumulated static charges. The ADCTP dispersed fuel was found to be thermally stable up to 200 °C. A laudable reduction in the relaxation time of static charges from 3 sec to 0.04 sec was also observed. This study revealed that, the organic ligand ADCTP is found to be a potential additive to reduce the ignition hazards.

Simulation Study on Sunshine Temperature Field of a Concrete Box Girder of the Cable-Stayed Bridge

This paper investigates the distribution of the sunshine temperature field in bridge structures. To implement thermodynamic boundary conditions on the structure under the influence of sunshine, this study utilized the FILM and DFLUX subroutines provided by ABAQUS. Based on this method, the sunshine temperature field of the concrete box girder of a cable-stayed bridge was analyzed. The results showed that the simulated temperature values were in good agreement with the measured values. The temperature difference between the internal and external surfaces of the box girder under the influence of sunshine was significant, with the maximum negative temperature difference appearing around 6:00 a.m. and the maximum positive temperature difference appearing around 2:00 p.m. The temperature gradient of the box girder section calculated by the method presented a C-shaped distribution pattern, which differs from the double-line distribution pattern specified in the current “General Specifications for Design of Highway Bridges and Culverts” in China (JTG D60-2015). Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis of thermal parameters using the proposed simulation method for the sunshine temperature field of the concrete box girder was conducted, and the results indicated that the solar radiation absorption coefficient had a significant impact on the temperature field. A 30% increase or decrease in the solar radiation absorption coefficient caused the maximum temperature change on the surface of the structure to exceed 10 °C. This paper provides an accurate simulation of the sunshine temperature field of the concrete box girder of a cable-stayed bridge, and the research results are significant for controlling bridge alignment and stress state during the construction period, ensuring the reasonable initial operating state of the bridge, and enhancing the sustainability of the structure.

Modelling of the fire impact on CONSTOR RBMK-1500 cask thermal behavior in the open interim storage site

Spent nuclear fuel and long-lived radioactive waste must be carefully handled before disposing them off to a geological repository. After the pre-storage period in water pools, spent nuclear fuel is stored in casks, which are widely used for interim storage. Interim storage in casks is very important part in the whole cycle of nuclear energy generation. This paper presents the results of the numerical study that was performed to evaluate the thermal behavior of a metal-concrete CONSTOR RBMK–1500 cask loaded with spent nuclear fuel and placed in an open type interim storage facility which is under fire conditions (steady-state, fire, post-fire). The modelling was performed using the ANSYS Fluent code. Also, a local sensitivity analysis of thermal parameters on temperature variation was performed. The analysis demonstrated that the maximum increase in the fuel load temperatures is about 10 °C and 8 °C for 30 min 800 °C and 60 min 600 °C fires respectively. Therefore, during the fire and the post-fire periods, the fuel load temperatures did not exceed the 300°C limiting temperature set for an RBMK SNF cladding for long-term storage. This ensures that fire accident does not cause overheating of fuel rods in a cask.

Numerical study on effective thermal conductivity of the compacted superconducting magnet

Effective thermal conductivity (ETC) is an important parameter for thermal analysis of superconducting coils. In this paper, the analytical expression of the ETC of the adiabatic and closely compacted superconducting magnet is given, which provides a convenient and accurate method for calculating this parameter. Based on the thermal resistance model, a unit cell of coil is selected as the research object to educe the expression. The calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental data in the literature, which shows the rationality of the analytical expression. This paper further discuss about the effects of some factors on ETC. The results suggest that the thermal conductivity of insulation has a linear effect on the radial and axial ETC, while the specific residual resistivity ratio (RRR) of the copper matrix is positively correlated with the circumferential ETC. The circumferential ETC increases rapidly with the increase of the Cu-to-NbTi ratio (Cu/NbTi). However, when Cu / NbTi ratio is greater than 10, the increase of circumferential ETC is very small.

Sol-gel auto-combustion, structural and morphological properties of Co60 γ-ray irradiated ZnFe2O4 NPs

In this study, we used the sol-gel auto-combustion method to make zinc ferrite nanoparticles (ZnFe2O4 NPs) utilizing glycine as a fuel to boost the chemical reaction in the right direction, following the propellant chemistry protocols. The influence of preparation conditions and sintering temperature kept during the synthesis were investigated using a controlled reaction and ionic exchange. In a gamma chamber, the produced zinc ferrite nanoparticles were irradiated with a total dose of 5 Mrad by Co60-γirradiation. The morphological and topographical character of ZnFe2O4 NPs were studied, as well as the thermal analysis and physico-chemical parameters; TGA exothermic ranged from 220 °C to 660 °C, and TGA endothermic at 660 °C. The phase purity and existence of Bragg's reflections belonging to the space group Fd3m-1; a normal type cubic spinel structure of ZnFe2O4 NPs were shown by the XRD pattern. The lattice constant (a), unit cell volume (V), X-ray density (dx), and other microstructural parameters have been determined using Debye-formula Scherrer's crystallite size (D = 40.164 nm). To support the phase formation investigation, the Raman spectra were examined for the active mode A1g. The UV–Vis spectral absorption of ZnFe2O4 NPs was reported at ∼ 258.03 Å. The optical bandgap was estimated by using a Tauc’s plot; Kubelka-Munk function F(R); which was reported to be 3.69 eV.

Application Principle and Fault Maintenance of Thermal Automation Instrument Based on predictive control

Thermal automation instrument plays a very important role in thermal automation system. It is usually composed of three parts: sensor, transmitter and display. The specific analysis of thermal parameters by thermal automation instruments can also timely reflect the operation of thermal equipment and provide the most reliable information and data for the control system of power plant. At the same time, good operation of thermal automation instruments is also an inevitable way to ensure equipment safety, which plays a certain role in economic operation and automation of power plant. Predictive control is a new control algorithm with rapid development, which has obvious advantages, such as its intuitive concept, easy modeling, no need for accurate model and complex control parameter design, and compared with model predictive torque control, it avoids the problem of weight coefficient design. Based on predictive control, this paper expounds the application principle and fault maintenance of thermal automation instruments in detail.

Predicting Rock-Eval® thermal analysis parameters of a soil layer based on samples from its sublayers; an experimental study on forest soils

Soil sampling depths strongly vary across soil studies. Stocks of elements (such as C, N) or organic matter in a soil layer can be simply calculated from stocks measured in its sublayers. This calculation is less obvious for other soil characteristics, such as soil organic carbon (SOC) persistence, complicating the comparison of results from different studies. Here, we tested whether Rock-Eval® parameters of a soil layer, characterizing soil organic matter and its biogeochemical stability, can be determined using Rock-Eval® data measured on its sublayers. Soil samples collected in 10 plots located in eight French forest sites, taken up at two different depths (0–30 cm, 30–50 cm), and their mixtures were analysed with Rock-Eval®. Expected values for the Rock-Eval® parameters of the soil mixtures were calculated either: (1) as the weighted mean of Rock-Eval® parameters measured on the two sublayers, or (2) based on a signal reconstructed as the weighted mean of Rock-Eval® thermograms recorded on the two sublayers. Our results showed a good agreement between measured and expected Rock-Eval® parameter values. However, when the clay content strongly differed between the two soil sublayers, the amount of pyrolyzed hydrocarbons measured on the soil mixtures was slightly lower than expected. We conclude that it is reasonable to calculate Rock-Eval® parameters of a soil layer, from the Rock-Eval® signature of its sublayers. Our findings facilitate the harmonization of Rock-Eval® data from large scale soil studies using different sampling depths.

Ce-Bearing FeSi Alloy Inoculation of Electrically Melted, Low Sulphur Grey Cast Irons for Thin Wall Castings

Electrically melted and over-heated (>1500 °C) grey cast iron at less than 0.04%S, as commonly used, solidifies large amounts of carbides and/or undercooled graphite, especially in thin wall castings; this is necessary to achieve a stronger inoculation. The efficiency of Ce-bearing FeSi alloy is tested for lower ladle addition rates (0.15 and 0.25 wt.%), compared to the base and conventional inoculated iron (Ba,Ca-bearing FeSi alloy). The present work explores chill and associated structures in hypoeutectic grey iron (3.6–3.8%CE, 0.02%S, (%Mn) × (%S) = 0.013–0.016, Alres < 0.002%), in wedge castings W1, W2 and W3 (ASTM A 367, furan resin sand mould), at a lower cooling modulus (1.1–3.5 mm) that is typically used to control the quality of thin wall iron castings. Relatively clear and total chill well correlated with the standard thermal (cooling curve) analysis parameters and structural characteristics in wedge castings, at different wall thickness, displayed as the carbides/graphite ratio and presence of undercooled graphite morphologies. The difference in effects of the two inoculants addition is seen as the ability to decrease the amount of carbides and undercooled graphite, with Ce-bearing FeSi alloy outperforming the conventional inoculant, especially as the wall thickness decreased. It appears that Ce-bearing FeSi alloy could be a solution for low sulphur, electric melt, thin wall iron castings production.

Heat Source Analysis on Ultrasonic Welding of Plastic Structural Components Based on Numerical Simulation

Compared with traditional arc welding, ultrasonic welding of plastic structural components has such advantages as fast welding speed, high weld strength, small surface damages, simple equipment operation and cleanness and no pollution, thus having a good application prospect. However, the existing literatures have discussed little on the thermal stability analysis of the welding process and the influences of the parameters affecting the fixation effect of welding on the heat transfer performance of the welding process. For this reason, this paper analyzes the heat source in the ultrasonic welding of plastic structural components based on numerical simulation. First, numerical simulation was performed on the temperature field of the heat source in the ultrasonic welding of plastic structural components, the basic heat transfer forms in the welding process were elaborated in detail, the corresponding governing equations and boundary conditions were given and the governing equation of nonlinear transient heat conduction were solved by the finite element method. Then, ABAQUS thermal analysis and heat source parameter calibration were carried out on the welding heat source. In the experiment section, the heat source analysis results were given regarding the ultrasonic welding of plastic structural components.

Design and technological capabilities of a CNC skew rolling mill

Results of a study investigating a skew rolling process for elongated axisymmetric parts are presented. Despite the fact that the skew rolling technique for producing such parts was developed and implemented in the mid-twentieth century, there are no studies on this problem. The first part of this paper presents the results of FEM modelling of skew rolling stepped axles and shafts (solid and hollow). The FEM analysis was performed using the MSC Simufact Forming software. The numerical simulation involved the determination of metal flow patterns, the analysis of thermal parameters of the material during rolling, and the prediction of cracking by the Cockcroft-Latham ductile fracture criterion. Force parameters of rolling solid and hollow parts were also determined. The aim of the FEM analysis was to determine initial design assumptions and parameters for the development of the skew rolling mill. Later on in the paper, a design solution of a CNC skew rolling mill for rolling parts based on their envelope profile is proposed. FEM strength test results of a mill stand, obtained with MSC. NASTRAN, are presented. Finally, the performance test results of the constructed rolling mill are presented. The experiments involved rolling real stepped shafts that were modelled numerically. Obtained results show that the proposed skew rolling method has considerable potential. The designed and constructed rolling mill can be used to perform the rolling process according to the proposed method, with the tool and material kinematics being controlled based on the set parameters of a workpiece envelope.