Therapeutic Feeding Research Articles

Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Gentian Violet in Poultry Feed

Abstract A liquid chromatographic (LC) method Is presented for the determination of gentian violet (GV) In poultry feed (turkey/chicken) at the therapeutic feeding level of 4-8 ppm. GV Is extracted from feed with acidified methanol, an aliquot of the supernatant is diluted with mobile phase, and the solution is filtered. LC analysis Is performed by Isocratlc elutlon with a buffered mobile phase on an Adtech CN (cyano) column with amperometrlc electrochemical detection (ED) at +1.000 V or detection in the visible absorbance mode at 588 nm. The overall average recovery of GV from chicken feed spiked at 2.5,5, and 10 ppm was 103% (standard deviation = 6.6; coefficient of variation = 6.4%) by LC/ED analysis. Data for recovery of GV from chicken and turkey feeds, fortified with 1% GV premlx at feeding levels of 4 and 8 ppm, are presented and discussed. Data for the 2 detection techniques are compared.

Efficacy of a therapeutic feeding centre evaluated during hospitalization and a follow-up period, Tahoua, Niger, 1987-1988.

Between 1 February 1987 and 31 May 1988 an evaluation of a nutritional rehabilitation centre in Tahoua, Niger was conducted. Among the 381 children admitted to the centre, 61 (16%) had kwashiorkor and 347 (91.3%) were aged between 6 and 29 months. Recovery and death rates were 46.2% and 14.4%, respectively. The median duration of stay until recovery was 21 days. Sixty-two per cent of deaths occurred during the 1st week of hospitalization. Three risk factors for death were identified by the study: patients with kwashiorkor with a weight/height (W/H) less than -3 SD, those with marasmus with a W/H less than -5 SD, and those dehydrated with marasmus. Among children included in the follow-up study after leaving the centre, the risk of dying during the follow-up period among children who absconded was 7.1 times higher than the risk observed among children who recovered. Among the children who recovered, no relapse was observed 3-18 months after they left the centre. This investigation indicates the importance of intensive therapeutic feeding centres in areas with a high prevalence of malnutrition.

Rehabilitation of Swallowing Disorders Due to Stroke

Swallowing disorders are common, potentially serious sequelae of stroke. The pathophysiology of swallowing impairments is highly complex, so evaluation and treatment must be individualized. A videofiuorographic swallowing study is essential for establishing the circumstances for safe and efficient swallowing. Therapeutic feeding is the mainstay of treatment.

Florfenicol in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., parr: tolerance and assessment of efficacy against furunculosis

Abstract. The efficacy of florfenicol against laboratory‐induced infection with Aeromonas salmonicida was tested in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., parr. Medication at three dose levels in the feed was started 24 h after bath challenge with A. salmonicida. The specific mortality rate in the unprotected infected control group was 75% compared with 5, 13 and 17% when florfenicol was given at dose levels of 20, 10 and 5 mg per kg body weight per day, respectively. Florfenicol was palatable to the fish at doses in excess of effective therapeutic levels and feeding for 10 days at 100 mg per kg, or for prolonged periods at 50 mg per kg and 10 mg per kg, resulted in no feeding problems or histopathological abnormalities. Florfenicol appears to have a good therapeutic index and considerable potential in the control of furunculosis in salmon.

Health considerations for the year 2000 (1991)

As the swine industry matures, profit margins will decrease. Control of the major factors affecting feed cost will drive the system. Upgrading or maintaining health will be a major emphasis, because disease agents and complexes affect growing-finishing performance. Many diseases, such as pneumonia caused by Actinobacillus (llaemophilus) pleuropneumonia and swine dysentery, dramatically affect growing-finishing performance. Diseases decrease average daily feed intake (ADFI) and increase feed per gain ratio (FIG) in many instances. At the same time, they increase input costs via treatments, vaccines, and feed additives. Historically, our control methods may have been successful on individual farms, but not across large populations. Because of the dynamics of disease complexes, it has been difficult to understand the disease agents and/or their interactions, let alone define a cost-effective method of control or elimination. However, several new techniques offer hope of optimizing the genetic capability of growing-finishing pigs with respect to average daily gain (ADG) and F/G. These control measures become more important as restrictions increase on therapeutic feed additives, injectables, and the producer's goal of providing a pork product untainted by residues of any kind. Likewise, in the future, available carcass-enhancing products, such as Ractopamine, may not allow simultaneous use of therapeutics, requiring production systems with pigs of high health status.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 21. 1991

Africa—Latin America—Asia—Middle-East—Europe

As reported in the previous issue of the Review, surveys carried out regularly by ICRC teams to monitor the civilian population's nutritional status showed that the food situation in several districts of southern Huambo and Benguela provinces was worse than at the same season in previous years. During the period under review, the ICRC therefore stepped up its programme of food assistance to civilian victims of the combined effects of drought and conflict. A fifth Twin Otter aircraft was sent to reinforce the system established to transport food from the Atlantic coast to towns in the provinces of Benguela, Bie and Huambo. The nutritional status of the people in Ganda (Benguela province) made it necessary to set up a therapeutic feeding centre, in addition to the large-scale food distributions carried out in the area. The centre was opened on 7 February. The ICRC also provided support to Caritas, which was organizing “soup kitchens” for particularly needy groups. In all, the ICRC distributed 2,270 tonnes of food to some 100,000 people between 1 January and 28 February.

The Effects of a Music Stimulus Environment Versus Regular Cafeteria Environment During Therapeutic Feeding

The Effects of a Music Stimulus Environment Versus Regular Cafeteria Environment During Therapeutic Feeding

Africa — Latin America — Asia and Pacific — Middle East

In January and February, the ICRC reduced, as planned, the level of its relief activities in Ethiopia. This reduction was made possible, on the one hand, by an increase in food supplies for the population in the northern provinces of that country affected by conflict and drought and, on the other, by more intensive activity on the part of other voluntary agencies in the area. While leaving in place the structures which would enable it rapidly to set up a large-scale assistance programme if the need were to appear in a given region, the ICRC has lowered the volume of its general relief distributions. In December 1985, 10,700 tonnes were distributed to 830,000 persons. This was reduced to 5,000 tonnes for 424,300 persons in January, and further to 2,800 tonnes for 181,000 persons in February in the provinces of Eritrea, Tigray, Wollo, Gondar and Hararge. The last three therapeutic feeding centres were closed on 16 January (Wukro), and on 16 and 27 February (Idaga Hamus and Adwa). However, ICRC medical teams continued to monitor the health of the populations living in provinces which were receiving assistance, concentrating their activities on groups of displaced persons in Eritrea (in the region between Keren and Barentu), Tigray (in the region between Aksum and Adwa and the region of Mehony), Wollo (in the region of Sekota) and Hararge (Wobera Woreda; Habro Woreda), all areas with major security problems.

Eating Problems: Beyond the Boundaries of Speech Therapy

The speech therapist's role within the Queensland Spastic Welfare League partially involves the instigation of feeding programmes for cerebral palsied clients. Each individual presents with varied problems relating to their physical handicap, such as the persistance of primitive reflexes, abnormal oromuscular sensitivity, incoordination of oromusculature and total physical patterning requiring correct positioning. These factors can be controlled and modified to some degree; however, there are certain aspects of feeding which cannot be accounted for. It has therefore become important for the therapist to become aware of the symptoms of a potential medical problem which may be interfering with the progress of a therapeutic feeding programme.

Behavioral assessment scale of oral functions in feeding.

When implementing therapeutic feeding programs for the multiply-handicapped developmentally disabled, it is imperative to establish a specific baseline of observable oral movement upon which management and change can be measured. The assessment reported provides an objective and graded method of documenting the major aspects of oral function in relation to feeding difficulties. It is designed to be used in conjunction with an assessment of overall muscle tone and body patterns and an evaluation of specific oral structures and deviations that might interfere with eating.

6.5. Supplementary and therapeutic feeding

6.5. Supplementary and therapeutic feeding

Effect of Low Level Chlortetracycline Feeding on Subsequent Therapy of Escherichia Coli Infection in Chickens

Two 6-week trials were conducted to determine if therapeutic use of an antibiotic would be affected by previous use of an antibiotic at sub-therapeutic levels in the feed. Experiments were designed to determine the relationship of chlortetracycline fed at sub-therapeutic levels to response to treatment with chloramphenicol, ampicillin and chlortetracycline at therapeutic levels in chicks artificially infected with pathogenic Escherichia coli. Effects of low level antibiotic feeding and subsequent therapeutic level feeding of infected and control birds were measured by mortality, feed efficiency, weight gain and microbiological analyses of fecal samples and necropsied dead birds. Results indicated the therapeutic effect of chlortetracycline, chloramphenicol and ampicillin were not compromised by previous use of chlortetracycline at sub-therapeutic levels.

Effect of diet on plasma aminograms of low birth weight infants

The composition of nutrient mixtures for the low birth weight infant is a matter of considerable concern, and questions have been raised about the adequacy of the cystine and tyrosine contents of available preparations. Low birth weight infants were fed isonitrogenous isocaloric formulas whose content of tyrosine and cystine varied 3- and 7-fold, respectively, for 3-day periods in a Latin Square design. Two-hour postprandial plasma aminograms indicate a statistically significant difference (P = 0.05) between plasma cystine levels noted in infants fed the formula containing cystine at 6 mg/100 ml and those fed the formula containing cystine at 28 mg/100 ml. No significant differences were noted between other formula groupings. Plasma tyrosine concentrations were rapidly reduced whenever tyrosine intake was less then 50 mg/kg of body weight. Such a dietary approach may be of value in reduction of the elevated plasma tyrosine levels seen in infants with transient tyrosinemia of prematurity. Postprandial concentrations of plasma amino acids for the low birth weight infant are a useful reference standard for evaluation of the response of the low birth weight infant to new therapeutic feeding mixtures, particularly parental or jejunal feedings.

Experimental Procedure for Testing the Effects of Low Level Antibiotic Feeding and Therapeutic Treatment on Salmonella typhimurium var. copenhagen Infection in Broiler Chicks

Procedures are described for determining the effects of low level antibiotic feed additives in broiler chick rations when chicks are artificially infected with Salmonella typhimurium var. copenhagen and the effectiveness of the same antibiotics used therapeutically for salmonellosis. These procedures also permit study of development of antibiotic resistant enteric flora related to antibiotic feeding and the transferability of the resistance.Measures should be taken to monitor and assure minimal extraneous bacterial contamination of eggs, chicks, feed and facilities and minimize baseline antibiotic resistance. Facilities and equipment should be fumigated extensively, chicks should be from primary breeder flocks off antibiotics for two generations, handled minimally, and fed all-vegetable protein rations.Optimum procedures for oral induction of salmonellosis with a chick-virulent strain of Salmonella typhimurium var. copenhagen are reported.Effects of low level antibiotic feeding and subsequent therapeutic level feeding of infected and control birds are measured by mortality, feed efficiency and weight gain, and microbiological analyses of fecal samples, intestinal samples and necropsied dead chicks. Gathering all data possible from all facets of the trials is imperative for ascertaining antibiotic effects.

TREATMENT OF SEVERE MALNUTRITION IN RELIEF

Severely malnourished children in the relief camp in Dessie, Ethiopia, were treated by a "therapeutic feeding" programme. A high-energy milk-based diet (DSCO) was administered by a simple standardised system. Rapid rates of recovery were achieved, at a low cost, with a mortality rate no worse than under hospital conditions. Thus a therapeutic feeding system is an effective method of treatment of severe malnutrition even under the conditions of a relief situation.

All-Union Conference on Therapeutic Nutrition

On May 27-31, 1957, the II All-Union Conference on Therapeutic Nutrition was held in Moscow, organized by the Ministry of Public Health of the USSR and the Institute of Nutrition of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR. More than 500 clinicians, physiologists, representatives of medical and food industry took part in the conference. Scientists from Czechoslovakia, Poland, Bulgaria and Romania attended and participated in the conference.On the agenda of the conference were actual questions of therapeutic nutrition in diseases of the metabolism, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and other diseases of internal organs, as well as questions of vitamin therapy. At the final session there were reports on the organization of therapeutic feeding.

Nithiazide. II. Effect on enterohepatitis in Turkeys.

Summary1. The data presented show that nithiazide [1-ethyl-3-(5-nitro-2-thi-azolyl) urea | was more potent and less toxic than 2-amino-5-nitrothiazole when fed to turkeys with enterohepatitis. 2. Nithiazide was most effective when administered prior to infection or beginning 3 to 7 days after infection. It prevented mortality from enterohepatitis produced either by oral exposure to cecal worm eggs or by rectal inoculation of Histomonas meleagridis cultures. Nithiazide may be administered in the feed or water and is equally effective in either form. 3. The therapeutic feeding of rations containing 0.05% nithiazide, starting 3 days after infection, prevented mortality from infectious enterohepatitis which was lethal for 73% to 83% of the untreated control turkeys.