Therapeutic Agent For Pancreatic Cancer Research Articles

Fungi-Derived Bioactive Compounds as Potential Therapeutic Agents for Pancreatic Cancer: A Systematic Review.

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the tumors with the lowest 5-year survival rate worldwide due to late diagnosis and lack of effective therapy. Because of this, it is necessary to discover new ways of treatment to increase the quality of life of patients. In this context, the secondary metabolites of several fungi have been shown as a possible therapeutic strategy in several types of cancer, such as colorectal cancer, being able to trigger their action through the induction of apoptosis. The objective was to perform a systematic review process to analyze the studies carried out during the last ten years using secondary metabolites derived from fungi as antitumor treatment against PC. After the search process in three databases (PubMed, SCOPUS, and Web of Science) a total of 199 articles were found, with 27 articles finally being included after screening. The results extracted from this systematic review process made it possible to determine the existence of bioactive compounds extracted from fungi that have been effective in in vitro and in vivo conditions and that may be applicable as a possible therapy to avoid drug resistance in PC, one of the major problems of this disease.

Asperuloside inhibits the activation of pancreatic cancer-associated fibroblasts via activating transcription factor 6

BackgroundPancreatic cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play a crucial role in tumor progression and immune evasion. Asperuloside (ASP) is an iridoid glycoside with potential anti-tumor properties. This study aimed to explore the molecular mechanisms of ASP on CAFs, particularly focusing on its effects on activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), a key regulator of endoplasmic reticulum stress.MethodCAFs were treated with different concentrations of ASP (0, 1, 3, and 5 mM), and the role of ATF6 was investigated by over-expressing it in CAFs. Subsequently, western blot was used to detect ATF6, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), fibroblast activating protein (FAP), and vimentin protein levels in CAFs. The collagen gel contraction assay and Transwell assay were applied to evaluate the contraction and migration ability of CAFs. In addition, the interleukin (IL)-6, C–C motif chemokine ligand (CCL)-2, and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL)-10 levels were detected by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR).ResultsCAFs had significantly higher expression levels of α-SMA, FAP, and vimentin compared to normal fibroblasts (NFs). ASP significantly inhibited the activation, contraction, and migration of CAFs in a concentration-dependent manner. ASP treatment also reduced the expression of cytokines (IL-6, CCL2, and CXCL10) and down-regulated ATF6 levels. Over-expression of ATF6 mitigated the inhibitory effects of ASP.ConclusionASP exerts its anti-tumor effects by down-regulating ATF6, thereby inhibiting the activation and function of pancreatic CAFs. These findings suggest that ASP could be a promising therapeutic agent for pancreatic cancer by modulating the tumor microenvironment.

Prognostic Model Construction of Disulfidptosis-Related Genes and Targeted Anticancer Drug Research in Pancreatic Cancer.

Pancreatic cancer stands as one of the most lethal malignancies, characterized by delayed diagnosis, high mortality rates, limited treatment efficacy, and poor prognosis. Disulfidptosis, a recently unveiled modality of cell demise induced by disulfide stress, has emerged as a critical player intricately associated with the onset and progression of various cancer types. It has emerged as a promising candidate biomarker for cancer diagnosis, prognosis assessment, and treatment strategies. In this study, we have effectively established a prognostic risk model for pancreatic cancer by incorporating multiple differentially expressed long non-coding RNAs (DElncRNAs) closely linked to disulfide-driven cell death. Our investigation delved into the nuanced relationship between the DElncRNA-based predictive model for disulfide-driven cell death and the therapeutic responses to anticancer agents. Our findings illuminate that the high-risk subgroup exhibits heightened susceptibility to the small molecule compound AZD1208, positioning it as a prospective therapeutic agent for pancreatic cancer. Finally, we have elucidated the underlying mechanistic potential of AZD1208 in ameliorating pancreatic cancer through its targeted inhibition of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARG) protein, employing an array of comprehensive analytical methods, including molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. This study explores disulfidptosis-related genes, paving the way for the development of targeted therapies for pancreatic cancer and emphasizing their significance in the field of oncology. Furthermore, through computational biology approaches, the drug AZD1208 was identified as a potential treatment targeting the PPARG protein for pancreatic cancer. This discovery opens new avenues for exploring targets and screening drugs for pancreatic cancer.

Abstract 6001: Repurposing dihydroergotamine mesylate as a potential MCL-1 inhibitor and its antitumor effect in pancreatic cancer cells

Abstract Background: Myeloid cell leukemia 1 (MCL-1) is an anti-apoptotic member of the BCL-2 protein family which is involved in intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathway of apoptosis and is deregulated in several cancers. Current MCL-1 specific inhibitors have limitations in terms of efficiency, tolerability, and off-target effects and challenges associated with shallow binding groove of MCL-1. In this study, dihydroergotamine mesylate (DHE), an approved anti-migraine drug, was found as a potential ligand of the MCL-1 BH3-binding pocket and was further evaluated for its potential MCL-1 inhibition and effect on pancreatic cancer cells. Methods: PubChem Database was used for library preparation and virtual screening (OpenBabel and AutoDock Vina). The 55 crystal structures available for MCL-1 in Protein Data Bank (PDB) were clustered using principal component analysis with Bio3D R-package to select representative PDBs for further screening. Consensus voting and k-means clustering was used to shortlist compounds for Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. MD simulations (100 nanoseconds) by GROMACS were employed to measure stability of ligands in MCL-1 binding pocket. DHE efficacy on cell proliferation was evaluated with MTS and clonogenic assays and on apoptosis using the FITC/Annexin V flow cytometry assay in MiaPaCa-2 and PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cell lines. Effect of DHE treatment on MCL-1 gene and protein expression was analyzed using qRT-PCR and western blotting, respectively. Results: Computational screening identified DHE (PubChem ID: 12308974) as a top hit exhibiting consistent interactions within the MCL-1 BH3-binding pocket. Notably, DHE displayed stable RMSD and formed four hydrogen bonds throughout MD simulations. In vitro results showed that DHE significantly reduced viability of MiaPaCa-2 and PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cells with IC50 values of 31 μM and 47 μM, respectively. DHE significantly (P<0.001) suppressed colony formation by pancreatic cancer cells in a dose-dependent (10μM, 20μM, and 40μM) manner. The percentage of Annexin V-positive and Propidium iodide-negative fraction in MiaPaCa-2 cells treated with DHE also increased in a dose-dependent manner. DHE did not have significant effect on MCL-1 mRNA expression. However, western blotting demonstrated MCL-1 protein levels were significantly reduced in both pancreatic cancer cell lines upon DHE treatment. Conclusion: Our findings showed DHE suppresses the pancreatic cancer cells viability and proliferation, and significantly increased early apoptotic cells. DHE treatment had no effect on MCL-1 at the transcription level but significantly reduced the protein, suggesting posttranslational modifications, and thus future mechanism of action studies is required. The present study reports that the anti-migraine drug DHE might be a novel therapeutic agent for pancreatic cancer and needs to be explored further. Citation Format: Pooja Mittal, Jae Ho Lo, Shivani Soni, Francesca Battaglin, Shradheya RR Gupta, Lesly Torres-Gonzalez, Yan Yang, Sandra Algaze, Priya Jayachandran, Karam Ashouri, Alexandra Wong, Wu Zhang, Jian Yu, Lin Zhang, Joshua Millstein, Indrakant Kumar Singh, Heinz Josef Lenz. Repurposing dihydroergotamine mesylate as a potential MCL-1 inhibitor and its antitumor effect in pancreatic cancer cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 6001.

PP441 Development of novel therapeutic agents for pancreatic cancer from the perspective of precision medicine and cancer stem cell markers

PP441 Development of novel therapeutic agents for pancreatic cancer from the perspective of precision medicine and cancer stem cell markers

Abstract C123: Alloferon inhibits migration of pancreatic cancer by regulating the expression of IL-22Rα

Abstract Pancreatic cancer frequently metastasizes into one or more organs and tissues located near the pancreas. Metastasis contributes to make curative approach unachievable and bring poor prognosis. Therefore, it is important to develop a strategy to regulate the metastasis of pancreatic cancer. Recent research has reported that IL-22 increases the factors involved in migration and invasion to support the development of pancreatic cancer. The binding of IL-22 to IL-22 receptor exerts its biological effects and, IL-22 receptors are heterodimer receptor complex composed of IL-22Rα and IL-10Rβ. Previously we showed that alloferon, known as the immune modulator, increases chemosensitivity in pancreatic cancer by downregulating the SLC6A14, a transporter of glutamine. In this study, we identified that alloferon is a potential adjuvant therapeutic agent for pancreatic cancer by regulating the expression of IL-22Rα. We found that IL-22 has essential role in migration and invasion of pancreatic cancer by increasing the chemokine receptors such as CXCR3 and CXCR4. In addition, alloferon decreased the expression of IL-22Rα in pancreatic cancer cell line. Therefore, the expression of CXCR3 and CXCR4 decreased in AsPC-1 in presence of alloferon even upon the treatment with recombinant IL-22. To evaluate the effect of alloferon on tumor migration, the migration and invasive capacity were measured in pancreatic cancer cells in absent or present of alloferon. It was observed that alloferon significantly inhibit the migration of AsPC-1 toward ligand of CXCR3 and CXCR4, CXCL10 and CXCL12. These findings established that the expression of IL-22Rα associated with metastasis is likely related to overexpression of CXCR3 and CXCR4 in pancreatic cancer. Taken together, it is suggested that alloferon could be used as an adjuvant therapy to inhibit the metastasis of pancreatic cancer by regulating the expression of IL-22Rα. Citation Format: Hyejung Jo, Yejin Kim, Seulgi Shin, Jae Seung Kang. Alloferon inhibits migration of pancreatic cancer by regulating the expression of IL-22Rα [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC Virtual International Conference on Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2023 Oct 11-15; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2023;22(12 Suppl):Abstract nr C123.

A novel chalcone derivative exerts anticancer effects by promoting apoptotic cell death of human pancreatic cancer cells

Aggressive pancreatic cancer is typically treated using chemotherapeutics to reduce the tumor pre-operatively and prevent metastasis post-operatively, as well as surgical approaches. In the present study, we synthesized a hydroxyl group-introduced chalcone derivative (1, IC50 = 32.1 μM) and investigated its potential as an anticancer drug candidate by evaluating its apoptosis-promoting effects on BXPC-3 cancer cells. The viability of BXPC-3 cells treated with 1 was measured using the water-soluble tetrazolium 1 reagent. BXPC-3 cells induced by 1 were stained with diverse probes or antibodies, such as ethidium homodimer-1, Hoechst, anti-Ki67, and MitoTracker. Protein expression was measured using an immunoblotting assay, and mRNA expression was determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Apoptotic molecular features, such as lipid accumulation and protein degradation, were monitored directly using stimulated Raman scattering microspectroscopy. Through incubation time- and concentration-dependent studies of 1, we found that it significantly reduced the proliferation and increased the number of apoptotic BXPC-3 cells. Compound 1 induced mitochondrial dysfunction, phosphorylation of p38, and caspase 3 cleavage. These results indicate that 1 is a potential therapeutic agent for pancreatic cancer, providing valuable insights into the development of new anticancer drug candidates.

Corynoxine suppresses pancreatic cancer growth primarily via ROS-p38 mediated cytostatic effects.

Pancreatic cancer is among the most common malignant tumours, and effective therapeutic strategies are still lacking. While Corynoxine (Cory) can induce autophagy in neuronal cells, it remains unclear whether Cory has anti-tumour activities against pancreatic cancer. Two pancreatic cancer cell lines, Patu-8988 and Panc-1, were used. Effects of Cory were evaluated by cell viability analysis, EdU staining, TUNEL assay, colony formation assay, and flow cytometry. Quantitative PCR and Western blot were performed to analyse mRNA and protein levels, respectively. In vivo anti-tumour efficacy of Cory was determined by a xenograft model. Cory treatment inhibited cell proliferation, induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and triggered apoptosis in thepancreatic cancer cell lines. CHOP knockdown-mediated inhibition of ER stress alleviated the Cory-induced apoptosis but showed a limited effect on cell viability. Cory induced cell death partially via promoting reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and activating p38 signalling. Pretreatment with ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine and p38 inhibitor SB203580 relieved the Cory-induced inhibition on cell growth. Cory remarkably blocked pancreatic tumour growth in vivo. Cory exerts an anti-tumour effect on pancreatic cancer primarily via ROS-p38-mediated cytostatic effects. Cory may serve as a promising therapeutic agent for pancreatic cancer.

Bioinspired adhesive microneedle patch with gemcitabine encapsulation for pancreatic cancer treatment

Gemcitabine is the standard therapeutic agent for pancreatic cancer (PC), while its side effects eliminating, stromal barrier overcoming, and efficiency improvement are still challenges in clinical application. Herein, inspired by the structures of octopus tentacles, we present a novel adhesive microneedle (MN) patch with gemcitabine encapsulation for the PC treatment. The MN patch with good biocompatibility, flexibility, and drug loading efficiency, was fabricated by using gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) to replicate a top-down mold-based lithography. Benefitting from the octopus tentacles-mimicked surface microstructure, the resultant GelMA hydrogel MN patch is imparted with the ability to adhere to the irregular surfaces of tumors. With the anticancer drug gemcitabine encapsulating in the hydrogel, the MN patch is demonstrated to efficiently penetrate the tumor tissue, release gemcitabine with desired kinetics, and exhibit high anti-tumor efficiency both in vitro and in a mouse orthotopic tumor model. Thus, we believe that chemotheraputics-loaded MN patch will find practically valuable in drug delivery and treatment for hypovascular tumors with stromal barrier in clinical medicine.

TEOA Promotes Autophagic Cell Death via ROS-Mediated Inhibition of mTOR/p70S6k Signaling Pathway in Pancreatic Cancer Cells.

Pancreatic cancer is a common malignant tumor with high mortality, and novel therapeutic options have focused on ameliorating its poor prognosis. TEOA, a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities. Our recent study has shown that TEOA inhibits proliferation and induces DNA damage in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells by activating the ROS-mediated p38 MAPK pathway. However, its effects on pancreatic cancer cells remain unknown. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of TEOA on the proliferation, migration of pancreatic cancer cells and explored the possible underlying mechanism of action. We found that TEOA significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration of pancreatic cancer cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Mechanistically, TEOA significantly induced mitochondrial dysfunction in PANC1 and SW1990 cells, as evidenced by the collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential, exhausted ATP level, and excessive accumulation of intracellular ROS. Notably, our further experiments showed that TEOA induced autophagic cell death in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells by inactivating the ROS-dependent mTOR/p70S6k signaling pathway. More importantly, both pharmacological or genetic blocking of the autophagic flux signal could partly restore the cytotoxicity of TEOA, whereas activation of autophagy by rapamycin or EBSS induced starvation facilitated the cytotoxicity of TEOA. Concomitantly, N-acetylcysteine, a ROS scavenger, abolished the inhibition of the mTOR signaling pathway, thus preventing autophagy and restoring cell viability. Taken together, our results reveal that TEOA can lead to ROS-dependent autophagic cell death of pancreatic cancer cells by inducing mitochondrial dysfunction, which might be a promising therapeutic agent for pancreatic cancer.

Inhibitor library screening identifies ispinesib as a new potential chemotherapeutic agent for pancreatic cancers.

Screening custom‐made libraries of inhibitors may reveal novel drugs for treating pancreatic cancer. In this manner, we identified ispinesib as a candidate and attempted to determine its clinical efficacy and the biological significance of its functional target Eg5 in pancreatic cancer. One hundred compounds in our library were screened for candidate drugs using cell cytotoxicity assays. Ispinesib was found to mediate effective antitumor effects in pancreatic cancer. The clinical significance of the expression of the ispinesib target Eg5 was investigated in 165 pancreatic cancer patients by immunohistochemical staining and in Eg5‐positive pancreatic cancer patient‐derived xenograft (PDX) mouse models. Patients with Eg5‐positive tumors experienced significantly poorer clinical outcomes than those not expressing Eg5 (overall survival; P < .01, recurrence‐free survival; P < .01). Ispinesib or Eg5 inhibition with specific siRNA significantly suppressed cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cell lines. Mechanistically, ispinesib acted by inducing incomplete mitosis with nuclear disruption, resulting in multinucleated monoastral spindle cells. In the PDX mouse model, ispinesib dramatically reduced tumor growth relative to vehicle control (652.2 mm3 vs 18.1 mm3 in mean tumor volume, P < .01 by ANOVA; 545 mg vs 28 mg in tumor weight, P < .01, by ANOVA). Ispinesib, identified by inhibitor library screening, could be a promising novel therapeutic agent for pancreatic cancer. The expression of its target Eg5 is associated with poorer postoperative prognosis and is important for the clinical efficacy of ispinesib in pancreatic cancer.

C646 inhibits G2/M cell cycle-related proteins and potentiates anti-tumor effects in pancreatic cancer

The activity of histone acetyltransferases (HATs) plays a central role in an epigenetic modification in cooperation with HDACs (histone deacetyl transferases). It is likely that malfunction of this enzymatic machinery controlling epigenetic modification is relevant to carcinogenesis and tumor progression. However, in pancreatic cancer, the clinical relevance of HAT activity and histone acetylation has remained unclear. We identified that H3 acetylation was expressed in all pancreatic cancer patients, indicating that H3 acetylation may be essential in pancreatic cancer cells. We also found that the HAT inhibitor C646 augmented anti-tumor effects in vitro by inhibiting cell proliferation and cell cycle progression concomitantly with suppression of acetylated H3K9 and H3K27 expression. C646 or p300 and CBP (CREB-binding protein)-specific siRNA treatment inhibited the transcription of the G2/M cell cycle regulatory proteins cyclin B1 and CDK1 (cyclin-dependent kinase 1). C646 treatment also inhibited tumor growth in vivo in a xenograft mouse model. C646 could be an effective therapeutic agent for pancreatic cancer. The epigenetic status of pancreatic cancers based on their level of histone H3 acetylation may influence patient survival. Epigenetic stratification according to H3K27 acetylation could be useful for predicting disease prognosis as well as the therapeutic efficacy of C646 in pancreatic cancer.

Melatonin Modulates the Antioxidant Defenses and the Expression of Proinflammatory Mediators in Pancreatic Stellate Cells Subjected to Hypoxia.

Pancreatic stellate cells (PSC) play a major role in the formation of fibrotic tissue in pancreatic tumors. On its side, melatonin is a putative therapeutic agent for pancreatic cancer and inflammation. In this work, the actions of melatonin on PSC subjected to hypoxia were evaluated. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) levels of glutathione, and protein and lipid oxidation were analyzed. The phosphorylation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB), and the regulatory protein nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor-alpha (IκBα) was studied. The expression of Nrf2-regulated antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were also studied. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was assayed. Finally, cell viability was studied. Under hypoxia and in the presence of melatonin generation of ROS was observed. No increases in the oxidation of proteins or lipids were detected. The phosphorylation of Nrf2 and the expression of the antioxidant enzymes catalytic subunit of glutamate-cysteine ligase, catalase, NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase 1, heme oxygenase-1, SOD1, and of SOD2 were augmented. The TAC was increased. Protein kinase C was involved in the effects of melatonin. Melatonin decreased the GSH/GSSG ratio at the highest concentration tested. Cell viability dropped in the presence of melatonin. Finally, melatonin diminished the phosphorylation of NF-kB and the expression of COX-2, IL-6, and TNF-α. Our results indicate that melatonin, at pharmacological concentrations, modulates the red-ox state, viability, and the expression of proinflammatory mediators in PSC subjected to hypoxia.

The Case for GNMT as a Biomarker and a Therapeutic Target in Pancreatic Cancer.

The high mortality rate for pancreatic cancer (PC) is due to the lack of specific symptoms at early tumor stages and a high biological aggressiveness. Reliable biomarkers and new therapeutic targets would help to improve outlook in PC. In this study, we analyzed the expression of GNMT in a panel of pancreatic cancer cell lines and in early-stage paired patient tissue samples (normal and diseased) by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR). We also investigated the effect of 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucopyranoside (PGG) as a therapeutic agent for PC. We find that GNMT is markedly downregulated (p < 0.05), in a majority of PC cell lines. Similar results are observed in early-stage patient tissue samples, where GNMT expression can be reduced by a 100-fold or more. We also show that PGG is a strong inhibitor of PC cell proliferation, with an IC50 value of 12 ng/mL, and PGG upregulates GNMT expression in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, our data show that GNMT has promise as a biomarker and as a therapeutic target for PC.

The Hydroxyquinoline Analogue YUM70 Inhibits GRP78 to Induce ER Stress-Mediated Apoptosis in Pancreatic Cancer.

GRP78 (glucose-regulated protein, 78 kDa) is a key regulator of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling. Cancer cells are highly proliferative and have high demand for protein synthesis and folding, which results in significant stress on the ER. To respond to ER stress and maintain cellular homeostasis, cells activate the unfolded protein response (UPR) that promotes either survival or apoptotic death. Cancer cells utilize the UPR to promote survival and growth. In this study, we describe the discovery of a series of novel hydroxyquinoline GRP78 inhibitors. A representative analogue, YUM70, inhibited pancreatic cancer cell growth in vitro and showed in vivo efficacy in a pancreatic cancer xenograft model with no toxicity to normal tissues. YUM70 directly bound GRP78 and inactivated its function, resulting in ER stress-mediated apoptosis. A YUM70 analogue conjugated with BODIPY showed colocalization of the compound with GRP78 in the ER. Moreover, a YUM70-PROTAC (proteolysis targeting chimera) was synthesized to force degradation of GRP78 in pancreatic cancer cells. YUM70 showed a strong synergistic cytotoxicity with topotecan and vorinostat. Together, our study demonstrates that YUM70 is a novel inducer of ER stress, with preclinical efficacy as a monotherapy or in combination with topoisomerase and HDAC inhibitors in pancreatic cancer. SIGNIFICANCE: This study identifies a novel ER stress inducer that binds GRP78 and inhibits pancreatic cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo, demonstrating its potential as a therapeutic agent for pancreatic cancer.

Methyl-indole inhibits pancreatic cancer cell viability by down-regulating ZFX expression.

This study explored the effect of methyl-indole on pancreatic cancer cell viability and investigated the mechanism involved. The viability of pancreatic cells showed a significant suppression on treatment with methyl-indole in dose-based manner. Treatment with 5µM methyl-indole suppressed Capan-1 cell viability to 23%. The viability of Aspc-1 cells was reduced to 20% and those of MIApaCa-2 cells to 18% by 5µM methyl-indole. The apoptotic proportion of Capan-1 cells was 67%, while as those of Aspc-1 and MIApaCa-2 cells increased to 72 and 77%, respectively, on treatment with 5µM methyl-indole. The level of P13K, p-Tyr, p-Crkl and p-Akt was inhibited in the cells by methyl-indole. Moreover, methyl-indole also suppressed zinc-finger protein, X-linked mRNA and protein expression in tested cells. In summary, methyl-indole exhibits anti-proliferative effect on pancreatic cancer cells and induces apoptosis. It targeted ZFX expression and down-regulated P13K/AKT pathway in pancreatic cancer cells. Therefore, methyl-indole acts as therapeutic agent for pancreatic cancer and may be studied further.

Potent Dual BET/HDAC Inhibitors for Efficient Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer

AbstractAs one of the most aggressive and lethal human malignancies with extremely poor prognosis, there is an urgent demand of more effective therapy for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Reported here is a new, effective therapeutic strategy and the design of small‐molecule inhibitors that simultaneously target bromodomain and extra‐terminal (BET) and histone deacetylase (HDAC), potentially serving as promising therapeutic agents for pancreatic cancer. A highly potent dual inhibitor (13 a) is identified to possess excellent and balanced activities against BRD4 BD1 (IC50=11 nm) and HDAC1 (IC50=21 nm). Notably, this compound shows higher in vitro and in vivo antitumor potency than the BET inhibitor (+)‐JQ1 and the HDAC inhibitor vorinostat, either alone or and in combination, highlighting the advantages of BET/HDAC dual inhibitors for more effective treatment of pancreatic cancer.

Potent Dual BET/HDAC Inhibitors for Efficient Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer.

As one of the most aggressive and lethal human malignancies with extremely poor prognosis, there is an urgent demand of more effective therapy for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Reported here is a new, effective therapeutic strategy and the design of small-molecule inhibitors that simultaneously target bromodomain and extra-terminal (BET) and histone deacetylase (HDAC), potentially serving as promising therapeutic agents for pancreatic cancer. A highly potent dual inhibitor (13 a) is identified to possess excellent and balanced activities against BRD4 BD1 (IC50 =11 nm) and HDAC1 (IC50 =21 nm). Notably, this compound shows higher in vitro and in vivo antitumor potency than the BET inhibitor (+)-JQ1 and the HDAC inhibitor vorinostat, either alone or and in combination, highlighting the advantages of BET/HDAC dual inhibitors for more effective treatment of pancreatic cancer.

Irisin functions to inhibit malignant growth of human pancreatic cancer cells via downregulation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

IntroductionIrisin is a newly identified cytokine that has gained increasing attention because of its potential therapeutic applications in metabolic diseases and human cancers. Recently, accumulating evidence indicates that irisin plays an important role in the development and metastasis of various tumors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects and underlying mechanisms of irisin on malignant growth of pancreatic cancer cells.Materials and methodsThe anti-proliferative effect of irisin was examined using the CCK-8 assay. Irisin-induced apoptosis was determined by the annexin V-FITC/PI staining assay. The effects of irisin on cell migration and invasion were assessed using the scratch-induced wound healing assay and transwell invasion assay, respectively. The expression and phosphorylation of signaling proteins were detected by Western blot analysis.ResultsOur results showed that irisin inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, irisin decreased the migration and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells. Finally, Western blot analysis revealed that irisin downregulated the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.ConclusionOur findings suggest that irisin is a novel therapeutic agent for pancreatic cancer.

Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles Sensitize Pancreatic Cancer to Radiation Therapy through Oxidative Activation of the JNK Apoptotic Pathway.

Side effects of radiation therapy (RT) remain the most challenging issue for pancreatic cancer treatment. Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CONPs) are currently being tested in pre-clinical trials as an adjuvant to sensitize pancreatic cancer cells to RT and protect normal tissues from the harmful side effects. CONPs were not able to significantly affect RT-induced DNA damage in cancer cells, thereby ruling out sensitization through increased mitotic catastrophe. However, activation of c-Jun terminal kinase (JNK), a key driver of RT-induced apoptosis, was significantly enhanced by co-treatment with CONPs and RT in pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and human pancreatic tumors in nude mice in vivo compared to CONPs or RT treatment alone. Further, CONP-driven increase in RT-induced JNK activity was associated with a marked increase in Caspase 3/7 activation, indicative of apoptosis. We have previously shown that CONPs increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in cancer cells. ROS has been shown to drive the oxidation of thioredoxin 1 (TRX1) which results in the activation of apoptosis signaling kinase 1 (ASK1). The increase in ASK1 activation following the co-treatment with CONPs followed by RT suggests that the increased JNK activation is the result of increased TRX1 oxidation. The ability of CONPs to sensitize pancreatic cancer cells to RT was mitigated when the TRX1 oxidation was prevented by mutagenesis of a cysteine residue or when the JNK activation was blocked by an inhibitor. Taken together, these data demonstrate an important mechanism for CONPs in specifically killing cancer cells and provide novel insights into the utilization of CONPs as a radiosensitizer and therapeutic agent for pancreatic cancer.