Valence Theory Research Articles

COMPATABILITY OF LANGUAGE UNITS IN THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE AND THEIR СAPABILITIES

The article deals with the concept of valency as a phenomenon lying at the confluence of syntax and lexical semantics. The paper also represents types of valency, directions in which the theory of valency is considered. Valency in the broad sense of the word refers to the capacity of a language unit to enter into communication with other units of a particular order. Objectivity and scientific and practical significance of the theory of valency is determined by the lexical-semantic potential of the word. Semantic valency is based on the logical semes of the word semantics. These semes are consistent with the logical semes of other word meanings, as a result, the given word demonstrates the combining capability with another word. This is considered to be its semantic valency. We have attempted to identify and investigate a peculiar kind of valency in the Kazakh language. We use the concepts of valency and compatibility as synonyms, but in a number of works they are distinguished. Thus, compatibility is regarded as a realized valency, and valency as a potential compatibility of the same language level elements. Сombinability refers to peculiarity of a word to realize in speech its syntagmatic relations in the form of a phrase

Ethical Decision Making in Autonomous Vehicles: The AV Ethics Project

The ethics of autonomous vehicles (AV) has received a great amount of attention in recent years, specifically in regard to their decisional policies in accident situations in which human harm is a likely consequence. Starting from the assumption that human harm is unavoidable, many authors have developed differing accounts of what morality requires in these situations. In this article, a strategy for AV decision-making is proposed, the Ethical Valence Theory, which paints AV decision-making as a type of claim mitigation: different road users hold different moral claims on the vehicle’s behavior, and the vehicle must mitigate these claims as it makes decisions about its environment. Using the context of autonomous vehicles, the harm produced by an action and the uncertainties connected to it are quantified and accounted for through deliberation, resulting in an ethical implementation coherent with reality. The goal of this approach is not to define how moral theory requires vehicles to behave, but rather to provide a computational approach that is flexible enough to accommodate a number of ‘moral positions’ concerning what morality demands and what road users may expect, offering an evaluation tool for the social acceptability of an autonomous vehicle’s ethical decision making.

Nieuwe inzichten over het voorzetselvoorwerp

Abstract New insights on the prepositional object An influential article by Hans Broekhuis in Nederlandse Taalkunde 9 () treated PP complements (type He thought of her all day) in Dutch. It contained sharp observations, intriguing hypotheses and a somewhat puzzling classification of the verbs allowing these complements. It provoked a lively discussion, on matters such as the number of possible PP complements in one sentence, the value of distinctive criteria such as an isolation test with en doet dat, the functional status of the preposition. Broekhuis’ generative-style syntactic reasoning at times clashed with approaches inspired by form/content analysis, valency theory and constructional grammar. In all, the original contribution to this journal and the subsequent discussion brought new and interesting insights in this traditionally hard-to-deal-with syntactic category.

Packing fraction, bond valence and crystal structure of AVO4 (A = Eu, Y) microwave dielectric ceramics with low permittivity

The A3+B5+O4 binary oxides have a variety of different structures—monoclinic, and tetragonal—making them suitable candidates for laser hosts, energy storage, microwave dielectric substrates, etc. In this work, we prepared two tetragonal AVO4 (A = Eu, Y) ceramics with zircon structure. The powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) has been used to study phase purity of the zircon-type AVO4 (A = Eu, Y) ceramics. There was a significant correlation between microwave dielectric properties and relative density. Dense EuVO4 and YVO4 ceramics sintered at 1180 °C and 1240 °C exhibited promising microwave dielectric properties with er = 11.6 and 9.9, Q × f = 46,862 GHz and 56,174 GHz, τf = − 49.6 ppm/°C and − 43.7 ppm/°C, respectively. In addition, the relationship between microwave dielectric properties and crystal structure of AVO4 (A = Eu, Y) ceramics were discussed by packing fraction and bond valence theory in detail.

Structure, Raman spectra and properties of two low-εr microwave dielectric ceramics Ca3B2Ge3O12 (B = Al, Ga)

Ca3B2Ge3O12 (B = Al, Ga) cubic garnet ceramics with space group Ia-3d were synthesized by solid-state reaction. Ca3Al2Ge3O12 ceramic sintered at 1340 °C showed the optimal microwave dielectric performances with εr = 8.97, Q × f = 114,871 GHz and τf= −54.6 ppm/°C. The trace amount of secondary phase Ca2Ga2GeO7 was observed by XRD in Ca3Ga2Ge3O12 ceramic. The pure phase Ca3Ga2Ge3O12 could be obtained at 1320 °C by adding an excess of 3.3 mol% GeO2, which exhibited εr ~9.79, Q × f ~129,356 GHz and τf ~ −50.19 ppm/°C. The differences in microwave dielectric properties of Ca3B2Ge3O12 (B = Al, Ga) ceramics were discussed by Raman spectra, ionic polarizability, packing fraction and bond valence theories. Additionally, CaTiO3 was used to adjust the largely negative τf of Ca3B2Ge3O12 (B = Al, Ga) ceramics to near zero, and optimized performances of εr = 10.18, Q × f = 59,350 GHz and τf = +2.53 ppm/°C were obtained for the composite 0.88Ca3Al2Ge3O12-0.12CaTiO3 ceramics at 1360 °C for 8 h, with εr = 11.23, Q × f = 64,542 GHz and τf = −3.26 ppm/°C for 0.9Ca3Ga2Ge3O12-0.1CaTiO3 ceramics at 1320 °C.

Constructional variation with two near-synonymous verbs: the case of schicken and senden in present-day German

This article reports on the results of a corpus-based study of alternating ditransitive argument structures comprising an agent-like, a theme-like and a recipient-like argument in combination with the ditransitive verbs schicken and senden in present-day German. The alternation concerns the Indirect Object Construction with the addressee (i.e. the recipient-like argument) expressed in the dative case (IOC) and the Prepositional Object Construction with the addressee either introduced by the preposition an (+ accusative) or zu (+ dative) (POC). The quantitative analysis (logistic regression and Conditional Inference Tree) is based on N = 2689 naturally occurring sentences drawn from the Deutsches Referenzkorpus (IDS Mannheim). The article first presents a probabilistic account of the data that aims to predict the interplay of a wide array of morphosyntactic, semantic, pragmatic and processing factors. The problem with an exclusively semantic explanation of the alternation is that both IOC and POC can express the same senses. However, there are tendencies that relate IOC in particular to pronominal and individual addressees, whereas POC correlates more strongly with collective, dual reference and object addressees as well as passive voice. The article then proposes a typologically-informed account of the data that combines a constructional analysis with valency theory and a layered approach to the meanings of both the schematic argument structure construction and the verbs schicken and senden. The account corroborates the narrow definition of a construction as an encoded form-meaning pairing that allows for formal and pragmatic variation of the recipient-like argument. Accordingly, IOC and POC are not considered constructions in their own right but variants of a semantically underdetermined construction with an underspecified goal argument in present-day German.

THE VALENCE PROPERTY OF NEOLOGISMS IN KAZAKH LANGUAGE

The article deals with the concept of valency as a phenomenon lying at the confluence of syntax and lexical semantics. The paper also represents types of valency, directions in which the theory of valency is considered. Valency in the broad sense of the word refers to the capacity of a language unit to enter into communication with other units of a particular order. Objectivity and scientific and practical significance of the theory of valency is determined by the lexical-semantic potential of the word. Semantic valency is based on the logical semes of the word semantics. These semes are consistent with the logical semes of the another word meanings, as a result, the given word demonstrates the combining capability with another word. This is considered to be its semantic valency. We have attempted to identify and investigate a peculiar kind of valency in the Kazakh language.

Verb valency in interlanguage: An extension to valency theory and new perspective on L2 learning

AbstractValency theory has been applied to investigate various languages, such as German, Chinese and English. However, most studies in this field were based on the linguistic materials produced by native speakers. The current research aimed to examine the valency structures in the interlanguage. Based on the English writing produced by L2 Chinese learners, we adopted the quantitative approach, trying to find out whether the distributional features of verb valency in the interlanguage also had regular probability distributions as those in the native languages, and whether there was a relationship between these valency distributional characteristics and L2 learners’ language competence. It was found that (1) verb valency in the interlanguage followed distributional regularities which had been identified in the native languages; (2) the valency features showed differences in the diversity of valency patterns, the use of valences and the complexity of forms of complements between the interlanguage and the target language; (3) the distribution functions and parameters related to verb valency could manifest the development of students’ language competence. The current research has extended valency theory to the study of interlanguage and the valency perspective has profound methodological and pedagogical implications for L2 learning. Its item-specific property and the integration of grammatical and lexical factors are conducive to analyzing the way various words combine with each other.

B2C 물류서비스 이용자의 프라이버시 위험, 프라이버시 신뢰, 프라이버시 우려, 정보보호정책 준수의지에 대한 실증연구 : 인지밸런스이론 접근

본 연구는 B2C 물류서비스 이용자의 프라이버시 심리를 조사하였다. 본 연구에서는 인지밸런스이론을 이용해 이론적 프레임워크를 개발하였고, 이 프레임워크를 이용해 물류보안지식, 프라이버시 신뢰, 프라이버시 위험, 프라이버시 우려, 개인정보보호를 위한 컴플라이언스 행동의지에 대한 연구모델을 제안하였다. 그리고, B2C 물류서비스 이용자들을 대상으로 설문조사를 통해, 151부의 유효한 응답을 획득하였고, 구조방정식 소프트웨어를 이용해 실증분석을 하였다. 실증분석 결과를 살펴보면, 물류보안 지식은 프라이버시 신뢰와 위험에 영향을 미쳤고, 프라이버시 신뢰는 컴플라이언스 행동의지에 영향을 미쳤다. 그러나, 물류보안지식은 컴플라이언스 행동의지에 영향을 미치지 않았다. 본 연구결과는 물류서비스에서 정보보안과 프라이버시 보호가 중시되는 현 시점에서 연구자들에게 물류보안 연구를 위한 이론적 시사점을 제공해 줄 것이고, 실무자들에게는 보다 안전한 물류서비스 개발을 위한 시사점을 제공해 줄 것이다.

Team Health and Project Quality Are Improved When Peer Evaluation Scores Affect Grades on Team Projects

The use of team projects is common in higher education. Teamwork offers an avenue to help students learn to collaborate and develop the interpersonal skills needed for career success. However, the teams are not always effective, which may undermine student learning, growth, and development. In the current research, we integrate accountability, valence, motivation, and social loafing theories in order to advance an understanding of the role of peer evaluations conducted at the end of a team project. We use a state-of-the-art peer feedback system that allows students to assess and evaluate each other on five competencies critical to teamwork. This system also permits the assessment of overall team functioning. These outcomes are critical as they are related to learning as well as grades on team projects. Over three years and using a total sample size of 162 teams and 873 students, we found that the use of peer evaluations for grading purposes, compared to a control group, promoted effective team member behavior and overall team health. Future research is needed to further investigate the optimal use of peer evaluations in a variety of contexts using a variety of methods.

Corporate Sustainable Development Strategy: Effect of Green Shared Vision on Organization Members' Behavior.

In this study, expectancy–valence theory was used from the perspective of corporate green management to investigate green shared vision (GSV). Moreover, organizational identity theory and psychological ownership theory were combined to propose an integrated conceptual framework. To fill research gaps, an investigation was also conducted with frontline R & D and sales employees to further examine the effect of GSV on organization members’ psychology and behavior. The research results indicate that when under the following circumstances, corporate members can enhance organizational citizenship behavior for the environment (OCBE) to improve green management performance, gain the favor of green consumers and achieve sustainable consumption goals. First, enterprises should focus on environmental issues and develop their GSV. Second, enterprises should implement the GSV in different aspects, such as product design, processing, marketing and management. Finally, corporate GSV should be in line with the expectations and values of organization members on environmental issues to motivate their OCBE. Therefore, enterprises must implement their GSV to strengthen the green organizational identity and green product psychological ownership of their members.

The effect of policy instruments on rural households' solid waste separation behavior and the mediation of perceived value using SEM.

Based on expectancy valence theory, people's behavior is affected by their self-perception and the external environment. In rural China, policy instruments as robust external environment factors have a strong effect on waste separation behavior (WSB). The purpose of the paper is to explore the influencing mechanism of policy instruments (infrastructure and information) on perceived value (perceived benefit and perceived cost) and waste separation behaviors. The data were collected from 689 rural households of Shaanxi province in China, and analyzed by using structural equation model (SEM). According to the results, the mediation effect proves that policy instruments not only can affect WSB directly but also can affect it indirectly through the perceived value. Specifically, information and infrastructure influence the perceived benefit positively and the perceived cost negatively, and information and infrastructure have an indirect effect on WSB through the mediation effect of the perceived cost. Second, policy instruments have a stronger effect on rural people's waste separation behavior than perceived value. Specifically, infrastructure has the most important impact on waste separation behavior, followed by information and then perceived cost. Third, the perceived cost is significantly negatively related to WSB, and perceived benefit has a positive effect but is statistically insignificant. It has a practical implication for the government. Providing sufficient infrastructure and launching effective information activities could improve the perceived benefit including biospheric, egoistic, social-altruistic, and reputation; and reduce the perceived cost of time, physical, learning, and money, which could then induce rural households to engage in WSB.

Examining First Date Goals across Different Types of Date Initiation

Individual goals for first dates are examined in the context of requesting the first date, accepting a first date request, going on a blind date, and going on a group date in a sample of 211 college students. Results indicate that first dates are more likely to be group dates than blind dates or requested dates and those individuals on blind dates and group dates are less likely to endorse goals of having sex or investigating romantic potential than those who request or accept the first date. Results are considered using error management theory, cognitive valence theory, and stage models of relationships. The differences that emerge across the type of date initiation indicate the type of date initiation and are important in addressing courtship.

Influence of Ring Contraction on the Electronic Structure of Nickel Tetrapyrrole Complexes: Corrole vs Porphyrin

The influence of the contracted corrole macrocycle, in comparison to the larger porphyrin macrocycle, on the electronic structure of nickel was studied with X-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, UPS) and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. Synthesis and in situ characterization of the Ni complexes of octaethylporphyrin (NiOEP) and hexaethyldimethylcorrole (NiHEDMC) were performed in ultra-high vacuum. XPS and NEXAFS spectra reveal a +2 oxidation state and a low-spin d8 electron configuration of Ni in both complexes, despite the formal trianionic nature of the corrole ligand. UPS, in combination with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, support the electronic structure of a Ni(II) corrole with a π-radical character of the ligand. The NEXAFS spectra also reveal differences in the valence electronic structure, which are attributed to the size mismatch between the small Ni(II) center and the larger central cavity of NiOEP. Analysis of the gas-phase structures shows that the Ni−N bonds in NiOEP are 4%–6% longer than those in NiHEDMC, even when NiOEP adopts a ruffled conformation. The individual interactions that constitute the Ni−ligand bond are altogether stronger in the corrole complex, according to bonding analysis within the energy decomposition analysis and the natural orbitals for chemical valence theory (EDA-NOCV).

Beyond good and bad

Evaluativism by Carruthers and reflexive imperativism by Barlassina and Hayward agree that valence—the (un)pleasantness of experiences—is a natural kind shared across all affective states. But they disagree about what valence is. For evaluativism, an experience is pleasant/unpleasant in virtue of representing its worldly object as good/bad; for reflexive imperativism, an experience is pleasant/unpleasant in virtue of commanding its subject to get more/less of itself. I argue that reflexive imperativism is superior to evaluativism according to Carruthers's own standards. He maintains that a theory of valence should account for its phenomenology and role in imagination-based decision-making. I show that it is reflexive imperativism, rather than evaluativism, that fits this explanatory bill.

Clothing and Human Bonds from the Perspective of the Valency Theory for University Students

Clothing and Human Bonds from the Perspective of the Valency Theory for University Students

User willingness to purchase applications on mobile intelligent devices: evidence from app store

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the facilitating and inhibitory factors on paid app downloading intentions based on an integrated valence theory, considering two social environmental factors and two intermediate variables: perceived value and perceived trust.Design/methodology/approachThis study is based on the integrated valence theory. After collecting users’ data, partial least square analysis is used to examine the main driving and constraining factors for users to download paid apps in Apple mobile devices.FindingsThe empirical results show that mediated through perceived value, perceived usefulness and perceived compatibility are the absolute positive factors that affect user’s willingness to purchase apps, whereas perceived cost is the main barrier for users to do so. Social environment where the users are in also plays an important role in their purchase intentions.Practical implicationsThis study hopes to offer guidance to paid app developers and general app markets, and to help expand the consumer group, make the purchase experience more efficient and promote the development of paid app market.Originality/valueThe finding not only enriches the adoption theory of mobile apps from the perspective of valence theory, but also provides pricing and functional suggestions for platform suppliers and software developers of paid apps.

The Valency Structure Of English And Tatar Verbs Of Motion In The Comparative Aspect

The theory of valency is one of the most important topics of modern linguistics. The valency analysis is directly related to the practice of teaching and learning languages in linguistics. The given research is aimed at considering the valency structure of Tatar and English verbsof motion. The relevance of the topic is determined by its general theoretical significance. The comprehensive study of the valency structure of Tatar and English verbs makes a significant contribution to the study of the theory of semantic syntax of these languages. The choice of verbs of motion is also not accidental. The versatility of the semantic structure of this group of verbs takes the first place among other thematic groups. The scientific novelty of the research is that it conducts the comparative study of valency properties and variants of Tatar and English verbs of motion. The work involves experiencing the comprehensive study of valency properties of the main lexico-semantic group of verbs: verbs of motion. Due to the fact that it is impossible to describe in detail all the lexical-semantic groups of verbs within the framework of one study, we limited ourselves to considering the main thematic group – the verbs of motion.

Donor-Acceptor vs Electron-Shared Bonding: Triatomic SinC3-n (n ≤ 3) Clusters Stabilized by Cyclic Alkyl(amino) Carbene.

SinC3-n (n ≤ 3) clusters are interstellar species that are transient in nature at ambient conditions. Herein, the structure, stability, and nature of bonding in cyclic alkyl(amino) carbene (cAAC) protected SinC3-n (n ≤ 3) clusters are studied in silico. The Si3(cAAC)3 complex was previously reported to be synthesized in large scale. The present results indicate that because the C-CcAAC bond is stronger than the Si-CcAAC bond, C3(cAAC)3 and SiC2(cAAC)3 complexes have significantly larger stability with respect to ligand dissociation than the Si3(cAAC)3 complex, while Si2C(cAAC)3 has almost the same stability as in the latter complex. Moreover, considering the Si3(cAAC)3 complex as a precursor, the hypothetical successive single Si substitution process by a single C atom in Si3(cAAC)3 complex is exergonic in nature. The bonding situation is analyzed by employing natural bond orbital (NBO), electron density, and energy decomposition analyses in combination with the natural orbital for chemical valence theory. These studies show that the nature of bonding in C-CcAAC and Si-CcAAC bonds differs significantly from each other. The former bonds are best described as an electron-shared double bond, whereas the latter bonds are of donor-acceptor type consisting of two components, Si←CcAAC σ-donation and Si→CcAAC π-back-donation. Nevertheless, in the former bonds, covalent character is larger than the ionic one but in the latter bonds the reverse is true. For some Si-CcAAC bonds, the π-natural orbital cannot be located by the NBO method, presumably because of slightly lower occupancy than the cutoff values, but the electron density analysis confirms that different Si-CcAAC bonds in a given complex are almost equivalent in terms of electron density distribution. This paper reports an interesting change in bonding pattern when one replaces Si by a C atom in triatomic silicon carbide clusters stabilized by a ligand.

Grain size issues in constructicon building – and how to address them

Abstract Novel formats of construction-based description hold great potential for phenomena that fall through the cracks in traditional kinds of linguistic reference works. On the example of German verb argument structure constructions with a prepositional object, we demonstrate that a construction-based description of such phenomena is superior to existing lexicographic and grammaticographic treatments, but that it also poses a number of new problems. The most fundamental of these relates to the fact that construction-based analyses can be proposed on different levels of abstraction. We illustrate pertinent problems relating to the precise identification of constructional form and meaning and suggest a multi-layered descriptive format for web-based electronic reference constructica that can accommodate these challenges. Semantically, the proposed solution integrates both lumping and splitting perspectives on constructional grain size and permits users to flexibly zoom in and out on individual elements in the resource. Formally, it can capture variation in the number and marking of realised arguments as found in e.g. passives and transitivity alternations. Aspects of the theoretical controversy between Construction Grammar and Valency Theory are addressed where relevant, but our focus is on questions of description and the practical implementation of construction-based analyses in a suitable type of linguistic reference work.