Theory Of Surplus Value Research Articles

The “Opportunity Cost”: Care Work Compensation from a Gender Perspective in China

Asserting the value of care work within a family is not only a significant issue that affects the quality of marital life, but it also lays the groundwork for supporting the sustainable development of society and, ultimately, the country. Constantly, the theory of surplus value is employed to help understand the value of care work. However, it still lacks a macro-construction from a gender perspective. This article analyzes 15 judicial cases after introducing the Civil Code and compares the condition of application, the amount, and the factor considered in recognition of care work compensation under Chinese law. It concludes that in practice, the amount of compensation for care work remains relatively modest, with the division of the community property division heavily influencing it. At the macro level, the recognition of the economic value of the care work compensation must be emphasized from a gender construction. In contrast, at the micro level, a balance must be struck between the possibility of the other spouse benefiting from “the opportunity cost.”

The representation of unconventional physician in alexander pope's memories of martinus scriblerus

This paper examines Alexander Pope's Memoirs of The Extraordinary Life, Works, and Discoveries of Martinus Scriblerus (1741) with a central focus on portraying the main character as an unconventional physician. Alexander Pope recognizes the existence of two distinctive consciousness; he aims to awaken society from what is perceived as false consciousness through the main character’s different consciousness. The author presents the main character as an unconventional physician who explores the traces of the imposed social and cultural norms behind the physical and mental illnesses that are inflicted on the population in the fictional society in the story. The physician attempts to cure these diseases by rectifying the impact of societal norms on the individual, considering them the leading causes that hinder an individual’s true authenticity. The article attempts to employ a Marxist criticism approach, specifically relying on the Surplus Value theory, to investigate the source of false consciousness that inflicted the society. Moreover, the theory serves to underscore the economic dimension of false consciousness, emphasizing that the distortion of true identity is not merely a cultural or ideological phenomenon but is deeply intertwined with the economic relations within society. By embracing the dominant values and failing to recognize their role as the primary producers of surplus value that perpetuates a system that inherently disadvantages them, Pope aims to awaken the population. The article concludes that the main character, advocating for individual liberation from false consciousness, supports the idea that two distinctive types of consciousness exist. Also, it concludes that the main character, as a holder of class consciousness, emerges as a symbolic dissenter and, through his treatments, rejects the dominant culture, perceiving it to be the reason that hinders the individual’s self-realization and authenticity. Also, it concludes that the main character is involved in a conflict with the broader society, leading him to be isolated and feel a lack of belonging due to his different consciousness.

Why Does China Implement the "Dual Reduction Policy" to Restrict Educational Industry? An Explanation Based on Marxist Political Economy

Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels proposed in "The Communist Manifesto" the viewpoint of the inevitable demise of capitalism, Marxist political economy serves as an explanation and justification of this viewpoint. Marxist political economy forms a complete logical system, which elucidates the developmental path of capitalist collapse through three stages: surplus value, free competition, and monopoly capitalism. The theory of surplus value explains the intrinsic essence of capitalist society, wherein capitalists profit by exploiting labor, while free market competition and monopoly capitalism are external manifestations of the operational laws of capitalist society. In recent years, the disorderly expansion of educational capital in China has shown clear monopolistic tendencies. At this juncture, China promptly implemented the "dual reduction policy" to restrict the expansion of educational capital, which is a practical application of Marxist political economy. From the perspective of Marxist political economy theory, China's restrictions on educational capital serve three purposes: firstly, to prevent capital from excessively depriving laborers of surplus value; secondly, to avoid cyclical economic crises brought about by unregulated capital competition; thirdly, to prevent monopolies and thereby avert both economic crises and the social crises brought about by monopolies.

Inheritance and Development of Marxist Theory of Surplus Value in the Age of Digital Economy

Inheritance and Development of Marxist Theory of Surplus Value in the Age of Digital Economy

ОБ АКТУАЛЬНОСТИ ПОЛОЖЕНИЙ НЕОКЛАССИКИ ПРИ РАЗРЕШЕНИИ ПРОБЛЕМЫ МОДЕРНИЗАЦИИ НАЛОГООБЛОЖЕНИЯ ПРИБЫЛИ ПРЕДПРИЯТИЙ

It is considered the methodological, theoretical and practical significance the principles of new classical margenalism theory of price, maximum useful and economy prosperity on additional substantiation necessary employment differentiated method of enterprises tax profit. This make on object of article. It is determination in result of research the conclusion about margenalism theory of price. It does not contradict the principles the theory of surplus value, into conformity which the basis indicators of differentiation the enterprises in groups the norm of surplus value, the norm of profit and organic structure of capital are affeered. It in addition substantiation the branch level of differentiation on basis this indicators with accounting the laws of growing, diminishing and steading giving and possibility decision the dilemma of between equality and effectiveness.

Value equilibrium analysis based on the New Theory of Value. I

The (traditional) labor theory of value, founded by Smith with the basic axiom that labor determines value, and supplemented and improved by Marx with the axiom that labor creates surplus-value. Neoclassical economics newly studied the utility theory of value, but it abandoned the traditional labor theory of value and theory of surplus-value. Under the basic axiomatic system analogous to theoretical mechanics, the above three theories of value has been included and developed by the new theory of value, which established the value complex variable function including three basic quantities of quantity, quality and time, as well as labor value, use-value and surplus-value. Starting from the value complex variable function, with the mathematical methods of Euler equation and Euler formula, this paper conduct a thorough and comprehensive analysis on the theory of value, under satisfactions of Marx’s first and second laws, focusing on value equilibrium by giving the mathematical explicit expressions of both value equilibrium function and price equilibrium function in various forms applicable to the general commodity economic movement process, so as to prove the existence and stability of the extremum solutions to the corresponding functions.

A multidimensional interpretation of Marxist globalization theory based on decentralized internet

Abstract To achieve a multidimensional interpretation of Marxist globalization theory, this paper provides a fecundation network facility based on a decentralized internet, thus overcoming various drawbacks of the network where traditional spatial services are located. In the Marxist theory of globalization, the rise from concrete rigor to abstract rigor is an important dialectical transformation of materialist epistemology. It is implied that Marx, based on the principle of mathematical expression of intuition and detail, refined, and deepened the paradigm itself through mathematical tools and mathematical methods, and used mathematical ideas to condense the theory of political economy, making the property of precision reflected in the logic of the paradigm. The 3PL model is established and the basic principles are accurately understood and grasped from mathematical logic according to the labor theory of value, surplus value theory and reproduction theory in Marxism, which provides an important generative logic for constructing a mathematical paradigm of Marxist political economy. The results of the study show that the output efficiency and benefits of fully cooperative networks (L = 0.92, Q = 281.5), after a long period of competition makes the output of the network less efficient, which in turn makes the network as a whole obtain lower returns (L = 0.73, Q = 96.18). In a competitive coexistence network structure, although there are competitive relationships at the core firm level, the network is not greatly affected by this (L = 0.83, Q = 202.92) instead, it will break the monopoly alliance and enliven the local economy. By constructing a rigorous and sophisticated mathematical and theoretical model, the theory of political economy can be made more abstract and scientific, and the analytical and explanatory power of the theory of political economy can be improved.

An Equality of Security

In the “Principles of the Civil Code,” Jeremy Bentham identifies four “principles subsidiary to utility”: subsistence, abundance, equality, and security. Whereas these subsidiary principles form part of the bedrock of classical liberalism, in this essay I show that in the hands of his friend and disciple William Thompson, they are transformed into the foundations for socialism. Where Bentham prioritizes security over equality, and security of property takes a preeminent role, Thompson shows that the system of individual competition and private property—his way of describing capitalism—is best characterized by the “inequality of security.” Based on the labor theory of property, Thompson argues that the system that assigns ownership to the providers of capital violates the workers’ security—the right to have the full produce of their labor secured to them. Thompson then reconciles security and equality, understanding them as mutually constitutive instead of in conflict. From his work I identify a modified set of subsidiary principles that place security and equality at the same level, and then adds additional subsidiary principles as necessary conditions to enable full equality of security: voluntarism, democracy, and united effort/common property. With this as his basis, Thompson offers the outlines for important elements of socialist theory, including the theory of surplus value; a call for the abolition of private property; and full equal social, civil, and legal rights for women, establishing a firm grounding for socialism in utilitarian philosophy. Because Thompson also was a major influence on the early cooperative movement, which also adopted these principles, this has significant implications for how we view the cooperative movement, which today may justifiably claim to be the world’s largest democratic social movement.

The theory of surplus value and consumer cooperativism

The theory of surplus value and consumer cooperativism

A Study of Marx’s Theory of Surplus Value and Its Practical Significance

A Study of Marx’s Theory of Surplus Value and Its Practical Significance

Unequal Exchange in the EU: The Case of Trade Transactions Between Germany, Italy, and Greece

In contemporary capitalism, unequal exchange is a form of imperialist exploitation. A theoretical approach to unequal exchange is traced to Marx's analysis of economic crises in Volume III of Capital and Theories of Surplus Value. Unequal exchange penetrates the world economy revealing an economic-performance hierarchy through value extraction in trade. Trade transactions between Germany, Italy, and Greece are examined to estimate the degree of unequal exchange in the European Union.

Exploration on the Application and Practice of Marx's classic theory of Residual Value Based on The Perspective of Modern "Unmanned Factory"

The high production efficiency and low number of workers of the unmanned factory production model have increased some scholars' misunderstanding of Marx's theory of surplus value. The main body of this essay is the unmanned factory. The full text takes Marx's theory of surplus value as the theoretical basis. It conducts a historical exploration of the unmanned factory in different eras, and discusses the production relationship of the unmanned factory and staffing information. When discussing the source of surplus value in unmanned factories, it is considered that there are two labor methods, "human labor" and "intellectual labor", but the labor methods are different, and both labor methods can generate value. In fact, the surplus value of unmanned factories comes from three aspects: one is to squeeze the unnecessary labor of workers in human labor; the other is to squeeze the intellectual labor of scientific researchers that condensed into commodities; From the perspective of surplus value, unmanned factories seek high profits from the difference between the social average product value and the value of individual products produced efficiently. Therefore, Marx's theory of surplus value is applicable to unmanned factories, and the production machines of unmanned factories cannot create value. And it can be seen that the degree of exploitation of workers by capitalists under the unmanned factory mode has not weakened. At the same time, the impact of the unmanned factory model on workers is drawn, that is, the labor value of workers is degraded.

A categoria força de trabalho e a Crítica da Economia Política

A crítica da economia política de Marx se desenvolveu e se modificou com o passar do tempo. Isso se deveu tanto a fatores teóricos quanto políticos. Um aspecto fulcral, onde essas mudanças se processaram, envolve os debates em torno das categorias trabalho e força de trabalho. A economia política anterior tentou tratar desse tema, mas o seu desenvolvimento insuficiente não a permitiu entender a relação do valor, oriundo do trabalho, com processos de acumulação de capital. Marx conseguiu conectar essas duas dimensões pela distinção, progressivamente mais clara, de trabalho e força de trabalho. Destarte, Marx demonstrou que a acumulação de capital pode ocorrer mesmo em um regime de trocas entre equivalentes, porque essa separação possibilita demonstrar sua principal contribuição teórica: a teoria da mais-valia. O presente trabalho pretende retratar as transformações no trato dessas categorias na trajetória do autor entre 1847 e 1865.

The Labour Theory of Value, Simple Commodity Production and the Transformation Problem

This article revaluates contemporary criticism of Marx’s value theory. Key tenets of Marx’s value theory are widely rejected. The use of labour (abstract or otherwise) as a standard of value is deemed ‘mystical’ or ‘magical’. The logical-historical method is false. The notion of simple commodity production a mistake. The solution to the transformation of values into prices of production mathematically incorrect. The theory of surplus value is superfluous. Okshio’s theorem refutes Marx’s law of the tendency of the rate of profit to fall. This article shows that the assumptions necessary to sustain this critique amount to a rejection of human production in general and capitalist production in particular.

THE PECULIARITIES OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES’ PROFIT TAXATION IN A DIFFERENTIATED APPROACH

This article studies the problem of improving enterprise profit taxation, the ways to solve it, and one of the main problems of the modern system of the enterprises taxation — how it is connected to the production efficiency. By solving it, we can determine the differentiation of the tax rates to the enterprises’ profit. Within its methodological framework, the author proposes to use the theory of surplus value. In order to spread the global methods for solving the issues of improving the taxation profit of enterprises and ensuring the economic efficiency and growth, the principles of neoclassic marginal theory are used. The system of indicators — signs and criteria — provides evidence for differentiating industrial enterprises into groups for a more optimal taxation of their profits. The author provides suggestions for forming the rate of the profit tax to stimulate the increase of production efficiency and reinvestment of funds for its development. The algorithm for calculating the profit tax rate assumes using the index of the norms of surplus value — profitableness of labor. This article proposes using a matrix for classifying industrial enterprises into groups, defining the level of the tax rates to profit for each of them based on the developed algorithm together with the level of production efficiency for 2018. For industrial enterprises, special industrial level of indicators — the signs differentiation — are considered: the structure of capital, the standard of profit, the profitableness of labor, and the results of their profit taxation using the method of free balance, the normative method, the modern and the proposed tax profit systems. In the case of the industrial enterprises, the relevance of the proposed reforms of the taxation of profit is explained. The results of research constitute the methodological basis of developing a more effective mechanism of taxing enterprises’ profit, which is especially necessary when realizing anti-crisis economic politics.

Marx and Weber’s Polar Opposing Theorical Concepts of Capitalism and Christianity: A Tribute to The Depth of Sociological Theory in the 21 Century

Abstract: Marx and Weber two German Sociologists with opposite social theories centered around Capitalism and Religion in Western Civilization. Context: This effort is the first in a series of articles designed to expose Sociology’s depth in theorical free social thought. The second article in this series will contrast “Conflict Theory” with “Functionalism”. Marx viewed modern capitalist society as an historical process of oppression and alienation. Indeed, labor is viewed as a commodity, Marx refers to this social conditions as Alienated or Estrange labor. Found in this social position humanity cannot experience a creative function; rather experiences oneself passively as the subject separated from the object. Therefore, the perversion of labor into a meaningless crippling productive force. Furthermore, Marx argued the nature of humanity is to transform, and change nature to fit human needs or “Species-Being”. Therefore, Humanity is the past, present and the future. As opposed to the species-nature of animal. Animal behavior is rooted in the internal repetition of activities, accepting what nature has to offer. However, alienated labor perverts’ human character as “species-being” into a means of existence, rather than a free, conscious creative activity. Moreover, humanity feels free only to act in a most animal function (rather than as a free creative activity decreasing humanities advantage over animals). Thus, productive life is species-life where humanity consciously transforms the outside world into ones’ self-identity. Lastly, private property is the all-summarized expression of alienated labor for humanity is transformed into a commodity, to be owned and used by the Power-elite. Marx labels this “The Theory of Surplus Value”. The equation located in “Surplus value” is as the value of “things” increase there is a direct decrease in the value of humanity. The end-product is always more valuable than the sum of its parts, which by logically includes the devaluation Humanity. Christianity: Marx argued that embedded in the religious dogma of Christianity is the justification of slavery, negative self-contempt, submissiveness, life-long poverty, and the objectification of humanity, all for the benefit power-elite (Capitalist). Thus” RELIGION IS THE OPIUM OF THE PEOPLE”, man (capitalist) create religion for their purposes of exploitation; thus religion “does not make man”, man makes region.

The Formation of Marxist Theory of Surplus Value

Marxist theory of surplus value is founded on the basis of Marx's labor theory of value. The theory of surplus value is based on mercantilism and the theory of surplus value of David Ricardo. Adam Smith and Owen also played a certain role in the formation of Marxist surplus value theory. Marx's analysis of the subject of labor and the process of labor is the basis of historical materialism of surplus value theory. This paper analyzes the significance of the formation of Marxist surplus value.

The distinction between relative and positive profit: Sir James Steuart after Adam Smith and the Classics

The distinction between relative and positive profit was put forward by Sir James Steuart in the shortest chapter of his book An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy (1767). This distinction has been scarcely noticed in the literature to follow except for some comments made by Marx especially in the initial chapter of his Theories of Surplus Value. The purpose of this paper is to investigate, in an attempt to keep words apart from concepts, whether and to what extent Steuart’s distinction, which is never mentioned in Smith’s Wealth of Nations (in spite of his familiarity with Steuart’s work), is an essential part of Adam Smith’s system of thought. The point of departure for tracing this distinction is, first, Smith’s elementary example of dwelling-houses and profitable buildings; and, then, his more advanced discussion (to be developed by later scholars and in particular by Marx) between the process of circulation (from one individual to another) and the process of production (and reproduction) of national wealth in the light of the two points of view, that of an individual and that of the whole society, on which Smith’s theory of capital is based. This point of departure is used in the paper to trace Steuart’s distinction between relative and positive profit behind the different terminology adopted in the classical literature that followed suit with particular regard to the wage-profit inverse relationship, the competition-of-capitals doctrine and the distinction between value and wealth. Steuart’s own distinction is thus used in the paper to support Ricardo’s conception of the “neat produce” as put forward in his Essay on Profits; as well as to differentiate Ricardo’s theory of rent (as a transfer of existing wealth between different parties rather than as a creation of new wealth) not only from Malthus’s theory (in which the two concepts of rent are mixed up) but also from Smith’s (who used the word rent to convey the former concept in Book I and the latter concept in Book II of the Wealth of Nations).

Marx, Sraffa, and Surplus: Observations Prompted by Garegnani (2018)

ABSTRACT In a posthumously published article, Pierangelo Garegnani (2018. ‘On the Labour Theory of Value in Marx and in the Marxist Tradition.’) depicts Marx’s project in Capital as that of ‘developing systematically the theory of Ricardo and [the] implications of social conflict’ implied by Ricardo’s ‘surplus approach to value and distribution’. This paper argues to the contrary that Marx’s theory of surplus value and exploitation differs from (neo-)Ricardian surplus theory in fundamental ways, and modifies Garegnani’s simple Sraffian model to illustrate the distinctive implications of Marx’s theory.

The magical lantern: ‘outside the worthless commodity’

The phrase ‘outside the worthless commodity’ is actually Schopenhauer’s, a phrase that Theodor Adorno used in his In Search of Wagner. Marx had his own rendering of the critique of the commodity, in fact a revolutionary critique of the commodity which was not ‘outside the worthless commodity’, but in ‘confronting the worthless commodity’, a confrontation that begins with his celebrated Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 and then which went to the Grundrisse, the three volumes of Capital, the three parts of Theories of Surplus Value and Notes on Adolf Wagner. Marx discovered a new site that lay beyond the commodity principle which he christened ‘a community of free individuals’. Two hundred years after Marx’s birth we remember him as the seeker of these free individuals. We also remember him as the trenchant critique of all class societies, nationalism and of human alienation in general. However, we also remember him as the one who wrote the dirge of Stalinism well before Stalin was born, the elegy of the myth of ‘socialism in one country’ and mainly the requiem of the horrible myth of the socialist commodity (both which were the core parts of the ideology of Stalin and the Soviet Union, of Mao and Maoist China and which is now the principal myth of China). This essay is about going beyond the worthless commodity and how humanity needs to understand the transcendence of this worthlessness. Marx’s critique of political economy and his theory of value is a critique of the worthless commodity. And it is in this site of the critique of political economy that his idea of revolutionary philosophy emerges.