Theory Of Social Behavior Research Articles

Mapping frontoinsular cortex from diffusion microstructure.

We developed a novel method for mapping the location, surface area, thickness, and volume of frontoinsular cortex (FI) using structural and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging. FI lies in the ventral part of anterior insular cortex and is characterized by its distinctive population von Economo neurons (VENs). Functional neuroimaging studies have revealed its involvement in affective processing, and histopathology has implicated VEN loss in behavioral-variant frontotemporal dementia and chronic alcoholism; however, structural neuroimaging of FI has been relatively limited. We delineated FI by jointly modeling cortical surface geometry and its coincident diffusion microstructure parameters. We found that neurite orientation dispersion in cortical gray matter can be used to map FI in specific individuals, and the derived measures reflect a range of behavioral factors in young adults from the Human Connectome Project (N=1052). FI volume was larger in the left hemisphere than the right (31%), and the percentage volume of FI was larger in women than men (15.3%). FI volume was associated with measures of decision-making (delay discounting, substance abuse), emotion (negative intrusive thinking and perception of hostility), and social behavior (theory of mind and working memory for faces). The common denominator is that larger FI size is related to greater self-control and social awareness.

Parental Modeling and Normative Influence in Shaping Teenagers’ Phubbing: An Exploratory Study

Phubbing, the ignoring of one’s companions to pay attention to one’s phone, is ubiquitous. Yet far less is known about its interpersonal transmission. Based on the social learning theory and the theory of normative social behavior, this cross-sectional study tested the associations between perceived parental phubbing and teenagers’ phubbing. Two hundred ninety-nine Chinese teenagers ( M = 14.03, SD = 0.87) answered questions about perceived parental phubbing, descriptive norms and injunctive norms of phubbing, and phubbing of themselves. The regression analyses showed that perceived parental phubbing was positively associated with teenagers’ phubbing and descriptive norms. The conditional process analyses showed that higher levels of perceived parental phubbing predicted higher levels of descriptive norms, which in turn predicted higher levels of teenagers’ phubbing. Moreover, the magnitude of the association between descriptive norms and teenagers’ phubbing was greater as injunctive norms became greater.

Customer Engagement Around Cultural and Creative Products: The Role of Social Identity.

Along with the increasing trend of transactions occurring on social media, the consumption of Chinese cultural and creative products has increased even against the background of the COVID-19 pandemic. In this context, this article aims to analyze the relationships between virtual community-based social identity and cultural and creative product customer engagement (CE) behaviors. To this end, social identity theory and CE behavior theory were applied to previous research model. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was conducted using data from 520 self-administered questionnaires from online virtual community members. The results show that social identity has a significant effect on customer knowledge behavior, participation behavior, and influencer behavior. Moreover, influencer behavior mediates the effect of social identity on purchase intention. The study also identified gender differences in the mediation for influencer behaviors. Our results suggest that women are more sensitive to influencer behaviors than men, and thus generate more purchase behaviors.

EFFECT OF CAREGIVING OF CHILDREN WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER ON THE CAREGIVERS’ SOCIAL WELLBEING IN SELECTED INTEGRATED PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA

Social wellbeing is an essential part of general wellbeing of human beings because it shields individuals from social isolation by promoting positive relations. However, social challenges associated with the caregiving of children with Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are likely to impede the caregivers’ of children with ASD from achieving their social well-being. ASD is a neurodevelopmental childhood disorder that has no physical marker. It is characterized by peculiar behaviors that are socially intolerable. The purpose of this study was to examine how caregiving of children with ASD affect the caregivers’ social wellbeing. Social Ecological System Theory (SEST) and Cognitive Behavioral Theory (CBT) guided the study. The study used a qualitative phenomenological approach and purposive sampling method to select 24 informal caregivers and four formal caregivers from selected integrated primary schools in Nairobi County, Kenya. The study used in-depth interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs) to collect data from the caregivers of children with ASD. Data was captured using tape recording and field notes. Verbatim transcription was employed. QSRN N’vivo 10 data software was used to simplify and analyze the data. The findings revealed that caregiving of children with ASD affect the caregivers’ social wellbeing in the selected integrated primary schools in Nairobi County. The study recommends creation of public awareness about ASD, training for the caregivers to equip them with skills to manage the difficult behaviors exhibited by the children with ASD, availability of affordable therapies and mental health support to the caregivers.

Study of Goat Breeders in the Development of Rural Goat Center Cultivation Areas inthe Ampelgading Sub-District, Malang Regency of Indonesia

Goats are livestock that have a high tolerance for a variety of forages and have good adaptability to various environmental conditions. The development of goats has good prospects because besides meeting the domestic demand for meat, goats and sheep also have opportunities as export commodities. For this reason, goat breed is one of the determining factors of production and has strategic value in efforts to develop it in asustainable manner. Goat breeding is currently still based on smallholder farms which are characterized by small business scale, simple management, use of makeshift technology, non-concentrated locations and have not implemented agribusiness systems and efforts.Based on the problems above, the research problem can be formulated as follows: How is the social behavior of goat breeders indeveloping rural goat center cultivation areasin Apelgading District, Malang Regency? and What factors are behind the social behavior of goat breeders in developing rural goat farming centers in Ampelgading Sub-District, Malang Regency? The theory used in this study is the theory of social behavior and social interaction theory. And there are several concepts, namely the entrepreneur concept, the breeder concept, and the cultivation concept. This study used qualitative methods using descriptive qualitative in Ampelgading Sub-District, Malang Regency. The research was conducted by interviewing PE (Goat hybrid etawa) goat breeders to find out more about the social behavior of PE (Goat hybrid etawa) goat breeders which can increase the quantity of their livestock. Qualitative research is very important to be able to reveal what reasons are hidden behind various aspects of behavior.Strauss and Corbin (1990) state that qualitative methods can be used to uncover and understand whatever is hidden behind the phenomena that occur. This method can also provide complex details ofphenomena that are too complex to be explained using quantitative methods. The use of qualitative research is based on the consideration that this study is a study of the behavior of breeders related to the attitudes, actions and decisions taken indeveloping their livestock for their life needs as a support for the family economy. In this study, 17 findings and 7 minor propositions were produced so the major propositions could be formulated as follows. Protecting, and developing genetic heritage in raising livestock stimulates and reasons critically to continue to raise livestock traditionally and use animal husbandry technology so that the local government determines it as a place for the cultivation of goat livestock.

The Culture “Ma'danaka” in Bajau Tribe community Social Interaction (Study of Social Behavior and Social Integration of the Bontang Kuala Community, East Kalimantan on Indonesia)

The purpose of this study is to formulate a model of the ma'danaka cultural identity of the Bajau tribe in the midst of the heterogeneity of cross-cultural communication. The activity of preserving culture as a system has various interrelated elements with parts of the life system in the community. Culture as an embryo that emerges from society. Culture is born into a society where all human actions are culture. Preserving culture besides having an ideological content is a step to strengthen culture, history and identity. The cross-cultural communication that exists between the Bajau and immigrant tribes is one of the diversity that exists in Bontang Kuala. The Bajau tribe, which is known as a sea tribe, is able to carry out good social interactions with various immigrant tribes. In this study, the main theory used is the theory of social interaction, social change, and social behavior. Meanwhile, the supporting theories are the theory of social change, social structure theory, conflict theory, and functional structure theory. Meanwhile, the method of this research is qualitative analysis using data analysis techniques of Milles and Hubeman involving 7 informants to obtain the data. The results of this study include: a) social interaction is built on heterogeneity and differences in customary values, social behavior created by collaborating the behavior of land and sea and the entry of Islam changes patterns of social interaction and forms new social behavior. b) Two-way communication patterns are carried out for cultural exchange and acceptance. Tejasi changes in the living traditions, livelihood, language of discussion and dominant rituals of the Bajau tribe. As well as intercultural communication can determine, maintain, develop culture so that it can be passed on to the next generation. c) Behavioral tendencies in interpreting customary values: behavior that adopts the basic values ??of the Bajau tribe such as respecting the sea. brotherhood values, sharing goods and changing goods Positive and negative impacts. Positive impacts: strengthening values, strengthening tribal existence, increasing tolerance, and integrating socio-cultural values. Negative impacts: rejection of values, ethnic disintegration, message distortion, horizontal conflict. Ma'danaka in social interaction contributes positively and contributes to the order and peace of the life of the Bajau and other tribes.

Young Adults’ Willingness to Engage in Climate Change Activism: An Application of the Theory of Normative Social Behavior

ABSTRACT Guided by the theory of normative social behavior (TNSB), the current survey examined factors associated with climate change activism in a young adult population (N = 627). Consistent with the TNSB, young adults showed greater intention to engage in consumer and conventional climate change activism if they viewed it to be common (descriptive norm) and accepted (injunctive norm) among their peers, if they perceived positive benefits of activism (outcome expectations), and if they identified as a climate activist (ego involvement). Results supported the TNSB’s proposed interaction between descriptive norm and similarity for both types of activism. Theoretical implications for the TNSB and practical implications for promoting climate change activism among young adults are discussed.

Creative Self Efficacy in Mediating the Effect of Transformational Leadership and Innovative Behavior on Employee Performance at PT Pegadaian (Persero) Regional Office VII Denpasar

PT Pegadaian (Persero) is one of financial institution in the form of channeling funds to the public on the basis of the law of pawning. PT Pegadaian (Persero) Regional Office VII Denpasar in 2018 - 2020 has a low KPI value in the last 3 years compared to other regional offices throughout Indonesia. The decline in employee performance can be influenced by several factors, including leadership, innovative behavior and creative self-efficacy. This study was conducted to determine the role of creative self-efficacy in mediating the effect of transformational leadership and innovative behavior on employee performance. The sampling technique used was proportionate random sampling as many as 227 respondents were employees of PT Pegadaian (Persero) Regional Office VII Denpasar. Data were analyzed using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) based on Partial Least Square (PLS). The results shows creative self-efficacy, transformational leadership and innovative behavior have a positive and significant effect on employee performance (t statistic > 1.96). The results of the mediation analysis showed that creative self-efficacy was not able to mediate transformational leadership on employee performance (18.3%) but was able to partially mediate the effect of innovative behavior on employee performance (41.7%). This research is expected to be empirical evidence for future research and to be able to enrich the theory of social exchange, transformational leadership, innovative behavior and creative self-efficacy. In addition, this research is expected to provide information as a leader in improving employee performance in the PT Pegadaian (Persero) Regional Office VII Denpasar.

At the intersection of existence, events, and milestones: A response to “Existence theory”

This paper responds to Baert, Morgan, and Ushiyama’s article, “Existence theory: Outline for a theory of social behaviour,” by drawing out and examining the paper’s identification of the importance of existential milestones and the dangers of their elusiveness for some leading to a sense of incomplete lives. Alternative perspectives on frustrated existential milestones are proposed via a focus on the relationship between existence and events.

Predicting intentions to practice COVID-19 preventative behaviors in the United States: A test of the risk perception attitude framework and the theory of normative social behavior.

This study examined risk perceptions, efficacy beliefs, social norms, and their interactions as predictors of people's intention to practice four COVID-19 preventative behaviors among a U.S. sample with quotas on age, sex, ethnicity, and region (N = 336). This online survey found that perceived injunctive norms predicted intentions to clean and disinfect (β = 0.20), practice social distancing (β = 0.14), and wear a face mask (β = 0.24). Additionally, efficacy beliefs were found to attenuate the association between descriptive norm perceptions and intention to wash hands (B = -0.15) and wear a face mask(B = -0.12). The results revealed the importance of considering both psychological and social factors to promote COVID-19 preventative behaviors.

Reciprocity and Social Norms: Short- and Long-Run Crowding Out Effects of Financial Incentives

We link the reciprocity model of Falk and Fischbacher (2006) with the theory of normative social behavior to study how financial incentives crowd out intrinsic motivation in both the short and long runs. Using data from a lab-based repeated public goods game, we find strong evidence in support of the reciprocity model and crowding out effects both when the payment is in place and after it stops. When the payment program is in place, subjects become less sensitive to reciprocity, perceive less kindness in others’ contributions, and care less about others’ welfare. The overall decrease in motivation to reciprocate reduces the effectiveness of the payment program by almost 50%. About 20% of the crowding out effect persists after the payment stops, and the reciprocity mechanism explains over three quarters of the long-run crowding out effect.

Media and Social Norms: Exploring the Relationship between Media and Plastic Avoidance Social Norms

ABSTRACT Compared to the influence of social norms on pro-environmental behavior, we know much less about the processes that influence perceptions about social norms. This study explores the relationship between media exposure and social norms in the context of single-use plastic avoidance. Structural equation modeling was used to determine how exposure to news, documentaries, and social media were related to key constructs from the theory of normative social behavior – including perceived descriptive and injunctive norms and outcome expectations related to perceived self- and environmental benefits of avoidance. News exposure was positively related to injunctive norms. Social media exposure was negatively related to descriptive and injunctive norms and positively related to perceived benefits. Documentary exposure was positively related to descriptive norms and perceived benefits. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.

How Do Social Network Sites Influence Workout Intentions: A Social Norm Approach.

People share their workout experiences on social network sites (SNSs). The present study examined how perceived exposure to these workout-related SNS posts may affect individuals’ engagement in physical activities through perceived descriptive and injunctive norms of workout in their network, and how self-efficacy in workout moderated the effect of perceived descriptive norm on their workout intention, which was measured in general and specific ways. An online survey was conducted with a convenience sample of 807 responses in China. Results show that perceived descriptive norm of workout in one’s network mediated the relationship between perceived exposure to workout-related SNS posts and perceived injunctive norm. In addition, self-efficacy in workout moderated the effect of perceived descriptive norm on workout intention—both general and specific—but the normative influence was stronger at a low level of self-efficacy compared to a high level. Furthermore, perceived injunctive norm only predicted the general rather than specific workout intention, suggesting that the perception of most people’s approval might not be priority when people consider details about workout. These findings develop the theory of normative social behavior by illustrating the relationship between perceived descriptive and injunctive norm and shed light on the relative strength of the motivating factors of workout in different situations.

Social cognition in the FTLD spectrum: evidence from MRI.

Over the past few years, there has been great interest in social cognition, a wide term referring to the human ability of understanding others' emotions, thoughts, and intentions, to empathize with them and to behave accordingly. While there is no agreement on the classification of social cognitive processes, they can broadly be categorized as consisting of theory of mind, empathy, social perception, and social behavior. The study of social cognition and its relative deficits is increasingly assuming clinical relevance. However, the clinical and neuroanatomical correlates of social cognitive alterations in neurodegenerative conditions, such as those belonging to the frontotemporal lobar (FTLD) spectrum, are not fully established. In this review, we describe the current understanding of social cognition impairments in different FTLD conditions with respect to MRI.

Effects of a social norm-based handwashing intervention including handwashing stations, and a handwashing station-only intervention on handwashing with soap in urban Côte d'Ivoire: a cluster randomised controlled trial

Diarrhoeal diseases are an important cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years in sub-Saharan Africa. We aimed to evaluate the effect of three handwashing interventions on handwashing with soap (HWWS) after toilet use. In this cluster randomised trial in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, we randomly assigned communal housing compounds (1:1:1) to receive one of three interventions: a theory of normative social behaviour (TNSB) intervention, including provision of handwashing stations; handwashing stations only; and no intervention. The TNSB intervention was designed to shift the outcome expectation associated with HWWS from health to riddance of faeces-related disgust, and to increase the perceived descriptive norm and perceived handwashing publicness. Participants and fieldworkers were masked to the study objectives. The primary outcome was HWWS after toilet use, assessed at 1 month and 5 months follow-ups. Analysis was by intention to treat. This trial is registered at the Pan African Clinical Trial Registry, PACTR201501000892239. Between April 10 and May 22, 2014, we identified 92 eligible compounds, of which 75 compounds were included. Follow-up data on HWWS were available for 23 compounds for the TNSB group, 25 compounds for the handwashing station-only group, and 25 compounds for the control group. The study ended in April, 2017. Compared with a frequency of 5% (29 of 604 occasions) in the control group, HWWS after toilet use increased to 9% (49 of 557 occasions; adjusted risk ratio 1·89, 95% CI 1·16-3·08) in the handwashing station-only group, and 24% (143 of 588 occasions; 4·82, 3·06-7·59) in the TNSB group, at the 1-month follow-up. The intervention effect was only sustained in the TNSB group (98 [22%] of 450 compounds; 2·68, 1·65-4·34). A social norm-based handwashing intervention combined with disgust-inducing messages, with provision of handwashing stations, was effective at increasing HWWS after toilet use. The provision of handwashing stations alone had little effect. Future studies should investigate whether the same approach, when delivered via mass media, can have a similar effect to the face-to-face delivery used in this study. None.

The Influence of Normative Perceptions on the Uptake of the COVID-19 TraceTogether Digital Contact Tracing System: Cross-sectional Study.

BackgroundIn 2020, the Singapore government rolled out the TraceTogether program, a digital system to facilitate contact tracing efforts in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. This system is available as a smartphone app and Bluetooth-enabled token to help identify close contacts. As of February 1, 2021, more than 80% of the population has either downloaded the mobile app or received the token in Singapore. Despite the high adoption rate of the TraceTogether mobile app and token (ie, device), it is crucial to understand the role of social and normative perceptions in uptake and usage by the public, given the collective efforts for contact tracing.ObjectiveThis study aimed to examine normative influences (descriptive and injunctive norms) on TraceTogether device use for contact tracing purposes, informed by the theory of normative social behavior, a theoretical framework to explain how perceived social norms are related to behaviors.MethodsFrom January to February 2021, cross-sectional data were collected by a local research company through emailing their panel members who were (1) Singapore citizens or permanent residents aged 21 years or above; (2) able to read English; and (3) internet users with access to a personal email account. The study sample (n=1137) was restricted to those who had either downloaded the TraceTogether mobile app or received the token.ResultsMultivariate (linear and ordinal logistic) regression analyses were carried out to assess the relationships of the behavioral outcome variables (TraceTogether device usage and intention of TraceTogether device usage) with potential correlates, including perceived social norms, perceived community, and interpersonal communication. Multivariate regression analyses indicated that descriptive norms (unstandardized regression coefficient β=0.31, SE=0.05; P<.001) and injunctive norms (unstandardized regression coefficient β=0.16, SE=0.04; P<.001) were significantly positively associated with the intention to use the TraceTogether device. It was also found that descriptive norms were a significant correlate of TraceTogether device use frequency (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.08, 95% CI 1.66-2.61; P<.001). Though not significantly related to TraceTogether device use frequency, injunctive norms moderated the relationship between descriptive norms and the outcome variable (aOR 1.12, 95% CI 1.03-1.21; P=.005).ConclusionsThis study provides useful implications for the design of effective intervention strategies to promote the uptake and usage of digital methods for contact tracing in a multiethnic Asian population. Our findings highlight that influence from social networks plays an important role in developing normative perceptions in relation to TraceTogether device use for contact tracing. To promote the uptake of the TraceTogether device and other preventive behaviors for COVID-19, it would be useful to devise norm-based interventions that address these normative perceptions by presenting high prevalence and approval of important social referents, such as family and close friends.

I Know I Should, But Do I Do It? Connecting Covert and Overt Financial Behaviors

When it comes to money, clients often know what they should do, but they do not always do it. The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to introduce a new scale to measure financial cognition and (b) to explore the link between thinking (i.e., covert behavior) and financial behavior (i.e., overt behavior). Social Cognitive Theory and Cognitive Behavioral Theory framed the study. Data were collected in two stages from 236 employees in a Midwestern region. Stage one results suggest a newly developed measure, the Financial Cognition Scale, shows acceptable reliability, and construct validity. Stage two found positive associations between the covert behaviors of financial cognition, financial knowledge, and financial self-efficacy and the overt behavior of financial behavior, and a negative association between financial anxiety and financial behavior. Implications for practitioners and researchers are presented.

Rejoice architecture meets social norms to accelerate vaccination in Nepal: Protocol for a mixed-method quasi-experimental study.

Background: Each year, 600,000 children under 5 years old die from vaccine-preventable diseases globally. Immunization is an effective way to prevent many diseases, saving two to three million lives per year. The Nepal National Government recommends vaccinations for all children for 11 diseases by 15 months of age. However, only 78% of children between 1-2 years of age have received all recommended vaccines and only 43% receive them at the age-appropriate times for which they are scheduled. Objectives: This protocol describes the development of an intervention - called "Rejoice Architecture" - that is informed by three theoretical perspectives: choice architecture, the broken windows theory, and the theory of normative social behavior. We also describe a mixed-methods approach to develop the intervention, which will improve the physical and social environments of health facilities in Makwanpur, Nepal. We hypothesize this intervention will improve immunization behaviors and intentions among mothers of children younger than 2 years, pregnant women, and prospective mothers. Methods: We describe the qualitative formative assessment to understand existing attitudes, norms, and behaviors among caregivers, healthcare workers, and government representatives. The formative assessment will include in-depth interviews, key informant interviews, and focus group discussions. We also describe the overall quasi-experimental study design, used to assess intervention impact. Impact: This study will contribute to the social and behavioral change communication intervention research by offering a novel strategy for increasing immunization. This study will also illustrate to policymakers the value of structural change for health service delivery.

A Social Norms-Based Intervention Improves Dietary Diversity among Women in Rural India: The Reduction in Anemia through Normative Innovations (RANI) Project.

Diet diversity has an important role in the prevention and treatment of anemia. Based on formative research in the community and the theory of normative social behavior, we designed an intervention to improve diet diversity among women of reproductive age. Our study, the Reduction in Anemia through Normative Innovations (RANI) Project, investigated the effect of a social norms-based intervention on diet diversity among women of reproductive age. We randomized villages in Odisha, India, into treatment or control arms, with a minimum of one village buffer between them. We assessed exposure to the intervention by frequency of self-reported images seen from the participatory learning modules, videos watched, and number of hemoglobin tests administered. We assessed diet diversity with the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Minimum Dietary Diversity for Women (MDD-W) questionnaire. We used multiple logistic regression to examine the associations between intervention and diet diversity, adjusting for covariates. Compared with baseline, diet diversity score increased in both treatment and control groups. The odds of having a diverse diet was 47% higher in the treatment group. Higher level of exposure to the RANI intervention was associated with a better diet diversity score, indicating that the intervention was effective in improving diet quality.

Targeted Change: Using Behavioral Segmentation to Identify and Understand Plastic Consumers and How They Respond to Media Communications

ABSTRACT To address the global problem of single-use plastic waste, tailored behavior change interventions need to be developed which respond to the way different audiences think and act. The current study adopted a behavior-based segmentation approach, underpinned by the theory of normative social behavior and empirical testing, to better understand plastic consumption and the effect of existing media communications. Using a sample of 1001 respondents, Two-Step Cluster Analysis identified two key consumer types: “Plastic Avoiders” and “Plastic Users.” The two groups differed significantly on demographic characteristics, media use/exposure, and theoretical constructs. The most important predictors of group membership were self-efficacy and work status. An experiment involving pre-existing environmental media communications revealed that perceptions, intentions, and behaviors were influenced differently across the two audiences. The findings suggest that mobilizing existing media content may provide a cost-effective way for environmental communicators to increase their public impact while avoiding unintended consequences.