Theory Of Reproduction Research Articles

Exploring the philosophical concept of my death in the context of biology: the scholarly significance of the unknown

Contemplating one’s own death is a core aspect in the history of Western philosophy. In the modern era, existential philosophy has inherited this tradition and established unique discussions on the concept of “my death,” resting on the premise that this concept is unapproachable via scientific inquiry. Conversely, biological research is essentially conducted within the scope of life phenomena, with death being referred to in the sense of lifespan; thus, death is not among its inherent themes, which automatically excludes the concept of my death from its scope. To establish a dialogue between the two fields, this study questions the widely held premise that my death is unrelated to science and is best examined by philosophy. I consider the movement between continuity and discontinuity as foundational to scientific development, and integrate it with the relationship between the unknown and known. Furthermore, I extend this to the concepts of consciousness and body, and subsequently clarify and define the unknown divisions. Finally, I examine the kinds of unknowns that science confronts to interpret philosophically how an aspect of reproductive theory has unwittingly revealed a completely new dimension of life: my death. Overall, I argue that my death is an essential point of contact between philosophy and biology that reveals the scholarly significance of the unknown.

Reproducing inequality while celebrating diversity: an ethnographic study of international students’ EMI learning experiences in China

ABSTRACT The adoption of English medium instruction (EMI) in higher education has gained popularity in China's tertiary education as a result of globalization. International students in Chinese universities are celebrated as part of soft power projection to extend China's global impact. Informed by Piller and Cho's concept of “Neoliberalism as language policy” (2013) and Collins' “social reproduction theory” (2009, 2012), this study attempts to explore the EMI learning experiences of a cohort of international students at a border university in China. The policy documents, in-depth interviews, classroom observation, reflective journals and online interactions converge to reveal that, international students in EMI programmes experience exclusion and inequality despite the welcoming discourses of diversity. The paper highlights the necessity to pay attention to the ways in which higher education institutions reproduce inequalities of social stratification of international students through explicit and implicit institutional practices. It is argued that EMI policy in China's peripheral regions targeting international students from less-developed countries tends to perpetuate and accentuate educational inequalities. The study sheds light on a more inclusive pedagogical approach to alleviating international students' marginalisation and educating students of diverse linguistic, cultural, socioeconomic backgrounds for global citizenship in the context of China's Belt and Road Initiative.

Schools as Drivers of Capitalist Accumulation Conditional Socialized Reproduction in Shenzhen

Based on fieldwork in an urbanized village of Shenzhen, this paper analyzes the place of schools in the reproduction of Chinese state capitalism. It retraces the circuit of socialized capital that allows for the social reproduction of the native elite and the exclusion of many migrant workers in the context of Shenzhen’s development as a special economic zone and its efforts to upgrade the economy. The native villagers, now forming an urban upper-class of rentiers, have capitalized on their overseas connections and capital accumulation to finance their school, allowing for their elite’s upward social mobility after, but also already under Mao. After China’s transition to capitalism, this school has served as an asset in generating value in the context of redevelopment and the real estate-driven upgrading of Shenzhen’s economy. Property ownership is now a major criterion in points-based systems for accessing school places. I make two interrelated arguments. First, there is a closer relationship between the secondary circuit of socialized capital and the larger circuit of capital than what the literature on social reproduction implies. Second, the conditionality of quality education upon value generation amounts to separating the population deemed worthy of socialized reproduction and the surplus population that is left out. The paper connects diverse strands of social reproduction theory, Althusser’s interpellation and ideological state apparatuses, feminist agentive social reproduction theories, and Bourdieu’s capital conversion recuperated within a Marxian framework, to provide an integrated approach to social reproduction within capitalism.

Re-examining cultural reproduction theory: cultural capital and adolescent academic achievement in China

Re-examining cultural reproduction theory: cultural capital and adolescent academic achievement in China

Nahu-kparilim (cattle caretakership): understanding the persistence of unfree Fulani labour and the (non)violent renegotiation of power relations in agrarian economies in northern Ghana

ABSTRACT This article focuses on how Fulani outsider status, often maintained through several generations, constitutes the basis for unequal labour, land and associated relations. It discusses how static forms of ‘fixed’ citizenship and socioeconomic immobility both maintain and intensify labour precarity, rendering the Fulani more vulnerable to the whims, caprices and avarice of their native ‘overlords’, as evidenced by the practice of nahu-kparilim in Ghana. The article’s main interest is thus land and labour injustice rather than pastoral production and related livelihood activities. Integrating the theories of unfreedom, social reproduction and subalternity, the article contributes to unfree labour studies by demonstrating that despite being constrained in complex ways, unfree labourers have the agency to renegotiate power relations. This advances the idea of unfree labourers’ agency which, in comparison to their immiseration, receives less attention in scholarship on unfreedom.

Николай Соловьев как критик эстетической теории Н. Чернышевского

Dissertation of Nikolay Chernyshevsky “The Aesthetic Relationship of Art to Reality” (1855) is one of the most controversial works in the history of humanitarian sciences. Even during the author’s life, it was estimated ambiguous (and also sharply negative). Among the early responses to this work, a prominent place is occupied by the critical cycle of Nikolay Ivanovich Solovyov (1831–1874) “The Art Issue” (1865). The critic analyzes Chernyshevsky’s concepts of the beautiful, the sublime, the tragic and comes to the conclusion that his definitions are untenable. Solovyov also finds little solidity in Chernyshevsky’s judgments about certain kinds of art, noting this tendency to emphasize the imperfection of artistic works in comparison with nature. Solovyov’s main conclusions are as follows: Chernyshevsky’s “theory of reproduction” is an attempt to revive the theory of imitation of nature, while the appearance of novelty is created by pointing to “real direction of thoughts” of the author Chernyshevsky very vaguely characterizes the beautiful; grossly simplifies the tasks of art (“reproduction”); discredits the creative imagination and the artist’s craving for the ideal; seeks to lower the high status of art in the range of human interests. Solovyov’s analysis is distinguished by consistency, respect for the convictions of his opponent, as well as his own view of the issues raised by Chernyshevsky. In “The Art Issue” and other articles Solovyov defended his belief that Chernyshevsky’s “theory of reproduction” was the prototype of the utilitarian and nihilistic views on art in journalism of the 1860s. This article presents for the first time a detailed analysis of Nikolay Solovyov’ s views on art in comparison with Chernyshevsky’s aesthetic theory.

Using Bourdieu's theory of cultural reproduction to examine English language learning: A multilevel study in three lower- and middle-income countries

This study examines the determinants of the gaps in learning outcomes of students in three lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs) – Ethiopia, India, and Vietnam. We examined the extent to which English language performance relates to Bourdieu's theory of cultural reproduction, using the Young Lives international school survey data in the three countries. We employed a three-level multilevel model, to investigate variables at the individual, classroom and school levels that may influence English language skills of students. We find that differences in English test performance are attributable to both home background and school factors in all three contexts. Within countries, we find evidence of a high degree of variation in the English test scores of students between schools, indicating the importance of schooling quality and school characteristics for the development of English language skills. We conclude that the process of cultural reproduction through schooling is different for each country, with school-level factors found to reinforce social stratification in countries that are less equitable. This study provides a robust quantitative contribution to the literature base on English language learning in LMICs, where large-scale cross-country comparisons are relatively uncommon due to a relative lack of suitable data. The results and recommendations would be of interest to education stakeholders within LMIC contexts.

The Integrative Development of Cultural Tourism Industry in the Areas along Sichuan-Tibet Railway from the Perspective of Field: Based on the Cultural Reproduction Theory

Sichuan-Tibet Railway, the second railway into Tibet built by China after the Qinghai-Tibet Railway, is an important bond of the "eight vertical and eight horizontal" high-speed railway network in China, which is of great significance to the economic development along the line. This paper based on the field perspective of reproduction theory as well as the actual development of the cultural tourism industry along the Sichuan-Tibet Railway, this paper will provide practical theoretical recommendations for the integrative development of the cultural tourism industry along the Sichuan-Tibet Railway.

Determining Who Is Worthy: Stakeholder Perspectives on a District’s De-Leveling Initiatives

Background/Context: Scholars and practitioners continue to work to identify ways to change structural conditions, school-level policy, and stakeholder mindsets to support minoritized youth in advanced coursework. Open access policies, in which students do not need a previous teacher’s approval or a prerequisite grade to enroll in an advanced offering, that are coupled with teacher training and student support are one positive direction. However, it is critical to consider whether open access policies are truly “open” and how students are placed in different levels of coursework. Purpose/Objective/Research Question or Focus of Study: The purpose of this article is to examine how key stakeholders, including students, counselors, and principals, understand and act on district initiatives in course placement decisions. Research questions are: (1) How do different stakeholders view their own role, and other stakeholders’ role, in determining who should be enrolled in more advanced coursework? (2) In what ways do different stakeholders understand educational equity in relation to the course placement process? (3) How are students’ reported experiences with course scheduling consistent with or in conflict with the practices and values reported by school administrators and counselors? Research Design: The district at the heart of this study was chosen because of its 10-year-long commitment to reducing barriers to advanced coursework, and implementation of many of the strategies identified as promising by prior research. We utilized a concurrent mixed-methods design involving interviews with principals and counselors and surveys of students, given that both quantitative and qualitative data provide partial perspectives on our research questions. Social reproduction theory served as an explanatory tool, as we considered how different stakeholders understood the idea of “choice” in students’ course-selection process. We looked specifically to ways that the district continues to classify students and contributes to the reproduction of ideas about who is “smart” and “worthy,” and who is not. Conclusions/Recommendations: To address the identified difficulties in reversing race- and class-based inequities in student course-taking, we outlined a set of comprehensive recommendations for policy and practice, at both the school and district level, and the teacher and leader preparation level. In part, these aim to address the variation that existed across the district, in terms of both mindset and policy implementation. Of note, technical solutions are not sufficient for equity-focused reforms, especially with socially constructed concepts such as “interest” and socially constrained pathways of “choice.”

Bringing Up Beauty

This paper provides a novel response to Vlastos’s challenge that Platonic erōs in the Symposium, since it is for the form of beauty rather than any particular person, is impersonal and egotistical. Vlastos, in addition to generations of his readers and critics, badly misunderstands Diotima’s reproductive theory of love. In particular, it has been widely overlooked or diminished that the ideal erotic relationship set out in the ladder of love mirrors the reproductive labor of ancient Greek mothers and caregivers. The lover of the highest mysteries undertakes the psychic equivalent of motherly care to rear virtuous ideas in the next generation. Thus, properly understanding Diotima’s gendered vision of psychic reproduction reveals that Platonic love is anything but impersonal and egotistical.

Marx, Malthus, and the Moral Economy of Reproduction

AbstractThis article examines the “backlash thesis” as a way of interpreting hostility and resistance to reproductive rights in the United States. The dominant interpretation of resistance to abortion rights or of advocacy for population control is that they are a backlash against feminism and civil rights. Granting that the backlash thesis has intuitive appeal, the article argues that it is not adequate to a contemporary analysis of these issues. It then claims that what is needed is an account of the contradictory and dynamic way in which capitalism generates anxiety about fertility and family life. The article then uses socialist feminist social reproduction theory to develop an alternative explanatory framework for why market forces form the precondition and basis for context-specific appeals to tradition rather than being antithetical to them. The latter includes both pronatalist ideas and neo-Malthusian ones about population control. The article concludes by suggesting ways in which the analysis can be useful in other contexts.

Desafios e riscos da Educação remota para crianças e adolescentes

Abstract Covid-19 has arisen deep changes in formal Education as a result of a sudden transition from in person to remote Education. Effects in different fields, such as mental health and socioeconomic vulnerability, also need follow up and evaluation. So, this paper aims to analyze the educational inequalities amplified by the pandemics, as well as the remote Education effects on students, educators and families. Its theoretical framework consisted of the reproduction theories and philosophical works on heterotopy, speed and the world and Education digitalization. The results show that previous achievements in schooling access, quality and equality took steps backwards. Mental health and student motivation have suffered negative effects. Digital Education does not seem to keep the same level of outcomes and equality. Therefore, remote Education has implied deep changes in schooling routines and ways of learning, some of them susceptible of negatively affecting students. Remote Education, despite its lower costs and prestigious halo, is to be used cautiously and with parsimony.

Politização de mães e impactos da financeirização na organização da vida no Brasil de 2016 a 2019

Using a theoretical framework based on Social Reproduction Theory (Bhattacharya, 2017; Fer-guson, 2020; Vogel, 2013), this article analyses Brazilian feminist social movements of mothers from 2016 to 2019 with a case study to explore the social impacts of financial mediations to access education, pensions and health within families. It starts from Lapavitsas’ (2013) definition of finan-cialisation, which explains it as a complex process observed in different ways in different spaces in contemporary times and which involves an increase in the projection of financial capital with an impact on daily life. Given this situation, ques-tions arise about the impact of financial media-tion on access to basic goods and services in the current organisation of social reproduction: What are the impacts of the disengagement of the State on social reproduction? What are the changes in mothers’ lives and how do they influence their political mobilisation? To answer these questions, the research is conducted by combining the the-oretical framework with the methodological pro-posal of militant research (Bringel & Varella, 2016) in an analysis of both the interviews conducted with members of the Movimento Mães e Crias na Luta and the state of the art. The main results show an increase in the workload of mothers, who have to take on tasks that were previously shared with the state and perform paid labour to maintain the family’s subsistence. This situation both takes time away from women’s political activism and pushes them to press collectively for change. Thus, it was observed that the political mobilisation of the studied movement is seen as fundamental by its members, which is why they are willing to do it, even if they are exhausted.

Reproductive Approach to Managing The Sustainability of Environmental and Economic Ecosystems in The New Realities

The article, against the background of consideration of the traditional unity of the four moments of the classical theory of social reproduction, outlines the specificity of the conditions of its functioning in the new realities, which predetermines the relevance of the publication. The necessity of taking into account the mega-economic, macroeconomic and foreign policy environment, as well as the internal socio-political stability of civil society and the possibility of implementing the constructive potential of the system of relations of social structure of production is emphasized. The imperatives of the reproductive approach to ensuring the sustainability of national economic development from the position of taking into account the state of reproductive and ecological functionality of its natural ecosystem and the management of this process are disclosed. It emphasizes the importance of the functional role of natural ecosystems in the provision of ecosystem services for the formation of favorable conditions of human life – the subject and object of social development. The purpose of the article is the author's statement of imperatives of providing conditions of sustainable-dynamic mode of reproduction and organic system-supplementary interaction (combination, functional compliance and parametric adequacy) of all moments (elements) of the reproduction process. The subject of the research is the ecological and economic imperatives that ensure a reproductive-sustainable mode of functioning of natural ecosystems. The main results of the study consist in substantiating the necessity of including the costs of restoring the reproductive potential of the natural environment as a producer of ecosystem services provided by nature to man in the balance of the cost of sustainable mode of reproduction according to the procedure of evaluating the unit of environmental benefits similar to the cost of the corresponding unit of natural resources. This would allow an objective and complete assessment of the volume of national wealth in monetary terms. The scope of the obtained results is determined by the possibilities of ensuring the sustainability of natural ecosystems in Russia, taking into account global technological trends to overcome the existing challenges and solve the complex socio-economic problems facing the country.

INTEGRATION OF PESANTREN AND MOSQUE FUNCTION IN TEACHING ISLAM IN SOUTH SULAWESI AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE TOWARDS CONSISTENCY OF RELIGIOUS MODERATION

This article discusses the teaching of Islam through the integration of pesantren and mosques functions, focusing on South Sulawesi. This study is directed to see the significance of teaching in pesantren and mosques in producing and supporting consistency of religious moderation in Indonesia. This study uses a descriptive-analytical method, by applying the theory of cultural reproduction of Pierre Bourdieu, which includes arena and habitus as the main components, of which there is capital. From this, this study concludes that Islamic teaching in pesantren and mosques carried out by ulema has a strong significance in carrying out consistency of religious moderation in South Sulawesi, even in the Indonesian context. The social capital of the ulema in pesantren and mosques builds a social structure that places the ulema as local leaders (agents) in forming a moderate religious model. The significance of teaching Islam further becomes a great opportunity in maintaining and developing religious moderation in Indonesia which is carried out together with the government. The collaboration between the government and the ulema indicates the need for agreement in understanding the urgency of religious moderation in Indonesia. In the agreement, the government as the provider of facilities and infrastructure supports the Islamic teaching movement by the ulema. This is as happened in the process of teaching Islam at the beginning of Islamization in Indonesia, including in South Sulawesi.

CHILDHOOD AND MIDLIFE CULTURAL ENGAGEMENT AMONG KOREAN MARRIED COUPLES

Abstract Cultural reproduction theory posits that cultural resources transmit to the next generation, suggesting a lingering effect of parental influences on cultural experiences in adulthood. Further, middle-aged adults’ cultural engagement may not only be influenced by their own childhood experiences but also their spouses’ experiences. This study extends our understanding of childhood and midlife cultural engagement of married couples, using a sample of 1,271 couples (age 49–66) from the 2012 Korean Baby Boomer Panel Study and Korean Forgotten Generation Study. Results from Actor Partner Interdependence Models showed that beyond one’s own childhood cultural engagement, spouse’s childhood cultural engagement was associated with levels of perceived cultural engagement at midlife (for both husbands and wives) and number of arts and cultural activities at midlife (only for husbands). Given the cross-spousal associations in cultural engagement among Korean middle-aged couples, both spouses’ cultural resources need to be considered for policy implications.

“Having a guru is like having a licence”: analysing financial relationships between khwaja sira gurus and chelas in Swat, Pakistan

The focus of this study was on identifying themes regarding the financial relationships between gurus (leaders) and chelas (disciples) in khwaja sira communities in Khyber Pakhtunkwa, Pakistan. We interviewed 45 khwaja sira in Mingora, Swat on their experiences of guru-chela culture. All interviews were digitally audio recorded, then translated and transcribed directly from Pashto into English. Transcripts of the interviews were analysed using thematic content analysis in a manner informed by both social reproduction theory and notions of Islamic capital. We identified four major themes related to relationships within guru-chela culture: (1) financial relationships are highly structured; (2) financial exchanges can be mutually beneficial; (3) systems of payment and debt can be exploitative; and (4) financial ties to gurus continue throughout the life course of khwaja sira. Findings show how financial interactions within guru-chela relationships are reflective of larger social forces, reproducing kinship structures, systems of Islamic gift-giving, and capitalist processes occurring within Pakhtun society.

Equalization or Reproduction? “Some College” and the Social Function of Higher Education

What are the economic consequences of college noncompletion? Given escalating student debt, is “some college” still worth it? This article applies augmented inverse probability weighting to the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 to estimate the causal effect of college noncompletion on income and financial hardship. Although noncompletion yields higher income than never attending college, it also increases financial hardship among more-disadvantaged groups through the mechanism of student debt. However, noncompleters of most groups would have had greater income and experienced less financial hardship had they graduated. Such contradictions complicate equalization and reproduction theories of higher education because higher education appears to have both equalizing (in the case of completion) and reproductive (in the case of noncompletion) effects. I argue this ambiguity is substantively meaningful, suggesting future research should examine whether the production of ambiguity constitutes a key social function of higher education.

Value Circulation, Economic Structure, and the New Development Paradigm: A Theoretical Framework of Political Economy and International Comparison

This study constructs a theoretical framework for understanding the new development paradigm based on value circulation and the reproduction theory of Marx. According to these theories, the essence of economic circulation is value circulation, the core of which is mutual matching among the structures of technological, distribution, demand, and production. We adopted a three-sector reproduction model with fixed capital to understand different development paradigms under various combinations of the four aforementioned structures. On this basis, we use the 1957- 2017 input-output table to construct the three-sector tables and explain the logic of China's economic structure change and the characteristics of the resulting circulation patterns. We also compared the economic structures and circulation patterns of the United States and Japan with those of China to shed light on China's choice of future economic circulation patterns and the new development paradigms.

Applying an Intersectional Framework to the Study of Opportunity to Learn Science, Sense of Belonging, and Academic Climate in U.S. Schools: A Mediation Model

This study extends research on cultural reproduction theory and employs a critical quantitative lens to examine how schools contribute to differential science outcomes based on intersectional student backgrounds. Using nationally representative PISA 2015 data, structural equation modeling is utilized with intersectional student background groups to examine how U.S. students' educational experiences in schools – opportunity to learn, sense of belonging, and perceptions of academic climate – mediate the relationship between student background and scientific literacy. The direct and indirect findings from this study provide important insight about school mediators that can help account for the gap in science outcomes in the U.S. and inform more equitable policies and practices.