Theory Of Planned Behavior Constructs Research Articles

The Development and Efficacy of a High School Athlete Education Program for Safe Nutritional Supplement Use

Many high school athletes report using nutritional supplements. Due to a lack of education at the high school level, the use of safe for sports third-party tested nutritional supplements may be limited. To determine the impact of a short online nutritional supplement education program on safe dietary supplement behavior a cross-sectional repeated measures design was used. Therefore, a convenience sample of 106 high school athletes (14–19 years old) was recruited to measure pre-post education difference for nutritional supplement use and third-party tested (TPT) supplements. Additionally, it was analyzed if nutritional supplement related Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) constructs were associated with athlete choices. The most popular supplements included protein powder (65%), caffeine from beverages (45%), and different types of vitamins (ranging from 38–44%). Consistent use of (safe) third-party tested individual supplements was low, ranging from 35–77% for the most frequently reported supplements. The combined TPB determinants explained 26% of the variance of the intention to use safe supplements (F3, 102 = 13.03, p < 0.001, Adj R2 = 0.26). The self-reported intention to use third-party tested supplements increased significantly (+7%–36% per individual supplement) after following the education program (Z = −3.288, p = 0.001) resulting in an intentional use of 54–94% TPT supplements. In conclusion, education resulted in more high school athletes reporting future third-party tested supplements use, and TPB construct scores did not change over time but could explain a substantial part of the variance of safe supplement use intentions.

The Evolution Of Research On Academic Cheating Behavior Based On The Theory Of Planned Behavior (TPB): Perspectives For Future Research

This study aims to present a summary of various studies that explore academic cheating behavior with the support of a theory or conceptual framework so that it can be used as a valuable reference for monitoring the development of research on academic cheating behavior driven by the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). It is also hoped that this article can become a basis for inspiration for further research development in this domain in the future. The method applied in this study is a literature review using the connectedpapers.com platform. A search for relevant articles was conducted using the keywords "academic cheating behavior," "cheating behavior," and "academic misconduct." The study results show that the TPB can effectively predict academic cheating behavior. At the same time, variations in the use of variables include demographic, situational, and personality factors that are integrated with the TPB construct. The research methods used are also diverse, including a mixed-method approach.

Understanding the factors of mobile payment continuance intention: empirical test in Saudi Arabia

Purpose: The objective of this study is to explore the determinants of individuals' intentions to continue utilize mobile payment services by examining integrated model of the constructs of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) (perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) (attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control). Furthermore, the study investigates the relationship between user satisfaction and their intention to persist in using mobile payment. Methodology: In this quantitative investigation, a sample of 474 mobile e-wallet users was surveyed online. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was employed for data analysis. Findings: The study reveals that the constructs from the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), and user satisfaction collectively influence users' intentions to use e-wallet services. Notably, the model demonstrates its ability to elucidate 59.1% of the variance in behavioral intention to continue utilizing e-wallets. Additionally, both user satisfaction and perceived behavioral control significantly impact the decision to persist in using e-wallets. The insights gleaned from this study can be leveraged by e-wallet stakeholders to inform strategic decisions within the e-wallet ecosystem. Practical implications: The inclusion of TAM and TPB constructs enhances our understanding of e-wallet service utilization. These findings offer valuable insights for service providers, enabling them to tailor their marketing strategies more effectively, thereby ensuring customer satisfaction and continued e-wallet usage. Originality: This study introduces a comprehensive and integrative approach to elucidate the factors influencing the sustained use of e-wallet services. By amalgamating two foundational adoptions above theories, it extends our understanding of mobile payment adoption dynamics.

Assessing Natural Childbirth Intention Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior and Social Support in Pregnant Women in Northern Iran

Introduction: Childbirth is the most challenging physiological and psychological event in a woman’s life. Despite the recommendations of the Iranian Ministry of Health on having natural childbirth, no favorable statistics have been reported yet. Objective: This study aims to determine the predictors of natural childbirth intention based on the extended theory of planned behavior (TPB) and social support in pregnant women referred to selected hospitals in Rasht, northern Iran. Materials and Methods: This analytic cross-sectional study was conducted on 353 pregnant women aged 15-45 years referred to four hospitals in Rasht city in 2020 who were selected by systematic random sampling method proportional to the size of the study population. A researcher-made self-report questionnaire measuring the demographic information, the TPB constructs, social support, and natural childbirth intention was used. Data was analyzed using t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation test, and multiple regression analysis. Results: Most of the pregnant women had a high school diploma (43.6%) and were housekeepers (83.3%), living in the city (80.5%). Most of them were in the third trimester of pregnancy (37.7%) and had pregnancy for the first time (44.8%). Their mean age was 28.90±5.8, and 58.8% intended to give birth naturally. The mean score of the natural childbirth intention was 6.71±2.50. This intention had a direct correlation with all TPB constructs and social support (r=0.526-0.829; P=0.001). Based on results social support, and participation in childbirth education classes predicted 72% of changes in natural childbirth intention (R2 =0.72). Attitude alone was able to predict natural childbirth intention by 69% (β=0.12, 95% CI; 0.09%, 0.15%, P=0.001) Conclusion: The power of the TPB constructs for predicting the natural childbirth intention in pregnant women in northern Iran is high. The attitude construct is the best predictor of natural childbirth intention. To increase the tendency to choose natural childbirth, educational interventions based on the TPB with an emphasis on attitudes can be useful. In addition, measures should be taken for the active participation of pregnant women in childbirth preparation classes.

What factors influence the intention to use electric motorcycles in motorcycle-dominated countries? An empirical study in Vietnam

Transitioning to electric motorcycles (EMs) can reduce dependence on carbon-based fuels, mitigate air pollution, and lower greenhouse gas emissions in countries where motorcycles dominate the transportation landscape. However, the factors influencing fleet electrification in these countries remain largely unknown. Given that this challenge pertains to the prior adoption of new technology, technology acceptance theories can provide valuable insights into the adoption of EMs. Additionally, misinformation about EM risks and self-assessment of knowledge could interact as determinants of adoption. This study integrates the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), and perceived risk to elucidate the impact of psychosocial factors on consumers' intentions to use EMs. Furthermore, it examines the direct and moderating effect of subjective knowledge about EM technology on the formation of this behavioral intention. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis was applied to investigate data collected from 762 respondents through personal interviews using a questionnaire. The results confirm that all original TAM and TPB constructs significantly influence behavioral intention, aligning with theoretical expectations. As hypothesized, perceived risk was found to exert a negative influence on the intention to adopt EMs. Additionally, subjective knowledge was observed to moderate the relationship between perceived usefulness and subjective norms concerning the intention to use EMs. These findings offer a roadmap for developing strategies aimed at encouraging adoption intentions toward EMs, particularly in countries like Vietnam.

Green university initiatives and undergraduates’ reuse intention for environmental sustainability: The moderating role of environmental values

Environmental sustainability is an important issue today. It is harmful to the environment to use single-use cups. Therefore, the research aims to investigate undergraduates' reuse intentions about using reusable drinkware on campus. The study used an updated theory of planned behavior (TPB) model by incorporating moral norms, green university initiatives, and environmental values as new components. A convenient sampling method is applied to collect the data. A total of 337 responses were collected from university undergraduates. For testing various relations, this study employed structural equation modeling. The outcomes support that moral norms and all TPB constructs influence students' intention to reuse reusable cups, and behavioral control has the highest impact. Green university initiatives significantly predict moral norms and TPB constructs. Environmental value moderates the association between moral norms and reuse intentions. The outcomes of this research will help policymakers and university authorities create plans for teaching and motivating students about the environment and encouraging green behavior for environmental sustainability.

GPT revolution and digital entrepreneurial intentions

Purpose Generative pretrained transformers (GPTs), soaring to one million users at lightning speed, outpaced social media giants (15 times faster) (Buchholz, 2023). Despite this, scant research explored GPT’s impact on the digital entrepreneurial intentions (EIs) of students and tech-savvy generations. This study aims to pioneer a fusion of the technology acceptance model (TAM) and the theory of planned behavior (TPB), bridging the gap in research. Design/methodology/approach In this bold quantitative quest, business administration students became fearless participants, engaging in a survey of profound significance. Guided by the mighty powers of G*Power and Stata’s structural equation modeling builder, the intricate relationships within a robust sample of (n = 400) were unraveled. Findings The mediating power of GPT usefulness and GPT ease of use part of the TAM emerges, paving the way for a future brimming with digital entrepreneurship (DE) boundless possibilities. Predictably, the study found that TPB constructs also affect the EI of students. Originality/value This groundbreaking study brings together the powerful combination of TAM and TPB, while pioneering the exploration of GPT models’ mediating role. Its findings offer invaluable contributions to the field of DE and policymakers.

Factors impacting bus selection: Differences between the middle and later stages of COVID-19

As one of the most important modes of transportation, buses play an essential part in people's journeys. However, less has been known about whether and under what circumstances people will choose to travel by bus during the COVID-19 epidemic. Based on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), the study examined how the impact of the different stages of COVID-19 (middle stage and later stage), the quality of public transport services and the fear of COVID-19 (FCV-19) are associated with individual choices.An online survey of 404 participants from Anhui Province, China was conducted. We collected data on demography information, together with related TPB constructs (behavioural intentions, self-reported bus use, attitudes, subjective norm, perceived behavioural control, fear of COVID-19 and bus passenger satisfaction). After verifying the scales and the basic TPB model, we established a structural equation model (SEM).Our analysis of the survey data yielded the following results: 1) In the middle stage of the COVID-19 epidemic, fear of COVID-19 was significantly related to the intention to take the bus, and passenger satisfaction was insignificantly related to travel by bus. 2) In the later stage of the COVID-19 epidemic, passenger satisfaction was significantly related to the decision to take the bus, and fear of COVID-19 was significantly related to the intention to travel by bus.These research results not only reveal the internal mechanism of passengers choosing to take the bus but also provide important information for future disaster emergency management. On this basis, some feasible suggestions are made to avoid the decrease of bus ridership and help the public transportation system recover from the crisis.

Theory of Planned Behaviour and Sexting Intention of College Student

The theory of planned behavior (TPB) is a widely used framework for predicting behavior. Considering that technology supported sexual behavior (e.g., sexting) is widespread among emerging adults, it is logical to assume that it is driven by existing social norms, accepted standards of behavior, and the opinions of others, all of which are core constructs of TPB. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine whether intention to sext can be predicted by the constructs of the theory of planned behavior. A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted with 314 emerging adults aged 18–29 years who completed a self-report questionnaire online. The modified Theory of Planned Behavior Questionnaire for the sexting context, which measures attitudes toward sexting, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control, and sexting intention, was used. The results of the path analyses mainly confirmed the model proposed by the Theory of planned behavior. Of the three TPB core factors, only subjective norm did not significantly have effect on sexting intention. Our results show that attitude, normative beliefs, and control directly predict sexting intention, and control beliefs indirectly predict sexting intention via perceived behavioral control, partially confirming the sequential relationship proposed by the Theory of planned behavior.

Student Retention: An Integrated Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior and the Campus Social Environment

The goal of this study is to contribute to the significant body of research focused on student retention in higher education, specifically by integrating the theory of planned behavior (TPB) with measures of campus place attachment and campus social capital. Using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling to analyze survey data collected at a mid-sized American college, our results show that TPB constructs (i.e., attitude toward major, attitude toward campus, perceived graduation-related norms, perceived behavioral control) were strong predictors of intention to re-enroll. Additionally, both emotional and functional institutional attachment significantly predicted TPB constructs, and bridging social capital significantly predicted campus place attachment. We discuss the potential implications of these results for both administration/policy and future research.

Understanding the Impact of Online Communication Strategies on Consumer Purchase Intention for Green Cosmetics

Increased environmental awareness has increased the demand for green products, mainly cosmetics. This fact challenges companies to adapt to changes and consider environmental problems in their communication strategies to offer products that meet current trends in the consumer market. This implies the need to understand the antecedents of purchase intention better. This research was guided by the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) with the aim of understanding the impact of online communication strategies on consumer purchase intention of green cosmetics. Intention to purchase green cosmetics was measured, as were two of the main TPB constructs, specifically attitude and subjective norms. In addition, other variables were added to the study, such as electronic word of mouth (e-WOM), influencer marketing, and brand content. Data collected through an online survey (N = 151) were analysed using statistical techniques based on variance through partial least squares (PLS) using the SmartPLS3 v.3.3.9 software. The results show that the online communication strategies that impact the purchase intention of green cosmetics are e-WOM and brand content. In practice, the results obtained provide valuable information for professionals and academics, benefiting the perception of the factors that motivate the intention to purchase green cosmetics, contributing to the implementation of better online communication strategies.

A - 166 Predictors of Intention to Participate in Programmed Exercise for Postconcussion Recovery.

Programmed exercise has been proposed for postconcussion recovery, but willingness to engage in such programs has not been explored. This study investigated sociocognitive factors from the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and their relationship to exercise intention for postconcussion recovery (intention). Four hundred and fifty-nine adults completed an online survey (Age = 18-72years, 34% concussion history). All participants received information about mTBI, postconcussion symptoms, and programmed exercise. The measures assessed TPB constructs including intention, and evaluated program design features that could affect engagement (e.g., session frequency). Structured equation modelling found that intention was significantly predicted (p < 0.05) by subjective norms (strongest predictor) and perceived behavioral control (weaker predictor). Attitudes did not significantly predict intention. The model accounted for approximately half of the variance in exercise intention (R2 = 0.506). The addition of moderators (habitual exercise, concussion history) did not have any effect. Key program design features were personalization and supervision. People's intention to undertake programmed exercise for postconcussion recovery is shaped by individual psychological factors, especially subjective norms and perceived behavioral control. This could be considered in the program design (e.g., building program connections with significant others; fostering a sense of control through personalization/session timetabling). Further research is needed to establish the effect of such additions on engagement with programmed exercise for postconcussion recovery.

A theoretical model for preventing marine litter behaviour: An empirical evidence from Singapore

Marine litter pollution has been an emerging environmental problem and arousing extensive attentions from both the academia and the public in recent years. The improperly disposed domestic refuse has been proven to be a major source of the marine litter, which can be effectively prevented through scientific waste management and citizens' daily pro-environmental behaviour. This study aims to investigates Singapore citizens’ intention of avoiding marine litter based on an extended theory of planned behaviour (TPB), incorporating the cognitive constructs as precursors and the irrational constructs as mediators. An online survey was performed targeting Singapore citizens to collect data, and 417 valid responses were analysed using structural equation modelling. The results reveal that environmental knowledge possess significant indirect effect to intention, and concern can act as a predictor of behaviour intention by influencing TPB constructs. Behaviour intention is most influenced by perceived behaviour control, while subjective norm has less constraining force. The irrational factors influence behaviour intention through both direct and indirect paths, habit exerts significant effect to behaviour patterns, while positive affection has greater effect size than negative affection. Previous research regarding marine litter preventing behaviour focus on tourists and consumers, while the survey object of this study is daily behaviour of citizens. The proposed theoretical model extends the traditional TPB by incorporating the cognitive and irrational factors, and offers deeper insights into the process of behaviour change. Besides, the findings also provide implications for government agencies in the field of marine litter control and waste management.

The impact of a theory of planned behavior-based training on the behavioral intention of childless couples in Shahrekord

Background and aims: Childbearing is known to be the most critical change factor in population construction. So, the present study was conducted to investigate the impact of childbearing education based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB) on the behavioral intention of childless couples. Methods: The present field trial was conducted on 70 childless referred to holistic health centers in Shahrekord in 2022. The study setting was selected by cluster sampling, and the participants were selected by convenience sampling. The instruments used were a checklist of demographic characteristics/childbearing and a questionnaire of childbearing intention. Both groups completed the questionnaire before, immediately, and one month after the intervention. Data were analyzed using SPSS 26. A P value&lt;0.05 was considered a significance level. Results: At baseline, there was no significant difference in the mean scores of TPB constructs, i.e., attitude, social norm, perceived behavioral control, and behavioral intention, between the two groups (P&gt;0.05). However, the mean scores obtained for the constructs in the intervention group immediately and one month after the intervention were significantly different from those in the control group (P&lt;0.05). Also, the mean scores on the constructs in the intervention group increased immediately and one month after the intervention, indicating education’s impact on the childbearing intention (P&lt;0.05). Conclusion: Training based on TPB increases the childbearing intention in childless couples; it is therefore recommended to create a social support system and design interventions with a further focus on using this model in educational programs related to population growth policies and encouraging couples to have children.

Exploring walking from the perspective of theory of planned behavior

Theory of planned behavior (TPB) is a social cognition model that proposes that a persons’ surroundings influences their behavior. Pedestrian studies based on TPB are few, and often, not only measure walking subjectively, but also have very generic measures of TPB constructs that do not account for built environment. Urban planners have, on the other hand, emphasized for decades the importance of built environment on walking and use of public spaces. This paper aims to develop a detailed understanding of the factors that affect an individual’s walking that would assist planners in developing strategies to increase the modal share of walking. Thus, unlike most studies, it measures attitude towards and perceived control over the behavior (i.e., walking) and the built environment, in addition to measuring walking objectively (at both individual and trip levels).Data was collected in the autumn of 2019 in Umeå, Sweden, using a smartphone app in the form of GPS-based travel data (i.e., distance, time, location, activity) and survey questions (i.e., demographics and psychological constructs of TPB). The results reinforced previous findings that attitude and perceived control correlate to walking and identified the key variables under each behavioral construct. The purpose, the reasons people like to walk and their attitude towards the built environment showed significant correlation to individuals’ walking behavior. Perceived control over the behavior and built environment, was also found to have a significant correlation to walking. Thus, this paper makes important methodological contribution towards using TPB to analyze walking.

Antecedents of sustainability‐oriented entrepreneurial intentions: A comprehensive model and empirical evidence

AbstractThe study contributes to the advancement of the theory and practice of sustainable entrepreneurship (SE) by enabling a deeper understanding of the emerging construct, sustainability‐oriented entrepreneurial intentions (SEI) which is a precursor of SE. A unique, comprehensive model depicting the role of the individual‐level antecedents of SEI is developed from an exhaustive literature review, and it is then validated using survey responses from youth in India. Of the seven constructs identified from the literature, four constructs, namely Altruism, Environmental Values, Intrinsic Rewards, and Attitude Towards Sustainability (one of the Theory of Planned Behavior constructs [TPB]), were found to have the strongest relationship with SEI, while others (Extrinsic Rewards, General Self‐Efficacy, Job Security, Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) constructs Perceived Entrepreneurial Desirability, and Perceived Entrepreneurial Feasibility) were reported as statistically significant. Partial Mediating effects of TPB constructs were also reported. This research provides empirical evidence on the individual‐level antecedents of SEI, hence contributing to the sparse body of literature available on the emerging construct, SEI. The findings provide valuable insights for policymakers and educators to design effective approaches to foster SEI and expand the adoption of SE among young individuals. The originality of this study lies in the fact that, to date, no comprehensive research has been conducted on any demographic group in India to examine the individual‐level factors that influence SEI.

The Scoop on SCOBY (Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast): Exploring Consumer Behaviours towards a Novel Ice Cream.

With the growing demand for sustainable practises, the food industry is increasingly adopting circular economy approaches. One example is recycling the symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast (SCOBY) used in kombucha fermentation to create value-added products. However, consumer acceptance of such novel products remains unclear. To address this, the present study examined consumer attitudes towards ice cream made with SCOBY as an ingredient and how this affected their intention to consume it. Drawing on the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and additional constructs such as emotions and food neophobia, an online survey was conducted with New Zealand consumers (N = 170). Results showed that the TPB constructs significantly predicted the intention to consume SCOBY ice cream. Moreover, by adding emotions to the constructs, the model's explanatory power was enhanced. Attitudes, subjective norms, and emotions were the main predictors of intention, which in turn was found to be the main predictor of behaviour. Participants' beliefs about the safety and taste of SCOBY ice cream were significantly correlated with their intention and behaviour, as were the opinions of nutritionists/dietitians, friends, and family. The model accounted for 21.7% of the variance in behaviour and 57.4% of the variance in intention. These findings can be used to plan marketing strategies related to waste-to-value-added products such as SCOBY ice cream.

Immediate Antecedents of Intentions for Having Children in Southeast Iranian Women.

Over the last decade, Iran has experienced a declining birth trend. Identifying the proximate determinants of fertility intentions among married women is informative for population studies. This study aimed to examine the importance of three immediate antecedents of fertility intention. We invited 1,100 married women to complete a well-validated questionnaire based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB). The sampling framework consisted of visitors attending hospitals in two cities in southeastern Iran. Intention for having children was measured using the item "Do you intend to have a/another child during the next 3 years?" Attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control were measured using eight, three, and three items, respectively. Structural equation modeling was used to specify the model and to test the predictive ability of the TPB constructs. The response rate was 90.7% (N=998), and the mean±standard deviation age of the respondents was 34.8±7.4 years. More than 50% of the respondents reported intending to have a child in the next 3 years. All three TPB model constructs showed significant associations with fertility intentions. The standardized beta coefficients for attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control were 0.74, 0.41, and 0.55, respectively. The TPB model showed that psychological mechanisms play an important role in predicting the childbearing intentions of married women in Iran. Of the three TPB constructs, attitude was the strongest predictor of the intention to have a child.

Predicting Students’ Illicit Drug Use Intentions: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior

Background: Substance use disorders are a significant global public health issue, causing considerable suffering, trauma, and financial burden. With the increasing prevalence of drug use and its detrimental consequences, it is crucial to identify predictors and implement preventive measures to address these problems. The main aim of the present study was to test the utility of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) to predict university students’ illicit drug use intentions in the Indian context.&#x0D; Method: The study used a cross-sectional research design and included a sample of 1254 students (male=473, female=81) aged 15-29 (Median age=22.61). Participants completed the measures of attitude, perceived norms, refusal self-efficacy and drug use intentions. Structural Equation Modeling was utilised to analyse the effectiveness of TPB constructs to predict university students’ drug use intentions.&#x0D; Results: The results indicated that positive attitude and perceived norms were positively related with drug use intentions, while refusal self-efficacy was negatively related. The proposed model accounted for (30%) of the variance in students’ illicit drug use intentions. The analysis of Regression weight estimates and critical ratios represented that the perceived norms and perceived behavioural control significantly predicted drug use intention. However, contrary to expectations, attitude did not predict drug use intentions.&#x0D; Conclusion: The findings of the present study highlighted the usefulness of TPB in predicting drug use intentions in the Indian context. These findings will benefit drug use intervention programmes.

The Perception of Food Quality and Food Value among the Purchasing Intentions of Street Foods in the Capital of the Philippines

Transformations in modern lifestyles have caused changes in people’s food consumption, elevating the status of street foods to one of the favored choices. However, very few studies have been dedicated to investigating why street foods have become a popular choice among consumers. This study aimed to apply a modified version of the original theory of planned behavior (TPB), which includes domains affecting the intention to purchase while adding perceived food quality and value together with convenience. A total of 1361 respondents answered a survey based on the extended TPB constructs. Focusing on college graduates in the country, Structural Equation Modeling was utilized for the statistical analysis. Convenience proved to have the highest indirect effect on the intention to purchase street foods, explaining street foods’ ubiquitous and patronized image—which affected the TPB domains. This was followed by perceived food quality, which also had a significant direct effect on the behavioral domains and a higher indirect effect on street food purchase intention than perceived food value. Further discussion on the effect between behavioral domains was presented. This study also provided recommendations that street food vendors, the government, related private businesses, and consumers themselves can use to improve a sustainable community and businesses. In conclusion, this study contributes to the limited literature and promotion of purchasing and consuming street foods.