Theory Of Planned Behavior Scale Research Articles

Attitudes Toward Injury-Prevention Program Participation Based on Race and Collegiate Division in Female Athletes.

Injury-prevention programs (IPPs) have been effective in reducing lower extremity injury rates, but user compliance plays a major role in their effectiveness. Race and collegiate division may affect attitudes toward participation in IPPs and compliance in female collegiate athletes. To compare attitudes toward IPPs based on race and collegiate division. Cross-sectional study. Survey. A total of 118 female collegiate athletes (age = 19.71 ± 1.47 years, height = 169.46 ± 9.09 cm, mass = 69.57 ± 11.57 kg) volunteered. Participants completed the Health Belief Model Scale and the Theory of Planned Behavior Scale (TPBS) on 1 occasion. The Health Belief Model Scale contains 9 subscales (perceived susceptibility, perceived consequences, fear of injury, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, community-led self-efficacy, individual self-efficacy, general health cues, external health cues), whereas the TPBS has 5 subscales (perceived benefits, perceived barriers, perceived social norms, social influence, intention to participate). The independent variables were race (White versus Black, Indigenous, and other people of color [BIPOC]) and National Collegiate Athletic Association division (I and III). Mann-Whitney U tests were used to detect differences in attitudes toward IPP participation based on race and collegiate division. White female athletes perceived fewer TPBS barriers to participation in IPPs (P = .003) and more community-led self-efficacy when compared with BIPOC female athletes (P = .009). Division I athletes perceived a greater fear of injury (P = .002) and more general health cues (P = .01) than Division III athletes. For lower extremity IPPs, BIPOC and Division III female collegiate athletes may need different implementation strategies. Individuals who identify as BIPOC may benefit from interventions focusing on solutions for common barriers to participation and improving community-led self-efficacy, and Division III athletes may benefit from interventions focusing on education related to the risk of injury and general preventive health behaviors.

Development and Evaluation of the Teacher Reporting Questionnaire for South African Foundation Phase Educators (TRQ-SA) in Measuring Teachers’ Intentions to Report Child Sexual Abuse Suspicions

ABSTRACT Globally teachers are mandated by law to report suspected child sexual abuse (CSA). The Teachers’ Reporting Questionnaire (TRQ) was constructed to assess teachers’ intentions to report CSA suspicions in Australia. The current research examines the development of the Teacher Reporting Questionnaire for South African foundation phase educators (TRQ-SA) and provides an evaluation of the TRQ-SA as a survey instrument for utilization in other studies. The TRQ-SA is a self-administered survey instrument used in a cross-sectional quantitative study that investigated teacher reporting intentions using the theory of planned behavior (TPB). A stratified random sample of 399 teachers from the eight school districts in the Western Cape province of South Africa was achieved. Before the TRQ-SA was developed, a qualitative elicitation study was conducted. Once developed, the questionnaire was pre-tested before the quantitative central study survey was administered. Cronbach’s alpha was used to indicate reliability of scales, where a minimum α coefficient of .7 is considered acceptable. In the quantitative survey, the TRQ-SA had the following results: α = .74 was achieved for the attitude towards reporting scale, α = .78 for the subjective norm scale, α = .74 for the perceived behavioral control scale and α = .79 for the intention to report scale. The TRQ-SA achieved good internal consistency for all its TPB scales. The TRQ-SA is a valid and reliable survey instrument which could be used “as is” or amended in similar settings and countries testing the TPB in their own contexts.

Changes in Attitudes and Functional Performance After an Educational Intervention and Participation in the DIME in Cadets

Introduction: Cadets frequently suffer from lower extremity injuries, but fail to participate in effective injury prevention programs (IPPs). The purpose of this study was to determine if an intervention focused on benefits and barriers of IPP with participation in an IPP would change attitudes towards participating in IPPs and functional performance. Methods: Thirty-four ROTC cadets (Male: n=28, Age: 19.67±1.45 years, Height: 175.57±8.30cm, Mass: 75.38±14.30kg) volunteered to participate in the study. Participants completed the Health Belief Model Scale (HBMS), Theory of Planned Behavior Scale (TPBS), Y-Balance test, Landing Error Scoring System, 2-mile run, push-up test, and sit-up test. During the Army Physical Fitness program, the Dynamic Integrated Movement Enhancement (DIME) program was implemented by cadet student leaders whom also tracked compliance. Every 2 weeks, participants would self-report participation in the DIME and also be exposed to the intervention presented as an infographic on the benefits and barriers of the DIME as well as potential solutions for barriers. All testing was repeated at the end of the fall semester. Results: Compliance over the 10-week period was 87.2%. Participants had improvements in individual self-efficacy, Y-Balance test performance, 2-mile run, and sit-up test. However, HBMS perceived consequences, HBMS perceived benefits, HBMS community-led self-efficacy, TPBS perceived benefits, TPBS perceived barriers, TPBS social norms, TPBS social influence, and TPBS intention to participate all worsened. The most common reason for lack of participation in the DIME was time. Discussion: Participants were more confident in their ability to participate in IPPs after the intervention and also improved in several aspects of functional performance. However, several subscales worsened after participation. Future research should focus on determining effective strategies to improve attitudes towards IPP participation to enhance compliance.

Measuring Invariance of Theory of Planned Behavior Model on Online Fitness Program Participation During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is one of the most frequently cited and most influential models to explain and predict human intentions and behaviors (Ajzen, 1991, 2011; Kim & James, 2016), which include physical activity and exercise. However, the dimensionality of TPB has not been examined in the context of online fitness program (OFP) participation during the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study was to examine the TPB measurement parameters of the factorial models and determine the generalizability of the psychological constructs of the TPB model on gender groups and whether COVID-19 affected annual income groups. The participants were 18 years or older adults in U.S.A. and self-identified as OFP participants during the COVID-19 pandemic. They were recruited using Amazon Mechanical Turk. TPB was used to examine OFP participation behavior with four constructs: Attitudes toward a behavior (AB), subjective norm (SN), perceived behavioral control (PBC), and participation intention (PI) along with an additional construct role identity (RI). Data were collected through Qualtrics and analyzed in RStudio-1.4.1106. Multiple group confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) were conducted to investigate measurement invariance on gender (male or female) and COVID-19 impact (yes or no), respectively. Final data for analyses included 724 respondents (52.5% males; 47.9% reported no). The CFA results supported unidimensionality of the modified TPB scale. Invariance tests were conducted at all levels of AB, SN, PBC, PI, and RI measures for both male and female groups and COVID-19 impacted groups: Dimensional (equal number of latent factors), configural (equal factor structure), weak (equal factor loadings), strong (equal indicator intercepts), and strict (equal indicator residuals), respectively. The results showed that each of the equal indicator residual models had an overall satisfactory fit to the OFP participation data for both male and female groups as well as the two COVID-19 impacted groups. Comparing with the equal indicator intercept solution regarding the groups in both gender and COVID-19 impact, each of the equal indicator residual models for AB and SN did not result in a significant degradation in model-data fit. But PBC, PI, and RI had significant chi-square changes and the changes of their CFIs were greater than 0.01. Results showed that the adapted TPB scale is valid for measuring OFP participation intention constructs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Since invariant factor loadings and indicator intercepts of TPB measures have achieved, it has confirmed that it is valid to be used in group comparison of latent scores.

Assessing perceptions of COVID-19 self-protective measures: a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach

PurposeThis study aimed to develop scales to assess perceptions of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) self-protective measures (SPMs) and examine the psychometric properties based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB).Design/methodology/approachA total of 412 participants from Bangalore, India, randomly volunteered to participate in this research. The questionnaire consisted of items related to the TPB scales and demographic details.FindingsA structural equation model showed a reasonable model fit. In total, 70% of the individuals' behavioral intentions of following COVID-19 SPMs were predicted by perceived benefits, barriers, social norms and social influence. Participants' age impacted on perceived benefits and perceived social influence and individuals' behavioral intentions of following COVID-19 SPMs, with a 13.6% difference in model prediction.Originality/valueThe TPB can be used as a strong psychometric property to assess behavioral determinants of COVID-19 SPMs.

An intervention based on the health belief model led to improvements in self-efficacy towards ERIPP participation and functional performance in club sport athletes: a pilot study

To determine if an intervention based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) could improve attitudes towards exercise-related injury prevention program (ERIPP) participation and functional performance in club sport participants. Repeated measures METHODS: Participants completed the HBM Scale (HBMS) and Theory of Planned Behavior Scale (TPBS) to assess attitudes towards ERIPP participation at three time points (pre-measure, post-measure, follow-up measure). The HBM based intervention was delivered immediately following the pre-measure containing: 1) education on ERIPPs, benefits and barriers to participating, strategies to overcome barriers, risk factors and consequences for lower extremity injuries, and strategies to prevent lower extremity injuries 2) individualized feedback on functional performance 3) demonstration and participation in the 11+. Attitudes towards injury prevention were compared using the subscales of the HBMS and TPBS at all three time points. Functional performance was compared at the pre-measure and follow-up measure. Significant improvements with large effect sizes were detected in individual self-efficacy from pre-test (0.73±4.48) to post-test (2.93±4.30; P=0.05; ƞ2=0.18) and pre-test to follow-up (3.20±3.49; P=0.04; ƞ2=0.20) and community led self-efficacy from pre-test (4.40±2.75) to post-test (6.07±3.43; P=0.02; ƞ2=0.24) and pre-test to follow-up (7.07±2.05; P=0.001; ƞ2=0.44). Additionally, significant improvements were found in the LESS-RT following the intervention. The intervention based on the HBM led to improvements in individual and community led self-efficacy indicating an enhancement in the participants' confidence in their ability to participate in an ERIPP. Future research should investigate the effectiveness of individualized interventions to improve attitudes towards and adherence to ERIPPs.

Physical activity of children and adolescents and its influencing factors

Objective To examine children and adolescents physical activity level and its influencing factors based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Methods A total of 353 students aged 8-15 were chosen as samples. Accelerometers were used to measure the moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) time and a TPB scale was used to measure the TPB constructs. Results ①Research results showed that only 5.3% of the participating children and adolescents reached the recommended 60 min MVPA each day. ②There were significant gender differences in the attitude (t=1.360, P 0.05). Significant grade differences were also observed for attitude (F(5, 352)=2.627, P<0.05), MVPA intention(F(5, 352)=2.890, P<0.05) and MVPA time (F(5, 352)=6.156, P<0.01). ③The regression results showed that MVPA intention (β=0.130, P<0.01) was significantly related to MVPA time and it explained 0.4% variance. Perceived behavioral control(β=0.496, P<0.01) and attitude(β=0.155, P<0.01) were significantly associated with MVPA intention and explained 1.8% variance. Conclusion The average MVPA time of children and adolescents in this study do not achieve the international recommendation level and the behavioral intention determines their MVPA time. Key words: The theory of planned behavior; Moderate and vigorous physical activity physical activity; Children and adolescents

Health Belief Model Scale and Theory of Planned Behavior Scale to assess attitudes and perceptions of injury prevention program participation: An exploratory factor analysis

To examine the psychometric properties of the Health Belief Model Scale (HBMS) and Theory of Planned Behavior Scale (TPBS), and determine construct validity by evaluating which subscales were most associated with intention to participate in an Exercise-related Injury Prevention Program (ERIPP) within physically active adults. Cross-sectional. Two hundred and eighty-four physically active individuals volunteered to participate in this study and completed the HBMS and TPBS on one occasion. The HBMS consisted of 39 items and the TPBS consisted of 22 items. Both scales aimed to assess attitudes and perceptions of ERIPP participation. Exploratory factor analysis evaluated the loading factors of the HBMS and TPBS. Linear regression determined if the HBMS and TPBS subscales were predictors of intention to participate in an ERIPP. Nine factors were identified within the HBMS and five factors were identified within the TPBS. The subscales of the HBMS and TPBS had acceptable internal consistencies. Perceived benefits, social norms, and social influence from the TPBS and perceived benefits, individual self-efficacy, and general health cues from the HBMS were positively and significantly associated with intention to participate while perceived barriers had a negative association. The HBMS and TPBS demonstrated strong psychometric properties to assess behavioral determinants of ERIPP participation within physically active adults. The social influence, social norm, and individual self-efficacy subscales were the best predictors of intention to participate followed by benefits, general health cues, and barriers.

Theoretical Antecedents of Standing at Work: An Experience Sampling Approach Using the Theory of Planned Behavior.

Time spent sitting has been associated with an increased risk of diabetes, cancer, obesity, and mental health impairments. However, 75% of Americans spend most of their days sitting, with work-sitting accounting for 63% of total daily sitting time. Little research examining theory-based antecedents of standing or sitting has been conducted. This lack of solid groundwork makes it difficult to design effective intervention strategies to decrease sitting behaviors. Using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) as our theoretical lens to better understand factors related with beneficial standing behaviors already being practiced, we examined relationships between TPB constructs and time spent standing at work among “positive deviants” (those successful in behavior change). Experience sampling methodology (ESM), 4 times a day (midmorning, before lunch, afternoon, and before leaving work) for 5 consecutive workdays (Monday to Friday), was used to assess employees' standing time. TPB scales assessing attitude (α = 0.81–0.84), norms (α = 0.83), perceived behavioral control (α = 0.77), and intention (α = 0.78) were developed using recommended methods and collected once on the Friday before the ESM surveys started. ESM data are hierarchically nested, therefore we tested our hypotheses using multilevel structural equation modeling with Mplus. Hourly full-time university employees (n = 50; 70.6% female, 84.3% white, mean age = 44 (SD = 11), 88.2% in full-time staff positions) with sedentary occupation types (time at desk while working ≥6 hours/day) participated. A total of 871 daily surveys were completed. Only perceived behavioral control (β = 0.45, p < 0.05) was related with work-standing at the event-level (model fit: just fit); mediation through intention was not supported. This is the first study to examine theoretical antecedents of real-time work-standing in a naturalistic field setting among positive deviants. These relationships should be further examined, and behavioral intervention strategies should be guided by information obtained through this positive deviance approach to enhance perceived behavioral control, in addition to implementing environmental changes like installing standing desks.

A Comparison of Two Measures of Physical Activity Among Adults with Physical Disabilities: The Issue of Scale Correspondence

The purpose of the study was to examine the issue of scale correspondence by testing the theory of planned behavior (TPB) using two models. Participants were 223 adults (M age = 45.4 years, SD = 10.8) with self-reported physical disabilities who completed an on-line survey. Using a cross-sectional design, participants completed demographic questions, TPB items, and two measures of physical activity. Path analyses, using one model that included a measure of behavior developed according to the TPB recommendations and a second model that used the Physical Activity Scale for Individuals with Physical Disabilities (PASIPD) generally supported the hypotheses of the TPB. Further, the model with the TPB scale (R 2 = .66) accounted for more variance in physical activity than the model using the PASIPD (R 2 = .15). Our findings are consistent with previous research; however, we argue that scale correspondence may not be statistically or philosophically appropriate.

Prediction of pharmacist intention to provide Medicare medication therapy management services using the theory of planned behavior

Medicare Part D is a voluntary prescription drug benefit for Medicare beneficiaries. As part of the coverage, medication therapy management services (MTMS) are mandated for beneficiaries with chronic diseases who take multiple medications covered under part D and who are likely to incur annual costs that exceed a specified level. To predict the behavioral intention of pharmacists to provide Medicare medication therapy management services (MTMS) using the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and to determine the relationship between pharmacists' characteristics and intention to provide MTMS. The population for this cross-sectional descriptive study consisted of all community pharmacists in Iowa. Data collection occurred through a self-administered anonymous mail survey. Two surveys each were mailed to 500 pharmacies selected through a stratified random sample, 1 survey for the pharmacy manager and 1 survey for a staff pharmacist if applicable. Descriptive statistics and scale reliability were calculated for each of the 4 TPB scales (attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and intention). Linear regression was used to predict intent as a function of the other 3 TPB factors, demographic factors, experience, and type of pharmacy. Out of 212 surveys received, 203 had usable data. The usable response rate ranged from 21% to 41%. Pharmacists' intent to provide MTMS was generally positive but varied in strength with a mean score of 22.47 (+/-4.00) and a range of 7-30. Pharmacists mostly agreed that they had appropriate training to provide MTMS but lacked time and support. The linear regression analysis found the constructs of attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control to be significant predictors of intent (P<.05). Pharmacists with stronger intent to provide MTMS were those who felt they had more control over providing MTMS, felt their peers approved of the provision of MTMS, and had a positive attitude about providing MTMS. Type of pharmacy and pharmacist demographic variables were not significant predictors of intent to provide MTMS. Pharmacists showed generally positive intent to provide MTMS. Perceived behavioral control, subjective norm, and attitude were significant predictors of intent (P<.05). Strategies to help pharmacists provide MTMS should focus on finding time and support to provide MTMS rather than individual educational needs.

Beyond Scale Correspondence: A Comparison of Continuous Open Scaling and Fixed Graded Scaling When Using Social Cognitive Constructs in the Exercise Domain

The standard response format for self-reported exercise-behavior measurement is the continuous open scale, but popular social cognitive theories use fixed graded scales, a noncorrespondent format. Benefits of using continuous open scales for social cognitive constructs include scale correspondence with the behavior measure, the potential of increased variability from an open response format, and potentially more accurate measurement from using a ratio-level scale. The purpose of this study was to create continuous open measures of theory of planned behavior (TPB) constructs and compare these to standard fixed graded measures. Participants were 420 undergraduate students who completed measures of fixed graded and continuous open TPB scales and a 2-week follow-up of exercise behavior. Psychometric properties were acceptable for both types of scaling, but the correlations of TPB constructs with exercise intention and behavior were larger for continuous open scaling than fixed graded scaling. This result was due to the additional variability afforded by continuous open scaling and not from scale correspondence; further, the 2 types of scales had convergent measurement domains. Finally, in an applied analysis, regression equations derived from the continuous open measures showed that higher levels of social cognition toward a behavioral frequency than toward the desired behavioral outcome are needed to produce that desired behavioral outcome. Overall, continuous open scaling may be a superior form of scaling for social cognitive constructs in the exercise domain in comparison to standard fixed graded measures.

THRESHOLD ASSESSMENT OF THE THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR FOR PREDICTING EXERCISE INTENTION AND BEHAVIOR

According to the theory of planned behavior (TPB), attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control (PBC) are hypothesized to act as linear expectancy value constructs upon intention and behavior. However, no previous research has actually detailed incremental linearity across scale responses. Further, no study using social cognitive measures has detailed incremental increases in the proportion of people meeting the ACSM's exercise guidelines for exercise across scale responses. PURPOSE To examine mean scores of intention and behavior across TPB scale responses and participants meeting ACSM's exercise guidelines. METHODS Participants were university undergraduates (N = 585) who completed measures of the TPB and a two-week follow-up of exercise behavior (Godin Leisure Time Exercise Questionnaire). ANOVA, Fisher Z tests, chi square tests and effect size d were used in data analysis procedures. RESULTS Effect size (d) and more traditional p-levels (< .05) provided support for the expectancy value hypothesis across scale responses for affective attitude, but instrumental attitude, and subjective norm had more specific thresholds. PBC did not support a uniform expectancy value formulation (p < .05). Thresholds of positive TPB scaling, but not negative TPB scaling discriminated proportions of individuals who met ACSM's criteria (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS Higher levels of the TPB constructs (e.g., slightly agree to strongly agree) discriminate the proportion of individuals meeting ASCM's guidelines for regular exercise while lower levels (e.g., strongly disagree to slightly disagree) do not. Affective attitude (e.g., enjoyability) may be the best expectancy value construct across scale responses (e.g., strongly disagree to strongly agree) for predicting exercise behavior. These findings have theoretical import for expectancy value relations and social cognitive measurement in the TPB and direct application for the expected success of intervention efforts.