Theory Of Planned Behavior Model Research Articles

Exploring Organic Food Purchase Behaviors of Gen Z: An Application of TPB and MOA Model in a Transition Country

Abstract This article investigates the predictors of purchase behavior of the generation Z (Gen Z) in the Vietnamese organic food sector. We proposed a research model by extending the theory of planned behavior (TPB) with the motivation–opportunity–ability (MOA) framework to address the gap between purchase intention and behavior in the organic food market. Data from a self-administered online survey with 426 respondents living in the three biggest cities of Vietnam were analyzed in SmartPLS software to test proposed hypotheses. Our findings show that trust is the most crucial factor affecting the purchase behavior of Gen Z in the Vietnamese organic food sector. Notably, perceived barriers (PB) were found to positively influence purchase behavior. The present study suggests the organic food producers and suppliers to change their marketing strategies and policies in response to the demanding Vietnamese Gen Z.

Reducing single-use plastic on college campuses: Theory of planned behavior-based brief interventions

Single-use plastic has devastating impacts on the natural environment and scalable theory-based interventions are urgently needed to curb plastic consumption. The purpose of this study is to test the impact of two brief plastic reduction interventions on consumption on college campuses and whether these effects will be mediated by changes in the extended Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) model consisting of attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, moral norms, descriptive norms, and self-identity. 375 undergraduate students (77% female) from two colleges in the southeastern US completed baseline measures of plastic consumption beliefs and behavior in line with the extended TPB model. Participants were then randomized into one of three groups - control group (n = 152), app intervention group (who tracked plastic behavior on a mobile phone app for a week and received TPB-based daily messages via push notifications; n = 89), or pledge intervention group (who made a pledge to reduce plastic for a week and received TPB-based daily messages via email; n = 134). All participants completed the survey again after the intervention week. Results showed that the extended TPB model along with the intervention condition significantly predicted changes in plastic behavior over the week, (R2 = 0.24, p < .001). Additionally, mediation analysis revealed that the pledge group (compared to the control group) reported a significant decrease in plastic consumption over the week-long intervention, with indirect effects via changes in attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and descriptive norms. The app group (compared to the control group) decreased plastic consumption less and showed no change to the extended TPB constructs. Results suggest that plastic reduction interventions that influence the extended TPB constructs can be expected to have corresponding changes in plastic consumption behavior.

Farmers’ adoption intentions of water-saving agriculture under the risks of frequent irrigation-induced landslides

Water-saving agriculture (WSA) is often introduced as an effective strategy to reduce water infiltration and mitigate irrigation-induced landslide risks. The effects highly rely on smallholder farmers, who often would rather suffer from landslides than adapt. This study focused on farmers’ adoption intention of WSA in general and drip irrigation and drought-tolerant crop in specific, representing changes in technology and farming systems. An integrative theoretical model was developed based on the extended theory of planned behavior (TPB) with elements from the norm activation model and technology acceptance model. Hypotheses were tested using data from a questionnaire survey with 363 farmers in Loess Plateau, Northwest China. The results of structural equation modeling showed that the most crucial factor bolstering farmers’ adoption intention was subjective norm, regardless of different measures. Attitude was more influential than perceived behavior control in drip irrigation and vice versa in drought-tolerant crop adoption, indicating that attitude was more important in technology change and capacity played a crucial role in farming system shift. In addition, awareness of environmental consequences contributed positively to subjective norm and attitude, and perceived ease-of-use improved perceived behavior control. Most notably, the extended TPB model has more explanatory power than the classical one. By considering the moral and technical aspects, the extended model enhanced the comprehensiveness of explaining drivers of farmers’ WSA adoption intention under the irrigation-induced landslide risks. The findings shed light on future disaster risk management for China and other countries under the landslide risk.

ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTION-BEHAVIOUR LINK: THE MODERATING EFFECTS OF COVID-19 PERCEPTION, ENTREPRENEURIAL MOTIVATION, AND PRIOR ENTREPRENEURIAL EXPOSURE

Given the current economic challenges facing many developing countries across the globe, entrepreneurship has become the main goal to drive economic development. Thus, governments need to cultivate more future entrepreneurs and develop existing entrepreneurs' abilities to drive job opportunities. This study aims to investigate the entrepreneurial intention–behaviour gap. It further examines the moderating effects of COVID-19 perception, entrepreneurial motivation, and prior entrepreneurial exposure on the moderated relationship between entrepreneurial intention and behaviour (action). Entrepreneurship has been widely studied to boost job creation and stimulate the domestic economy. Most studies have focused on entrepreneurial behaviour and new venture creation, drawing on widely tested Ajzen's (2020) theory of planned behaviour (TPB). Entrepreneurial action is widely viewed as an intentionally planned behaviour. The formation of entrepreneurial intention can trigger entrepreneurial behaviour of actually starting up processes. The extant literature reveals that academic researchers consider the studies on the intention-behaviour link as an under-researched area (Alam, Kousar and Rehman, 2019). Hence, examining the link and testing whether the expanded TPB model holds for the Malaysia case makes sense. Although this model is widely tested empirically, new research regarding moderation effects may be valuable (Sabah, 2016). The most important three moderators are COVID-19 perception, entrepreneurial motivation, and prior entrepreneurial exposure, which will be tested to see if their presence moderates the relationship. This study is expected to support three moderators' intention–behaviour link and moderation of this link (Kong, Zhao and Tsai, 2020). This will confirm (or disconfirm) the conventional wisdom that explains why some graduates with entrepreneurial intentions act when others do not. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Mind the gap: Analyzing factors associated with consumers' single-use product reduction

In order to explore a path benefiting sustainable consumption, this article sets out to study the factors associated with consumers' single-use (SU) product reduction using an extended model based on the theory of planned behavior (TPB). We analyze 1680 questionnaires collected via the Environment module of the 2020 Taiwan Social Change Survey that is characterized by a self-reported behavior-intention gap (BIG) found in the data set. Considering the heterogeneity of the BIG, the estimated results of partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) show that the extended TPB model provides a good explanation of the consumers' intentions except for the subgroup of respondents with a large BIG. This finding suggests that, when using theories of reasoned action such as the TPB for research, one should consider the heterogeneity of respondents to draw effective policy implications for each group. As for those respondents with a non-discernible or small BIG, increasing consumers' perceived behavioral control, such as reducing the inconvenience of applying SU substitutes, plays an important role in enhancing the consumers' intentions to reduce their usage of SU products. It is noteworthy that SU recyclable or SU biodegradable substitutes may be viewed by some consumers as environmentally friendly and therefore weaken their intentions to reduce the use of SU products. This greenwashing effect is evidenced by the results for the respondents with a medium BIG. The above difference in the greenwashing effect is not discovered if the heterogeneity of the BIG is not taken into consideration.

What drives attitude, purchase intention and consumer buying behavior toward organic food? A self-determination theory and theory of planned behavior perspective

PurposeThe current study aims to investigate the impact of various types of motivational factors on consumers' behavior regarding the purchase and consumption of organic food. A favorable attitude among consumers may translate into positive purchase intention and actual buying behavior. For this, variables have been extracted from well-established theories, i.e. self-determination theory (SDT) and theory of planned behavior (TPB), to address the issue more proficiently.Design/methodology/approachA self Administered close-ended questionnaire was distributed to twelve hundred and sixty-five consumers using purposive sampling technique. Seven hundred and eighty-seven responses were retained after preliminary analysis. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was applied using SmartPLS 3 to analyze validity and reliability. Furthermore, 5,000 boot-strapping method was used to test hypotheses.FindingsThe findings of the study suggested that two of the SDT variables [external regulations (ER) and integrated regulation (IR)] lead to a significant impact on “consumers” attitudes, while the effects of intrinsic motivation (IM) and introjected regulation (INR) appeared to be insignificant. All the variables extracted from TPB (attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, purchase intention, and buying behavior) appeared to have a significant impact, while the trust was found to moderate the relationship between attitude (ATT) and purchase intention (PI). Moreover, the values of Q-square depicted that the combined model had more predictive relevance (BB = 0.153; PI = 0.211), as compared to the TPB model (BB = 0.147; PI = 0.186).Originality/valueMarketers can make use of the study's findings to develop marketing strategies by considering particularly extrinsic motivational influences. Hence, advertising could be used to emphasize extrinsic benefits such as increasing individual self-esteem through social status (positive consequences) and appealing to consumers' desire for communal or societal approval. Such campaigns should also consider external regulatory factors, such as the fear of having hazardous effects on the individual's health due to the use of inorganic and processed food. Furthermore, policymakers can develop a sense of trust in the legitimacy of organic labeling by educating consumers about various organic certifications.

Understanding barriers to mental healthcare access by integrating stigma theory and the theory of planned behavior

ABSTRACT The inability to access needed mental healthcare can be a challenge for individuals situated in various social environments and can be understood and predicted via multiple theoretical perspectives. This paper explores access to mental healthcare through the lenses of stigma theory and the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) by presenting central tenants of the theories and a brief review of empirical evidence in support of the individual theories. The combined TPB and stigma theory model merges self-stigma with the TPB construct of attitude and public stigma within the construct of subjective norms. A case example illustrates the application of the combined model in understanding barriers to mental health treatment. Discussion of the case study within the combined theoretical framework also acknowledges how culture within the social environment could have impacted mental health outcomes. Thus, it is necessary to intervene in areas of attitude, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control and stigma to shape the social environment through policy, practice and research and to improve mental health.

Drivers of support for citizen science across state wildlife management agencies in the United States.

Citizen science (CS) is gaining recognition as a valuable approach to meet data needs for environmental projects while fostering collaboration between scientists and members of the public. Despite increasing implementation of CS by natural resource entities, organizations' motivations for engaging in CS remain poorly understood. We examined the utility of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and social exchange theory (SET) in identifying factors influencing support of CS by scientific organizations. To test predictions of the TPB and SET theories, we surveyed (quantitative, web based) state wildlife agency staff in the United States on their perceptions of organizational engagement in CS. We divided questions that measured TPB items into individual and organizational components to address the influence of personal- and organization-level decision-making on staff perceptions and attitudes. We used structural equation modeling to identify key constructs that influence staff support of CS in state wildlife agencies. The survey yielded 627 responses across 44 states. Both TPB and SET constructs accurately predicted staff support of CS; however, measures from SET (e.g., public engagement benefits and costs of CS to scientific credibility) were most influential (i.e., TPB constructs had less impact). Our findings indicate that organizational support for CS is primarily influenced by assessment of trade-offs among perceived costs and benefits. Indicators of support for CS were further elucidated by including measures from the TPB model. Based on our results, we suggest that natural resource entities give careful consideration to CS project design, develop thorough communication and data management plans, and practice iterative evaluation of CS project productivity.

Application of The TPB Model in Analysising the Consumption Behavior Intentions of Organic Halal Food

The current research is mostly focused on behavioural intentions using the TPB (Theory of Planned Behaviour) model with an understanding of attitude factors. subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control (PBC). A behavioural intention is on organic halal food from the theory of planned behaviour and e-WOM as additional factors for consumers in Kediri, East Java. This study further explains the role of price as a moderating variable for the behavioural intention of organic halal food. A total of 195 responses from respondents and using confirmatory factor analysis for validation and the results were analyzed using structural equation modelling. Attitudes, subjective norms and e-WOM were found to be significant predictors of behavioural intentions of organic halal food. The findings show that price positively moderates the relationship between attitudes, subjective norms, e-WOM and behavioural intentions of organic halal food. Perceived behavioural control was found to have a weak influence on behavioural intention of organic halal food and there was a non-significant interaction between price moderation with perceived behavioural control and behavioural intention of organic halal food. This research theoretically contributes to the literature by introducing the moderating role of price. The results show that price interactions increase the effect of most of the predictors. This study provides an understanding of the consumer's perspective on consumer intentions to behave in consuming organic halal food which will help stakeholders, such as marketers, retailers, and producers, to achieve marketing strategies for the development of this organic halal food further.

Moral obligation for recycling among youth: extended models of the theory of planned behaviour

PurposeThis study aims to extend the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) model to explain youth’s recycling behavioural intentions in India. Perceived moral obligation (PMO) to perform such pro-environmental activities is incorporated in the TPB model. The study also aims to validate the extended version of TPB models with direct and indirect relationships and identify the best competing model among original TPB, extended TPB model “Model A” (moral obligation is an explanatory variable to recycling behaviour) and extended TPB model “Model B” (moral obligation as an explanatory variable to attitude, perceived behavioural control [PBC] and recycling behavioural intentions; and responsive variable to subjective norms) to predict Indian youth’s waste recycling behaviour.Design/methodology/approachThe descriptive study adopted a hypo-deductive research design to test the proposed extended TPB models. The study used a survey research design with a structured questionnaire. A sample of 782 youth with a mean age of 18 was obtained to perform the correlational analysis. The scale validity and reliability are measured using structural equation modelling and identified the robust model with higher explanatory power using the Chi-square difference (Δχ2) statistic test.FindingsResults show that the extended TPB model “Model B” has a better fit and explanatory power than competing models to predict the waste recycling behaviour of youth. Further findings substantiate that PMO has a higher indirect effect on recycling intention. Model B supports the utility of moral obligation and its association with youth’s higher waste recycling intention and actual recycling behaviour.Research limitations/implicationsThe study considers solid waste recycling in general, and therefore future research should test the proposed model specific to other household wastes like water recycling. Furthermore, future studies can experiment with the model with additional variables like perceived relative benefits, social benefits, self-efficacy and education level of the respondents. In a strict sense, the research concern the respondents and the generalisation to a broader population should be made with caution. Hence, further studies in various geographical areas with larger sample sizes would allow the generalizability of the results.Practical implicationsThis research provides insights into PMO and its influence on recycling intention. Promoting waste recycling behaviour through campaigns, social pressure and accepting the phenomena of “significant others” will encourage better waste recycling behavioural purposes. Indian households who are highly concerned and obliged towards environmental protection would develop favourable attitudes and subjective norms towards waste recycling.Social implicationsThe study proved the effect of subjective norms on intentions. This contention explains that recycling mostly happens within the house and is mostly not witnessed by society and friends. Therefore, adopting waste recycling behaviour is not socially acceptable as they are not fully aware of its benefits. Policymakers should create awareness to develop environmental-friendly behaviour through recycling solid waste and develop exclusive campaigns to sensitise the negative impact on the environment.Originality/valueThe study’s originality is to test the extended TPB model “Model B”, with PMOs as an additional key variable, which has higher explanatory power to predict the youth’s waste recycling behavioural intentions in the Indian context. PMO found a positive and significant effect on attitude, PBC and recycling behavioural intentions. The higher indirect result of PMO on behavioural purposes through TPB variables indicates the importance of personal moral obligation in pro-environmental behaviour.

Parents' intentions toward preschool children's myopia preventive behaviors: Combining the health belief model and the theory of planned behavior.

This study aimed to develop an integrated model based on the health belief model (HBM) and the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to explore the influencing factors of parents' intentions toward preschool children's myopia preventive behaviors. This cross-sectional study was conducted in Minhang District, Shanghai, China in January 2022. One thousand six hundred and twenty-eight parents of preschool children from seven preschools were recruited in the study. A four-part questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-demographic characteristics, HBM variables, TPB variables and parental intentions. This study used exploratory factor analysis to analyze HBM and TPB items. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was performed to explore the relationship between independent variables and parents' intentions toward preschool children's myopia preventive behaviors. The final integrative model showed that perceived severity, perceived barriers, attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control were associated with parents' intentions toward preschool children's myopia preventive behaviors. In model 1, Child's age was entered as a control variable and explained 0.6% of the variance (F = 7.241, p = 0.007). When the HBM variables were entered in model 2, the proportion of variance increased to 25.4% (F = 73.290, P < 0.001). In model 3, TPB variables were entered and explained 63.2% of the variance (F = 246.076, p < 0.001). The integrated model of HBM and TPB constructed in this study significantly improved the degree of explanation of parents' intentions toward preschool children's myopia preventive behaviors. Parents' perceived severity, perceived barriers, attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control can be prioritized intervention targets for myopia preventive practices in preschool children.

A Review on the Intention to Revisit the Tourism Destination by using TPB Model

Tourism is one of Malaysia's most important industries, contributing 12.8% of the country's gross domestic product, or RM197.9 billion. The change from a pandemic to an endemic phase offers hope for the expansion of the tourism industry. It is widely accepted that consumer intent to return to a destination is a key driver of tourism sector growth and sustainability. This study aims to determine the applicability of Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) in revisit intention. This research determines whether any methodical literature evaluations on revisit intention using the Theory Planned Behavior have been done. The review of the literature will draw on 17 publications and journals that discuss revisiting intention studies. The journal and articles have been nominated from various databases between the year 2015 – 2022. The main objective is to identify the trends (year) and the theme used in revisit intention with the use of the Theory of Planned Behavior. The findings of the research have important implications for the future direction of research on revisit intention utilizing the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) model. These implications have been drawn from the findings of the study. This study can also be of use to most industry participants that desire to examine and change their business plan and reduce the amount of investment they had budgeted. To survive in the tourism industry, they can also aim to explore new markets and businesses. In addition, this report assessed the effects of various policy measures. Since it's such a crucial part of the country's economy, the Malaysian government has had to take extreme efforts to protect and boost the fishing industry.

Predicting sustainable food consumption across borders based on the theory of planned behavior: A meta-analytic structural equation model.

Interest in sustainable food consumption has gradually increased over the previous third decades. Despite substantial studies addressing various topics connected to sustainable food consumption, little research systematically evaluates which factors influence consumers' purchase of sustainable food. We aim to integrate preliminary findings, compare four original and extended models of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) in the context of sustainable food consumption, and identify measurement and situational moderators using a meta-analytic structural equation modeling approach. The results show that attitude (ATT), subjective norms (SN), and perceived behavioral control (PBC) were most strongly positively correlated with a purchase intention (PI) of sustainable food. Furthermore, the analysis of the moderating effects revealed significant differences in the relationship between PBC and purchase behavior (PB) and between SN and PI in developing and developed countries. In addition, by comparing four original and extended TPB models, this study proposes a theoretical framework to affect customers' PI of sustainable food. The findings of this study can be used as a foundation for company marketing and government environmental protection promotion.

Verifying the usefulness of the theory of planned behavior model for predicting illegal use of online content: the role of outcome expectancies and social loafing

BackgroundCurrently, laypeople can earn profit by producing content; therefore, it should be noted that the unauthorized use of intellectual creations or possessions can cause legal issues and undermine the producers’ desire to create. This study verified the usefulness of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) model for predicting the illegal use of online content among South Korean college students and examined the roles played by outcome expectancies and social loafing in this model.MethodsThe participants, 369 male and female Korean college students, were aged between 18 and 31 years (M = 22.12, SD = 2.33). We measured the illegal use of online content and the factors of the TPB model, as well as outcome expectancies and social loafing with regard to participants’ illegal use of online content. Correlational analysis, stepwise regression analysis, path analysis for the TPB model, and analyses of the moderated model were performed using SPSS and AMOS.ResultsAll TPB factors, outcome expectancies, and social loafing were positively correlated with the illegal use of online content. Stepwise regression analysis showed that intention, social loafing, outcome expectancies, and perceived behavioral control were significant predictors of the illegal use of online content. A TPB model, including a direct path from perceived behavioral control to behavior, was validated to analyze the illegal use of online content. This model was found to be moderated by outcome expectancy.ConclusionThis study suggests that the TPB is useful for predicting the illegal use of online content and that outcome expectancies and social loafing also play an important role in the illegal use of online content among college students. The findings of this study provide useful information for future research and could aid in preventing illegal online content use among adolescents and young adults.

Mobile phone use among truck drivers: The application and extension of the theory of planned behavior

Commercial truck drivers are particularly exposed to the risks associated with distracted driving, especially with mobile phone use while driving (MPWD), due to their higher driving exposure (DE) (e.g., high driving frequency, long driving hours and distance). However, despite being identified as one of the major causes in truck crashes, truck drivers’ MPWD behavior has received little attention. In the current work, the theory of planned behavior (TPB), extended with DE, was applied to explore the determinants of MPWD among commercial truck drivers in China and examine the correlations between drivers’ DE and psychological factors. We conducted an Internet survey and collected 420 valid questionnaires, which measured truck drivers’ 5 standard TPB variables, DE and demographics. Structural equation modelling was used to analyze the data from the survey. The results showed strong support for the application of the proposed TPB model in explaining truck drivers’ MPWD behavior. Specifically, truck drivers’ behavioral intention (BI) had the greatest direct positive effect on MPWD behavior, while perceived behavioral control (PBC) had no direct positive effect. Moreover, PBC, attitude (ATT) and DE were significantly and positively associated with BI, while subjective norm was insignificant. As expected, DE has significant positive effects on truck drivers’ psychological factors underlying MPWD behavior, especially on ATT and PBC, indicating that truck drivers with higher DE tend to have more positive attitudes toward MPWD and feel more confident about performing this risky behavior. These results may have notable practical implications in providing theoretical support for management and intervention of commercial truck drivers.

Sustainable mining practices: Willingness to adopt mercury-free gold mining in Ghana

The use of mercury in gold mining has negative impacts on the ecosystem and has raised concerns. Ghana and many nations are at the forefront of adopting mercury-free gold mining technologies and practices. However, recent studies on mercury-free gold mining lack the psychological aspect of it. In view of that, this study combines the Value-Belief-Norm (VBN) theory and theory of planned behavior (TPB) with Government intervention to investigate Artisanal and Small-scale miners' (ASM) willingness to adopt (WTA) mercury-free gold mining in Ghana. Utilizing partially least square structural equation modeling, 423 data were collected across Ghana for the study. The results show that the integrated model designed is better than the original TPB and VBN models with 36%, 24.7%, 33.3% variance explained respectively. Attitude (16.2%), subjective norms (9.4%), and perceived behavioral control (19.7%) all have a positive influence on ASM's WTA. Personal norms have a positive (12.9%) impact on WTA. Awareness of consequences influences ascription of responsibilities positively and they both influence personal norms positively. Interventions from the government had the strongest positive (30.9%) impact on WTA. Mediation roles of personal norms and attitude were also found between the variables and WTA. These findings provide new evidence and insights in the context of gold mining as policy suggestions have been made for policymakers to curb the menace.

Sustainable purchase intentions: The role of moral norm and social dominance orientation in the theory of planned behavior applied to the case of fair trade products

AbstractThe fair trade business model represents a strategy to achieve some of the sustainable development goals. The studies reported in this paper examined the intention formation process concerning the purchase of food and non‐food fair trade products. The theoretical framework is the theory of planned behavior (TPB), extended with an additional predictor, the moral norm, and an individual difference variable, the social dominance orientation (SDO). SDO is supposed to act as a background factor in the hypothesized TPB model and to be negatively associated with intention to buy fair trade products and its proximal antecedents (attitude, subjective norm, moral norm and perceived behavioral control). Considering the role of SDO within the TPB constitutes a novelty for the literature on socio‐cognitive determinants of purchase intentions. Data were supplied by two convenience samples of Italian adults and analyzed via path analysis. The test of the original TPB provided further evidence for its efficacy. Moral norm showed a significant effect on intentions and its addition to the original TPB model led to an increase in the explained variance in intentions. Overall, SDO proved to be significantly and negatively associated with the intention's antecedents and showed the expected negative indirect effects on intention, mediated by its proximal predictors and moral norm. These findings help to improve the comprehension of the socio‐psychological basis of behavioral intentions to engage in sustainable behaviors.

Impact of personality traits on start-up preparation of Hong Kong youths.

Entrepreneurship is a tool for driving economic and social progress. Especially in Hong Kong, the government has recently taken steps to encourage young people to engage in entrepreneurship. However, Hong Kong youths' entrepreneurial intentions are still low. The objective of this study is to empirically explore the impacts of personality traits on start-up preparation among Hong Kong youths through the constructs of the theory of planned behavior (TPB). Through a multi-channel survey, we finally collected 230 valid respondents aged 18 to 40. In addition, this study used SmartPLS software to conduct confirmatory factor analysis for the measurement model as well as path analysis for the structural model. This study's results suggested that creativity, risk-taking propensity, need for achievement, and internal locus of control influence TPB models' components and indirectly influence start-up preparation through TPB models' components. Also, attitude and perceived behavioral control influence intention, and intention influences preparation. Furthermore, prior entrepreneurial experience and entrepreneurship education positively influence preparation. In conclusion, this study revealed the mediating effects of TPB components between four personality traits and start-up preparation. Finally, this study had theoretical implications by providing the influence of six personality traits on youths' entrepreneurial intention and preparation through the TPB model and the human capital theory. This study also had practical implications by providing suggestions for the government and higher education institutions.

Personal Social Networks and Relapses in Women With Substance Dependence: Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior.

Establishing positive network resources and rebuilding drug free networks are key components of recovery process for women with substance use disorder (SUDs). Theory of planned behavior (TPB) posits that behaviors are determined by behavioral intentions, which are determined by three factors: attitude toward the behavior, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norms. The current study applied TPB to examine whether women's personal social network characteristics (as subjective norms) were related to intentions towards, and/or a substance use relapse using prospective research design. Longitudinal data from 300 American women with SUD who received treatment at three county-funded, women-only intensive treatment programs was utilized for the current study. Bayesian estimation path analyses indicated that attitude and abstinence self-efficacy at intake were not related to intention at the 6-month follow-up, but abstinence self-efficacy was directly related to substance use relapse by 12 months. Personal social network characteristics, number of treatment related persons in personal social network and sobriety support were significantly associated with intention at 6 months. The interaction between the numbers of treatment related persons and density was found on intention, suggesting that density strengthens the relationship between treatment related persons in network and intention. Intention to use substance was associated with relapse to substance use behavior. Our findings support that personal social network characteristics can be considered as subjective norms in the TPB model. Personal social network interventions focusing on rebuilding consistent social norms against drug-using behaviors may decrease intention to use substance, which will lead to abstinence.

Acceptance of Social Networking Sites by Older People before and after COVID-19 Confinement: A Repeated Cross-Sectional Study in Chile, Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB).

This study aims to examine the capacity of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) to explain the intention to use social networking sites by older people in two time periods, before and after confinement due to the COVID-19 epidemic, as well as the evolution of effects (paths) over time of TPB’s determinants. Based on interviews from samples of 384 and 383 elderly Chilean adults collected before and after confinement, the evolution of the effects (paths) was analysed using the TPB model applying the PLS-SEM technique. The intention to use social networks and its association with three factors were evaluated: attitude toward the behaviour, subjective norms, and perceived control over the behaviour. The model explains the intention to use social networks by 27% before confinement, increasing its magnitude to 50% after confinement. After the period of confinement, their attitudes become more significant, their perceptions of control become less important, and social pressures remain permanent in predicting the behaviour. In conclusion, better access and greater use of social networks by older people during the lockdown period increased the predictive strength of the attitude towards these technologies.