People's Theories Research Articles

A healthy lifestyle persuasive design model based on behavioral analysis

In real life, people are often affected by personal, environmental and other conditions, and cannot maintain a healthy life well. In order to explore the reasons behind these behaviors, this paper discusses how to help people form a healthy lifestyle from the perspective of persuasive design, this paper starts with the analysis of people's health related behavior theories, and through the three steps of literature review, questionnaire and follow-up survey. Through in-depth analysis, points out that the factors affecting healthy lifestyle are composed of three parts: the factors that influence behavior, motivation for the behavior and environment support, these factors can be divided into controllable factors and uncontrollable factors, the controllable factors can be interfered with and changed through scientific persuasive process. Then, based on the three elements of Fogg Behavioral Model, the persuasive process and the persuasive strategies in the design were deeply studied, the persuasive process and the behavior change process were combined, the correlation between the two was found, and the persuasive strategies should be adopted in the four stages of motivation, preparation, action, and maintenance were proposed. Finally, build a persuasive model of a healthy lifestyle. This model points out the four stages and influencing factors of the formation of a healthy lifestyle, provides design strategies for each stage, and provides targeted guidance and suggestions for designers.

The Idea of Israel in Second Temple Judaism: A New Theory of People, Exile, and Israelite Identity. By Jason A. Staples

<i>The Idea of Israel in Second Temple Judaism: A New Theory of People, Exile, and Israelite Identity</i>. By Jason A. Staples

Psychological freedom, rationality, and the naive theory of reasoning.

To make sense of the social world, people reason about others' mental states, including whether and in what ways others can form new mental states. We propose that people's judgments concerning the dynamics of mental state change invoke a "naive theory of reasoning." On this theory, people conceptualize reasoning as a rational, semi-autonomous process that individuals can leverage, but not override, to form new rational mental states. Across six experiments, we show that this account of people's naive theory of reasoning predicts judgments about others' ability to form rational and irrational beliefs, desires, and intentions, as well as others' ability to act rationally and irrationally. This account predicts when, and explains why, people judge others as psychologically constrained by coercion and other forms of situational pressure. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Origin of People’s Multiparty Democracy from the Perspective of Patriotism

Madan Bhandari’s theory of People’s Multiparty Democracy has evolved from a patriotic perspective amidst the intricacies of Nepali geopolitics and contemporary global political dynamics. This theory sheds light on the need-based causes and consequences in the development of PMPD, utilizing historical study as the methodological approach. In this article, the primary argument is in favor of the validity of PMPD within internal geopolitical realities and global political dynamics, considering the perspectives of contemporary Nepali national interests and patriotic values. However, the innovative spirit of Bhandari’s political philosophy has yet to be truly transformed into practice. Furthermore, the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist) (CPN [UML]) has struggled to maintain a balance between its rhetoric and reality, given that PMPD serves as its guiding principle in Nepali politics. First, there is perplexity in analyzing the character of Nepali sovereignty accurately in the post-Bhandari era. Secondly, the CPN (UML) leadership still needs to exert efforts to advance the implementation of this philosophy. To substantiate the argument regarding the disparity between rhetoric and reality, circumstantial evidence is provided from political documents and statements made by prominent leaders, among others. The Nepali experience of the PMPD political philosophy is explored using qualitative research methodology.

Exploring behavioral systems of the reinforcement sensitivity theory in people with epilepsy: A cross-sectional study

ObjectivesAlthough epilepsy has previously been associated with behavioral changes, no previous study has utilized the behavioral models of the reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST) to investigate the impact of epilepsy on behavior. Therefore, the objective of this cross-sectional study is to examine the potential relationship between epilepsy and the neurobehavioral systems of the RST. MethodsUsing the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory–Personality Questionnaire (RST-PQ), this cross-sectional study assessed the behavioral systems of the RST in a sample of 27 epilepsy patients and 27 age- and gender-matched healthy individuals. The RST-PQ was designed to assess the different behavioral systems of the RST. The behavioral approach system (BAS) is responsible of the approach behavior, in high values related to risk seeking and addictive behavior and in low values well related to depression. The behavioral inhibition system (BIS) is well related to anxiety in high levels, and the fight flight freeze system (FFFS) is responsible for the avoidance behavior. ResultsAfter adjusting for age, no significant differences were found in demographic information (gender and marital status) between the general population and epilepsy patients. Gender distribution was similar, with 55.6% females in both groups. Marital status also showed no significant difference, with 74% single in the control group and 63% in the epilepsy group. Significant differences were observed in the behavioral systems of the RST. The epilepsy group had higher scores compared with the control group in several areas. BAS reward activity had a median score of 23 in the epilepsy group and 21 in the control group (p = 0.001). BAS goal drive persistence (p = 0.04), BAS impulsivity (p = 0.014), FFFS (p = 0.002), and BIS (median score of 77 in the epilepsy group and 66 in the control group) also showed significant differences, with p = 0.001. These significant differences remained consistent before and after matching the control group, indicating their robustness. The only exception was BAS reward activity, which did not show a significant difference after matching, with p = 0.106 and p = 0.051 before and after matching, respectively. ConclusionsThe study suggests a potential positive association between epilepsy and the BIS, potentially mediated by the hippocampus. The relationship between epilepsy and the BAS, as well as the FFFS, may also be influenced by the BIS. These findings have clinical implications, but further research is needed to confirm these relationships.

Jason A. Staples. The Idea of Israel in Second Temple Judaism: A New Theory of People, Exile, and Israelite Identity

Jason A. Staples. <i>The Idea of Israel in Second Temple Judaism: A New Theory of People, Exile, and Israelite Identity</i>

The Idea of Israel in Second Temple Judaism: A New Theory of People, Exile, and Israelite Identity , by Jason A. Staples

The Idea of Israel in Second Temple Judaism: A New Theory of People, Exile, and Israelite Identity , by Jason A. Staples

Emotion prediction as computation over a generative theory of mind.

From sparse descriptions of events, observers can make systematic andnuanced predictions of what emotions the people involvedwill experience. We propose a formal model of emotion prediction in the context of a public high-stakes social dilemma. This model uses inverse planning to infer a person's beliefs and preferences, including social preferences for equity and for maintaining a good reputation. The model then combines these inferred mental contents with the event to compute 'appraisals': whether the situation conformed to the expectations and fulfilled the preferences. We learn functions mapping computed appraisals to emotion labels, allowing the model to match human observers' quantitative predictions of 20 emotions, including joy, relief, guilt and envy. Model comparison indicates that inferred monetary preferences are not sufficient to explain observers' emotion predictions; inferred social preferences are factored into predictions for nearly every emotion. Human observers and the model both use minimal individualizing information to adjust predictions of how different people will respond to the same event. Thus, our framework integrates inverse planning, event appraisals and emotion concepts in a single computational model to reverse-engineer people's intuitive theory of emotions. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Cognitive artificial intelligence'.

Protocol for a qualitative study exploring the lived experience of hearing loss and patient reported experience in the UK: the HeLP study

IntroductionWorldwide, hearing loss is a significant public health issue and one of the most common chronic health conditions experienced by older adults. Hearing loss is associated with communication difficulties, social...

Modeling and leveraging intuitive theories to improve vaccine attitudes.

Much of the richness of human thought is supported by people's intuitive theories-mental frameworks capturing the perceived structure of the world. But intuitive theories can also contain and reinforce dangerous misconceptions. In this paper, we take up the case of misconceptions about vaccine safety that discourages vaccination. These misconceptions constitute a major public health risk that predates the coronavirus pandemic but that has become all the more dire in recent years. We argue that addressing such misconceptions requires awareness of the broader conceptual contexts in which they are embedded. To build this understanding, we examined the structure and revision of people's intuitive theories of vaccination in five large survey studies (total N = 3,196). Based on these data, we present a cognitive model of the intuitive theory surrounding people's decisions about whether to vaccinate young children against diseases like measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR). Using this model, we were able to make accurate predictions about how people's beliefs would be revised in light of educational interventions, design an effective new intervention encouraging vaccination, and understand how these beliefs were affected by real-world events (the measles outbreaks of 2019). In addition to presenting a promising way forward for promoting the MMR vaccine, this approach has clear implications for encouraging the uptake of COVID-19 vaccines, especially among parents of young children. At the same time, this work provides the foundation for richer understandings of intuitive theories and belief revision more broadly. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Jason A.Staples: The Idea of Israel in Second Temple Judaism: A New Theory of People, Exile, and Israelite Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021; pp. xxiii + 426.

Journal of Religious HistoryEarly View BOOK REVIEW Jason A. Staples: The Idea of Israel in Second Temple Judaism: A New Theory of People, Exile, and Israelite Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021; pp. xxiii + 426. David Jonathan Neville, Corresponding Author David Jonathan Neville [email protected] orcid.org/0000-0002-3803-2919 St Mark's National Theological Centre, Charles Sturt University*David Jonathan Neville ([email protected]).Search for more papers by this author David Jonathan Neville, Corresponding Author David Jonathan Neville [email protected] orcid.org/0000-0002-3803-2919 St Mark's National Theological Centre, Charles Sturt University*David Jonathan Neville ([email protected]).Search for more papers by this author First published: 13 April 2023 https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9809.12951Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. Early ViewOnline Version of Record before inclusion in an issue RelatedInformation

The illusion of data validity: Why numbers about people are likely wrong

This reflection article addresses a difficulty faced by scholars and practitioners working with numbers about people, which is that those who study people want numerical data about these people. Unfortunately, time and time again, this numerical data about people is wrong. Addressing the potential causes of this wrongness, we present examples of analyzing people numbers, i.e., numbers derived from digital data by or about people, and discuss the comforting illusion of data validity. We first lay a foundation by highlighting potential inaccuracies in collecting people data, such as selection bias. Then, we discuss inaccuracies in analyzing people data, such as the flaw of averages, followed by a discussion of errors that are made when trying to make sense of people data through techniques such as posterior labeling. Finally, we discuss a root cause of people data often being wrong – the conceptual conundrum of thinking the numbers are counts when they are actually measures. Practical solutions to address this illusion of data validity are proposed. The implications for theories derived from people data are also highlighted, namely that these people theories are generally wrong as they are often derived from people numbers that are wrong.

Reconsidering the role of place in health and welfare services: lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States and Canada

Places—the meaningful locations of daily life—have been central to the wellbeing of humans since they first formed social groups, providing a stable base for individuals, families, and communities. In the United States and Canada, as elsewhere, place also plays a foundational role in the provision of critical social and health services and resources. Yet the globally destabilizing events of the COVID-19 pandemic have dramatically challenged the concept, experience, and meaning of place. Place-centered public health measures such as lockdowns and stay-at-home orders have disrupted and transformed homes, neighborhoods, workplaces, and schools. These measures stressed families and communities, particularly among marginalized groups, and made the delivery of vital resources and services more difficult. At the same time, the pandemic has stimulated a range of creative and resilient responses. Building from an overview of these effects and drawing conceptually on theories of people–place relationships, this paper argues for critical attention to reconsidering and re-envisioning prevailing assumptions about place-centric policies, services, and practices. Such reappraisal is vital to ensuring that, going forward, scholars, policymakers, and practitioners can effectively design and deliver services capable of maintaining social connections, safety, and wellbeing in contexts of uncertainty, inequality, and flux.

УЧЕНИЕ Б. Н.ЧИЧЕРИНА О НАРОДНОМ ПРЕДСТАВИТЕЛЬСТВЕ

The article examines the main provisions of the theory of people's representation of B.N. Chicherin. It is noted that his views are characterized by a focus on overcoming the one-sidedness, inconsistency of individual state-legal doctrines. He sought to avoid both an anarchist approach and state-despotic theories by achieving, in his concepts, a balance of freedom and power. In favor of the fact that this theory has an independent scientific significance, the problems considered in the article, namely: the differentiation of civil representation and political, the separation of personal and political rights, the development of the concepts of "national sovereignty", "sovereignty of the people", "self-government", "sovereignty of the state", "constituent power". The article also analyzes the theory of B.N. Chicherin's political ability, his arguments about the advantages and disadvantages of popular representation, internal and external reasons that accelerate and delay the introduction of popular representation.

Deciding to be authentic: Intuition is favored over deliberation when authenticity matters

Deliberative analysis enables us to weigh features, simulate futures, and arrive at good, tractable decisions. So why do we so often eschew deliberation, and instead rely on more intuitive, gut responses? We propose that intuition might be prescribed for some decisions because people's folk theory of decision-making accords a special role to authenticity, which is associated with intuitive choice. Five pre-registered experiments find evidence in favor of this claim. In Experiment 1 (N = 654), we show that participants prescribe intuition and deliberation as a basis for decisions differentially across domains, and that these prescriptions predict reported choice. In Experiment 2 (N = 555), we find that choosing intuitively vs. deliberately leads to different inferences concerning the decision-maker's commitment and authenticity—with only inferences about the decision-maker's authenticity showing variation across domains that matches that observed for the prescription of intuition in Experiment 1. In Experiment 3 (N = 631), we replicate our prior results and rule out plausible confounds. Finally, in Experiment 4 (N = 177) and Experiment 5 (N = 526), we find that an experimental manipulation of the importance of authenticity affects the prescribed role for intuition as well as the endorsement of expert human or algorithmic advice. These effects hold beyond previously recognized influences on intuitive vs. deliberative choice, such as computational costs, presumed reliability, objectivity, complexity, and expertise.

How lay theories of prejudice shape prejudice confrontations: Examining beliefs about prejudice prevalence, origins, and controllability

AbstractThe formative framework in prejudice confrontations research has focused on the utility of confrontations to activate one's self‐regulation strategies to interrupt unintentional prejudice, discrimination, and stereotyping. As this framework remains dominant in the literature, little research has examined everyday people's theories about prejudice that diverge from this framework and accounted for these theories in investigating confrontation rates and outcomes. In this paper, we review key lay theories of prejudice and discuss the ways in which they may influence prejudice confrontations. First, we summarize lay theories regarding the prevalence, origins, and controllability of prejudice. Next, we consider how lay theories of prejudice may factor into the circumstances under which people confront prejudice, goals that people may hold when confronting, and outcomes of confronting for confronters and perpetrators. Throughout, we highlight fundamental research questions and hypotheses that integrate lay theories of prejudice and prejudice confrontations. We propose that better understanding lay theories of prejudice and how they influence prejudice confrontations may help to advance translational and theoretical research in social psychology.

Observing effects in various contexts won't give us general psychological theories.

Generalization does not come from repeatedly observing phenomena in numerous settings, but from theories explaining what is general in those phenomena. Expecting future behavior to look like past observations is especially problematic in psychology, where behaviors change when people's knowledge changes. Psychology should thus focus on theories of people's capacity to create and apply new representations of their environments.

Investment climate for MSMEs towards a green economy

Indonesia's development has not provided the optimum portion of the support to Micro, Small &amp; Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), even though these MSMEs are the foundation of economic growth and as a supporter of the national economy of developing countries that are able to absorb up to 99% of the workforce, and are able to complement large industrial products in the local and local markets. The low government support makes MSMEs less empowered and less competitive in the global market. In this research problem, what is the role of Islamic economics and the green economy in increasing the capacity of MSMEs in order to advance the national economy? The limitation of the very cliche of MSMEs is the gap in accessing formal financial institutions in increasing capital, this is due to the weak management of MSMEs so that they are not bankable. Indonesia's financial inclusion as of 2019 was 76%, and 25% of it has not been served by formal financial services. This study uses a descriptive analysis approach, this study analyzes data obtained from secondary sources. The type of research used is based on a normative juridical approach. Normative juridical research is legal research that examines library data, including legal principles and legislation. According to the type of norm study research, data acquisition is sourced from literature research related to the problem being studied, such as books, laws, and others. The analytical method used is normative qualitative which examines and interprets and reconstructs the statements contained in the legislation. The theory used is the theory of people's welfare. The results of this study can be a recommendation and can be used by economic and financial policymakers in increasing the capacity of MSMEs based on sharia economics and making MSMEs the frontline in supporting national economic growth so that Indonesia advances without depending on foreign investment.

Neurodualism: People Assume that the Brain Affects the Mind more than the Mind Affects the Brain.

People commonly think of the mind and the brain as distinct entities that interact, a view known as dualism. At the same time, the public widely acknowledges that science attributes all mental phenomena to the workings of a material brain, a view at odds with dualism. How do people reconcile these conflicting perspectives? We propose that people distort claims about the brain from the wider culture to fit their dualist belief that minds and brains are distinct, interacting entities: Exposure to cultural discourse about the brain as the physical basis for the mind prompts people to posit that mind-brain interactions are asymmetric, such that the brain is able to affect the mind more than vice versa. We term this hybrid intuitive theory neurodualism. Five studies involving both thought experiments and naturalistic scenarios provided evidence of neurodualism among laypeople and, to some extent, even practicing psychotherapists. For example, lay participants reported that "a change in a person's brain" is accompanied by "a change in the person's mind" more often than vice versa. Similarly, when asked to imagine that "future scientists were able to alter exactly 25% of a person's brain," participants reported larger corresponding changes in the person's mind than in the opposite direction. Participants also showed a similarly asymmetric pattern favoring the brain over the mind in naturalistic scenarios. By uncovering people's intuitive theories of the mind-brain relation, the results provide insights into societal phenomena such as the allure of neuroscience and common misperceptions of mental health treatments.

The Importance of Family and Culture on Emotional Intelligence Development

The objective of this study is to discover the family and culture's effect on emotional cognition and the sources of different psychological variables. The methodological basis of the study is the link between cognitive and emotional elements in people's behavior, theories and emotional intellectual tests. The scientific innovation of research is the study of familial and cultural influences on emotional intellect development or weakening. Output. Positive emotions that parents transmit to their kids establish settings in which their emotional intellect develops and negative emotions that lag behind the emotional intellect. In turn, this offers an incentive to the development of specific psychological traits. In the creation of the individual's emotional intellect via families, social standards, gender and culture, which contribute to family formation, are engaged. In a family the parents' emotional attitude towards children and emotional education methods affect their future personality's formation. With emotions largely shared by people with close relatives, we may conclude that the family is the major social mechanism for determining, managing and regulating the emotional status of society. This system can weaken and deteriorate, leading to emotional imbalance in society. The fact that young people from criminal and deviating communities come mostly from impoverished homes confirms this.