Theory Of Interpersonal Behavior Research Articles

SOCIAL NORM AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN AS THE PREDICTORS OF CITIZENS’ ACTUAL BEHAVIOUR TO ADOPT PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN TERENGGANU, MALAYSIA

The increasing penetration of private motor vehicles for commuting demonstrates an astonishing vehicle reliance in Malaysia. The use of public transport could provide a promising alternative by enabling accessibility, reducing congestion and fatalities, and mitigating environmental problems especially in densely populated areas. However, the utilisation of public transport does not depend only on the intention but the actual use as well. Understanding individuals' readiness to adopt public transport are critical for improving sustainable mobility. Based on the theory of Interpersonal Behaviour (TIB), this study aims to assess the individuals' behavioural readiness to use for public transportation to improve sustainable mobility instead of using single-occupancy vehicles in Terengganu, Malaysia. This quantitative survey is distributed on 200 citizens at four densely-populated locations in cities of Terengganu, namely Kuala Terengganu, Chukai, Dungun and Jerteh. Data analysis is analysed using structural equation modelling of partial least squares (PLS-SEM). The empirical results indicate that social norm and environmental concern are the main predictor that affecting the behavioural readiness on adopting public transport among the respondents. However, perceived value and affective construct do not have significant impact on citizens’ readiness to use public transport. Policy implications like enhancing service quality, promoting environmental benefits and implementing visible safety measures are addressed. As cities continue to invest in and prioritize public transport, they contribute to a more sustainable and resilient transportation landscape.

Understanding behavioural motivations for travel-based multitasking: A case study in Singapore

This study investigated three theoretical frameworks based on Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), Theory of Interpersonal Behaviour (TIB), and revised TIB, respectively, to examine the causality of travel-based multitasking behaviour. Using structural equation model, we validated the effects from intention, habit, and addiction on the behaviour, with empirical data of 500 respondents from travellers in Singapore. TIB and revised TIB are found with higher explanatory power compared to a standard TPB framework. Herein, effects of habit are found with stronger impacts on travel-based multitasking behaviour. Norm is found to significantly affect both people’s habit formation and smart device addiction formation. We therefore suggest policy-makers to consider the differences among intention, habit and addiction when designing interventions to alter people’s daily repeated behaviour. The impact from smart device addiction on multitasking is found to be less than expected despite the significant level, meaning the adverse effects in enabling travel-based smart device use could be less disruptive than anticipated.

Modeling the intention and adoption of food waste prevention practices among Chinese households

Considerable attention has been paid to the problem of food waste on a worldwide scale. Evidence demonstrates that food waste occurs mostly in private households, and that home food waste has been identified as the leading cause of global food waste. Home food waste poses a severe threat to food security and involves environmental and financial ramifications. While this is a global issue, most studies on what motivates people to make changes that would result in less food waste have been conducted in wealthy countries. Integrating the Theory of Interpersonal Behavior (TIB), this study fills this gap by investigating the factors influencing Chinese household consumers’ intentions toward food waste reduction and their actual food waste behavior. This study used a cross-sectional survey approach to collect data from households using social media platforms. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was adopted to assess and evaluate the conceptual model. The empirical findings demonstrate that cognitive (perceived value of sustainability), environmental (awareness of consequences and ascription of responsibility), social (social norms), and emotional (anticipated guilt) aspects tend to have a positive influence on Chinese household consumers’ intentions toward reducing food waste, suggesting that interpersonal behavior could reduce food consumption in developing countries like China. Furthermore, the findings show that the intention to decrease food waste serves as an intermediary variable that highlights another route of association between the TIB factors and actual food waste reduction behavior. The findings will be more informative to policymakers, marketers, and researchers in developing strategies to reduce food waste.

Factors influencing bike share intentions of users in Indian cities: a structural equation modelling approach

ABSTRACT Public bike sharing is an increasingly popular mode of transportation in India, and understanding the factors influencing the intention to use bike share is crucial. This study employs a comprehensive approach by integrating the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), theory of interpersonal behaviour (TIB), and the technology acceptance model (TAM). Additionally, variables such as policy support, habits, external factors, and perceived bicycling conditions are also considered. A sample of 450 respondents from Delhi, the capital city of India, was collected to assess their intention to use bike sharing. The study employed Structural Equation Modelling, to examine the relationships among variables. The findings demonstrate that the research model effectively explains residents’ intention to use bike share. Factors such as perceived ease of use, behavioural attitude, subjective norms, and habits have direct and positive effects on the intention to use bike share. Notably, perceived ease of use, behavioural attitude, and policy support have the most substantial impact on the intention to use bike share. Conversely, perceived bicycling conditions and external factors exert negative effects on bike share usage intentions. This study provides valuable insights into the acceptance of bike sharing and offers a strategic direction for promoting bike sharing in Indian cities.

Road crossing behavior and preferences among pedestrians: From the lens of the theory of interpersonal behavior

Objective As a major safety intervention, infrastructural facilities such as footbridges, underpasses or signals are provided for pedestrians to remove their direct interactions with vehicles and consequently ensure safe crossing as they attempt to cross roadways. Interestingly, it is evident that even within the proximity of footbridges or underpasses, some individuals are more willing to take the risk of crossing at-grade even where there are no signals or crosswalk markings to separate their movement from vehicles. These crossing alternatives may have different utilization depending on location and road user types. Therefore, sustainable crossing facilities are needed to meet pedestrian needs. This study attempts to investigate the factors that influence pedestrians to avoid provided footbridges and engage in at-grade crossing behaviors. Methods The crossing point preference is an interpersonal behavior which is a multifaceted and complex phenomenon involving conscious (intentions) and subconscious (habits) factors. This study employs Triandis’ Theory of Interpersonal Behavior (TIB) as a theoretical framework and structural equation modeling to achieve study objectives. Pedestrians were intercepted randomly and socio-demographics, trip characteristics and perceptions data collected through a stated preference survey. Results Perceived consequence, affect, and social factors were found as significant antecedents of at-grade crossing intentions. Habits and facilitating conditions significantly moderate the impact of crossing intentions on actual at-grading crossing behavior. Pedestrians’ perceived consequence was found to significantly mediate the impact of social factors and affective factors on intention to cross at-grade. Apart from gender, age, satisfaction with footbridge features, work trips, and crossing frequency were all significant determinants of actual crossing at-grade behavior. Conclusions The study findings can help road safety agencies provide acceptable sustainable facilities that will be used by pedestrians to ensure that the purpose of investments toward pedestrian crossing safety is achieved. Effective road safety education and awareness campaigns on negative consequences of crossing at-grade, while highlighting the benefits of using provided footbridges are suggested to be undertaken by government agencies.

Exploring factors influencing the uptake of kangaroo mother care: key informant interviews with parents

BackgroundThe updated World Health Organization (WHO) guideline recommends immediate kangaroo mother care (KMC) for all infants, particularly those born preterm. However, its uptake and sustainability have been unsatisfactory. Therefore, we aimed to gain deeper insight into factors influencing the uptake of KMC practice in our setting, and thereby identify possible solutions for the development of relevant interventions to improve its adoption and make KMC a routine practice for all infants.MethodsUsing the Triandis model of social behaviour as our framework, we conducted key informant interviews with parents and healthcare providers. Trained interviewers conducted interviews with nine parents, recruited via purposive sampling. These parents were parents of preterm infants who had been introduced to KMC. Data was transcribed and analysed based on Triandis’ Theory of Interpersonal Behaviour. This paper only reports the results of the parent interviews.ResultsMajor findings were how positive feelings like warmth and contentment, the sense of parenthood with KMC, the benefits of KMC for their infant and parents being enablers for KMC uptake. Conversely, the lack of KMC awareness, the initial negative feelings such as fear, uncertainty and embarrassment, the prioritization of time for milk expression, overcrowding in the ward, lack of space and privacy, limited visiting hours, lack of support and poor communication resulting in misapprehension about KMC were major barriers.ConclusionA deeper understanding of the factors influencing the uptake of KMC using the Triandis behavioural model provided a way forward to help improve its uptake and sustainability in our settings.Trial registrationThis study was registered with the National Medical Research Registry (NMRR-17-2984-39191).

Modeling the intention and donation of second-hand clothing in the context of an emerging economy

The culture of fast fashion accelerates the consumption rate of individuals but at the expense of significant environmental stress. With a large amount of discarded clothing accumulating in landfills, it is crucial to encourage people to dispose of second-hand clothing (SHC) as sustainably as possible, especially in an emerging economy with large volume consumption. Through a survey of 619 respondents from China, this study explored the factors affecting people’s intentions and actual donation behaviors toward SHC. It extends the theory of interpersonal behavior (TIB) with environmental factors to construct a research framework, which included cognitive factors (attitude towards sustainable consumption), social factors (sense of community) and personal factors (perceived hedonic benefit) under TIB and the environment factors refers to problem awareness and ascription responsibility. Partial least squares structural equation modeling was employed to analyze the data. The findings revealed that attitudes toward sustainable consumption, problem awareness, ascription of responsibility, sense of community, and perceived hedonic benefit significantly and positively influenced people’s intentions and practices of SHC donation. This study will aid governments and relevant green environmental protection organizations in formulating more precise strategies for sustainable development, and promote relevant research on the sustainable disposal of SHC.

The theory of interpersonal behavior and its role in explaining Farida Kahlo's psychological condition: How psychological artistic influences fashion design

The theory of interpersonal behavior and its role in explaining Farida Kahlo's psychological condition: How psychological artistic influences fashion design

‘Do I share because I care?’: Investigating the factors influencing consumer's adoption of shared consumption

AbstractThe preference structure of consumers remains a perplexing issue for sharing platforms. This study aims to broaden the understanding of shared consumption (SC) adoption. It employed the theory of interpersonal behaviour (TIB) and the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) to propose a conceptual model integrating cognitive, affective and normative beliefs to explain sharing intention. A cross‐sectional survey was conducted using a self‐administered questionnaire to gather responses. Using partial least square structural equation modelling (PLS‐SEM), the assessment of 298 valid responses revealed that economic incentives, normative beliefs, environmental concerns and perceived moral norms are significant predictors of sharing intention. The results of this study offer insights into the fact that consumers are cognizant of the sustainability concern and are ready to amend their consumption patterns driven by moral norms. Additionally, non‐cognitive factors like freedom from ownership hassles and availability uncertainty influence sharing intention. The study's theoretical contributions include extending the application of TIB to shared consumption behaviour and integrating non‐cognitive factors with TPB factors to understand shared consumption intention better. Accordingly, the study offers guidance to marketers for promoting shared consumption.

Customers’ willingness to choose family takaful: extending the theory of interpersonal behaviour

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the customer’s willingness to participate in family takaful using the theory of interpersonal behaviour (TIB) in Pakistan.Design/methodology/approachFor this study, purposive sampling was used, and 310 useable questionnaires were received from the respondents who were postgraduate students, non-users of family takaful. The respondents are residing in the largest city of Pakistan, which is Karachi. The software Analysis of Moments Structures (AMOS v.25) was used to analyse the data.FindingsThe findings of this study reveal that awareness, affect, facilitating conditions and religious obligation are pivotal in determining the customers’ intention to purchase family takaful products. In addition, perceived risk and social factors are found not to be significant predictors. Resultantly, it may also be necessary to look into the factors examined in this study and other factors that may have played a great role in the acceptance of family takaful in the case of Pakistan.Research limitations/implicationsThis study is limited in terms of geographic coverage as it only covers part of Karachi city as a place of investigation, and therefore, the results cannot be generalised fully. On the same note, the sampling method can also be broadened to have the actual number of respondents for generalisability purposes. Future studies may focus on the random sampling method using cluster sampling to cover other regions and provinces for a clear picture and understanding.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this work is one of the first studies to be carried out on empirical grounds using the TIB in the context of family takaful products in Pakistan.

COVID-19 stimulated travel behavior policy framework with evidence from travel change in southwestern Nigeria

The COVID-19 pandemic unprecedentedly redefined urban mobility as some spread containment protocols, such as lockdown, travel restrictions, and physical distancing, directly impinged mobility: these policies or personal health concerns altered travel behavior during the first and the second waves of the pandemic. Transportation users' reactions to the spread of COVID-19 vis-à-vis the government-imposed containment strategies hinged on the theory of interpersonal behavior and social practice theory, informing that the travel behavior cultured during the waves may become a practice as we advance. This paper investigated the extent of preferential modal shift and travel change during the waves of COVID-19 toward developing a travel behavior framework for a more holistic transportation policy for pre-, during, and post-pandemic periods. This COVID-induced urban mobility assessment sourced primary data from transportation users during Phase 2 of the COVID-19 intervention in southwestern Nigeria. The findings show that COVID-19 has a weak but positive relationship with transportation means change. A private vehicle use mode preference was evident, and daily travel patterns skewed towards the weekends. Most participants felt the state border restrictions every day of the week, and most of the transportation users who commuted were essential workers. At the same time, a medium-range positive association for COVID outings due to travel purpose and employment type informed that the unemployed dominated sports and leisure trip purposes, evidence of exigent travel. Dips in routine travel purposes, geographical extent, and modal choice imply unsustainable economic decisions and must be forestalled post-COVID. The paper recommends an evidence-based COVID-19 travel behavior policy framework for systemic, sustainable transportation policy formulations effective pre-, during, and post-pandemics.

Theories and Models of Technology Adoption in Agricultural Sector

Agriculture is crucial in catering to the increasing demand for food and employment. Thus, adoption of novel technologies is important. Many scientists have developed different theories and models explaining the process of behavioral change relevant to adoption. They are either completely different, similar, or improvements of previously developed models. Therefore, compilation and summarization of these theories and models will support future studies and researchers. Thus, an analysis of literature on technology adoption was conducted. The review was prepared based on literature from various sources spanning around 50 years. The theories and models identified by different studies were compiled and analyzed in this review paper. Many theories and models in agricultural technology adoption such as transtheoretical model, theory of reasoned action, theory of interpersonal behavior, model for innovation-decision process, different versions of technology acceptance model, theory of planned behavior, theory of diffusion of innovation, task-technology fit, technology readiness, unified theory of acceptance and use of technology, expectancy livelihood model, social cognitive theory, and perceived characteristics of innovating theory were compiled. Each theory and model has its own uniqueness, which had explained different aspects of technology adoption process and factors determining the behavioral change. These theories and models included affecting factors such as technological, personal, social, and economical factors. In conclusion, it can be stated that, rather than having a single theory or a model, an integrated and amalgamated form will be more explanatory for technology adoption.

Medical Students' Intention to Change After Receiving Formative Feedback: Employing Social Cognitive Theories of Behavior.

We applied Azjen's theory of planned behavior (TPB) and Triandis' theory of interpersonal behavior (TIB) to understand medical students' intention to change behavior based on feedback received during an obstetrics and gynecology clerkship. Both models presume that behavioral intention is strongly related to actual behavior. We collected free-text responses from students during a year-long Feedback Focused initiative on the obstetrics and gynecology clerkship at Harvard Medical School. Students reported feedback daily and what they would change based on that feedback. We applied TPB and TIB to identify students' motivation to change. We analyzed data using directed content analysis. We reviewed 1,443 feedback entries from 122 students between July 2, 2018, and May 31, 2019. Self-efficacy was the most commonly represented component, related to a student expressing their own role, ability, or skill integrating the feedback (85%). Some entries (11%) focused on students' attitudes or beliefs about the outcome of the implemented feedback, usually patient focused but sometimes about the learner's outcome. Intentions motivated by social norms and expectations focused on the perceived or stated expectations of others, usually a superior or a team (11%). A small number of entries (1.7%) indicated that students had an emotional response to challenging or meaningful feedback. While self-efficacy is an important change motivator, faculty development geared toward improving the provision of meaningful feedback that bridges a desired behavior change to an outcome of interest, framed through the attitudes and beliefs or social norms lens, may improve trainee performance.

Emotions and food waste behavior: Do habit and facilitating conditions matter?

Food waste is currently a critical global issue, even more so because waste has continued to increase despite various reduction initiatives. Deeper research insights into why people waste food are needed to formulate effective strategies to counter such behavior. This study investigated the drivers of food delivery app (FDA) users’ attitudes against food waste and their behavioral intentions to reduce it. Specifically, the study employed the theory of interpersonal behavior (TIB) to explicate the role of emotions in driving attitude and intentions. Data collected from active FDA users (N = 561) were analyzed to test the proposed associations. The other two key variables in the TIB framework – habit, operationalized in this study as ordering more food than necessary to take advantage of special offers, and facilitating conditions, captured through belief that food ordered via FDAs often goes to waste – are conceptualized and examined as moderation variables. The results confirmed the positive association of attitude and negative emotions with intentions, as well as the positive association of negative emotions and attitude. However, the negative association of positive emotions was confirmed with attitude only. In addition, attitude mediated the negative emotions-intentions association. Finally, the analysis revealed that the variable belief that food ordered via FDA often goes to waste moderated the association of positive and negative emotions with intentions. The findings of the study offer significant inferences.

Consumer Behavior toward Halal Food Using Theory of Planned Behavior and Theory of Interpersonal Behaviors among Muslim Students in Tasikmalaya

The share of halal products in Indonesia is enormous and grows yearly. With this rapid development, the City of Tasikmalaya plans to become the pioneer of the first halal tourism in West Java by prioritizing halal certification in food. However, the facts on the ground state that many Muslim students still do not understand and tend not to care about consuming halal food. This study aims to reveal the magnitude of the influence of attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, religiosity, and habits that are formed on purchase intentions and actual purchases of halal food on Tasikmalaya Muslim Students. The method used in this research is descriptive quantitative by distributing it to 404 respondents. The data analysis technique in this study uses Partial Least Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results show that attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavior, and perceived behavior positively affect purchase intention. Purchase intention and habit positively affect the actual purchase, while habit moderates the relationship between purchase intention. The last, religiosity has a positive effect on attitude and purchase intention.
 
 Keywords: Halal Food, Theory of Planned Behavior, Theory of Interpersonal Behavior, Religiosity

Predicting Recycling Behavior in New York State: an integrated model.

Public participation in proper recycling is a crucial means to deal with the crisis in the U.S. recycling market. In this study, we combine the norm activation model (NAM; Schwartz 1977), the information-motivation-behavioral skills model (IMB; Fisher et al. 2003), and the theory of interpersonal behavior (TIB; Triandis 1977; 1979) to investigate recycling intention and behavior. Based on a longitudinal sample of New York state residents (N = 520), the results show that the integrated model fits the data well. Personal norm, habit, and recycling intention are three direct predictors of recycling behavior. Recycling intention is directly influenced by personal norm and behavioral skills, and indirectly influenced by personal motivation, social motivation, and ascription of responsibility. These findings suggest the importance of the normative approach in environmental campaigns to encourage recycling.

Behavioural and Cognitive Attitudes of Paediatricians towards Influenza Self-Vaccination-Partial Mediation Model.

(1) Background: This study aims to analyse the attitudinal components influencing paediatricians’ self-vaccination. (2) Methods: The national-cross survey was conducted among paediatricians involved in childhood vaccination within the immunisation program. (3) Results: A hypothetical model indicating the influence of cognitive and behavioural factors on influenza vaccination among paediatricians was verified based on a survey of Polish paediatricians. A simple mediation model, based on Triandis’ Theory of Interpersonal Behaviour, reflects a relationship in which knowledge and beliefs about outcomes contribute to whether paediatricians vaccinate against influenza. (4) Conclusions: The presented research shows that the pro-vaccination behaviours of paediatricians are not only influenced by cognitive factors but also the behavioural components of attitudes, which are equally important. The conclusions point to the pivotal role of shaping both knowledge and understanding of the effectiveness of immunisation programmes in building the pro-vaccination attitudes of paediatricians. (5) Practical Implications: This is the first representative study of Polish paediatricians to demonstrate how their attitudes and behaviour are related to self-vaccination. Its conclusions allow policymakers to develop programmes to support effective measures against the spread of infectious diseases through the self-vaccination of medical professionals.

Habit-Does It Matter? Bringing Habit and Emotion into the Development of Consumer's Food Waste Reduction Behavior with the Lens of the Theory of Interpersonal Behavior.

The immense food waste, generated by restaurants is not only a serious burden for the foodservice business but also a cause of anguish for the emerging nations in which eating out is becoming increasingly trendy. Consumers’ food wastes account for a significant portion of restaurant food waste, indicating the need for a change in consumers’ behavior to minimize food waste. To examine this problem, our study sought to identify the elements that influence restaurant consumers’ behaviors on food waste reduction, reuse, and recycling. The influence of anticipated positive emotions, awareness of consequences, environmental knowledge, and social norms on waste reduction intentions were examined by using a quantitative technique in the investigation. Furthermore, the influence of habits, waste reduction intentions, and facilitating conditions on food waste reduction, reuse, and recycling behaviors have also been investigated. The study collected 1063 responses and employed the PLS-SEM approach to verify the hypotheses. The results suggested that anticipated positive emotions, awareness of consequences, environmental knowledge, and social norms all have substantial impacts on waste reduction intentions. In addition, habits, waste reduction intentions, and facilitating conditions have noteworthy influences on consumers’ behaviors towards food waste reduction, reuse, and recycling in restaurants. Understanding these elements could help in correcting customers’ waste behaviors in restaurants. The findings in this study are useful for managers, policymakers, and researchers who want to solve the problems of food waste. The implications, limits, and suggestions for further studies have also been discussed in our study.

Intention and behavior towards bringing your own shopping bags when shopping instead of using plastic bags in Vietnam: an investigation using the theory of interpersonal behavior

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the factors affecting Vietnamese consumers' intention and behavior towards “bringing your own shopping bags” (BYOB) instead of using plastic bags based on the theory of interpersonal behavior (TIB).Design/methodology/approachWe used a combination of in-depth interview and large-scale survey methods with the official research sample of 536 Vietnamese consumers to explore the relationship among factors in the research model including: attitude, affect, social factor, facilitating conditions, intention and behavior towards BYOB instead of using plastic bags. The collected data went through quantitative analysis steps including Cronbach's Alpha reliability test, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) for scales and hypotheses testing.FindingsThe results show that intention towards BYOB has a positive effect on consumers' behavior towards BYOB. Facilitating conditions have a stronger and more positive influence than attitude and affect intention towards BYOB. Meanwhile, the hypothesis about the relationship between social factors and intention towards BYOB was rejected by this study.Research limitations/implicationsThe main limitation of this paper is that the findings of the present study are limited to elements of the TIB.Practical implicationsBased on the results of the study, we made some suggestions for state management agencies and retailers to promote intention and behavior towards BYOB instead of using plastic bags.Originality/valueThis study applies the TIB to understand the relationship between factors such as attitude, affect, social factors and facilitating conditions on intention and behavior towards BYOB instead of using plastic bags.

Efforts are made but food wastage is still going on: a study of motivation factors for food waste reduction among household consumers

PurposeThe goal of this research is to find the components that can inspire people to reduce food waste at household consumer level. The components were created by combining the theory of planned behaviour (TPB), theory of interpersonal behaviour (TIB) and motivation opportunity ability (MOA) model.Design/methodology/approachThe study is based on the content analysis, which identifies the motivating factors for food waste reduction at the consumer household level. A total of 12 motivating factors are identified across extensive literature reviews along with opinions of experts. Then, the recognized motivating factors are analysed for causal interrelationship using the Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) approach. Data were collected from 95 experts, selected using purposive sampling, through a questionnaire survey.FindingsA total of 95 household experts expressed their views on food waste reduction motivation factors, and a decision matrix has been developed based on that. Then, opinions are analysed using the DEMATEL approach, and it was found that “perceived behavioural control (PBC)” is the most influential motivating factor for food reduction at the household consumer level. Results also showed that “knowledge and skills about proper food management at home” are the least affected factor among the others.Practical implicationsMinimizing food wastes at the consumer and household level can provide the benefits to both people and environment in multiple ways. The problem of food waste necessitates a multifaceted response, and this study aims to address consumers' motivation and capabilities to lessen food waste behaviour. Since the benefits of minimizing food wastes have often remained untapped and neglected, educational efforts should be used by policymakers to enhance household awareness of food waste.Social implicationsThe present study contributes to the inadequate research on household food waste in India and is expected to facilitate sustainable consumption.Originality/valueFood waste management is particularly difficult for developing countries, like India, which have little resources and are environmentally vulnerable. Not only is there a dearth of study on household food waste, but most of the research has been conducted in developed economies. Also, a novel applied method has been utilized in this study.