Theory Of Human Values Research Articles

Socio-culture of Youths: Impact of Personal Values towards Effective Communication

Understanding the sociocultural context of youths; personal values, will give direction in planning communication strategies and initiatives to motivate participation of youths. In addition, it will give insights to youths preferred tools, medium, design and approach for communication. This study aims to understand the personal values that are being upheld by youths in Malaysia, and identify the effective communication medium that is aligned to their personal values. The objectives were attained through systematic review of secondary data available in open sources platforms, published between the years 2017-2021. Thematic analysis was done using Atlas.Ti followed by an expert focus group discussions (FGD) to validate the findings. Among the main personal values that are upheld by youths in Malaysia from the 10 Basic Human Values Theory (BHV Theory), are hedonism, self-direction and power. Secondary findings from this study shows that youths in Malaysia use social media as their main communication preference platform i.e., WhatsApp, Instagram, Twitter and TikTok. Personal values influence social media preference, in terms of platform, design and approach with characteristics i.e., affordability (most are free of charge), ease of use, control, and having personalized and customization features. Social media enables them to interact, collaborate, entertain, stay connected, and voice out.

COMPARISON OF VALUES: GERMAN (BERLIN) SACHUNTERRICHT AND TURKISH LIFE STUDIES TEXTBOOK EXAMPLES

This comparative educational study aims to analyze the values in the Sachunterricht (Social Studies) 1/2 textbook in Germany and in the 2nd-grade Social Studies textbook in Turkey according to the “Basic Human Values Theory”. For this purpose, the method of the study is the case study design, which is a qualitative research design, and the data were analyzed with the method of document analysis. Descriptive analyses were used in the analysis of the data. According to the results of the study, while values were emphasized 187 times in the units in the German Sachunterricht textbook, they were emphasized 328 times in the units of the Turkish 2nd-grade Social Studies textbook. Moreover, in the textbooks of both countries, the "conformity / rules", and "conformity / interpersonal" value types were emphasized. Additionally, the "universalism / nature" value type was included in each unit in the 2nd-grade Social Studies textbook of Turkey, and this value was included in only the unit related to nature in the Sachunterricht 1/2 textbook in Germany. It was concluded that values are shaped within the framework of multiculturalism in the German Sachunterricht (Social Studies) 1/2 textbook, whereas they are presented based on family, relatives, close environment, relationships, and cooperation in the Turkish 2nd-grade Social Studies textbook.

ValueNet: A New Dataset for Human Value Driven Dialogue System

Building a socially intelligent agent involves many challenges, one of which is to teach the agent to speak guided by its value like a human. However, value-driven chatbots are still understudied in the area of dialogue systems. Most existing datasets focus on commonsense reasoning or social norm modeling. In this work, we present a new large-scale human value dataset called ValueNet, which contains human attitudes on 21,374 text scenarios. The dataset is organized in ten dimensions that conform to the basic human value theory in intercultural research. We further develop a Transformer-based value regression model on ValueNet to learn the utility distribution. Comprehensive empirical results show that the learned value model could benefit a wide range of dialogue tasks. For example, by teaching a generative agent with reinforcement learning and the rewards from the value model, our method attains state-of-the-art performance on the personalized dialog generation dataset: Persona-Chat. With values as additional features, existing emotion recognition models enable capturing rich human emotions in the context, which further improves the empathetic response generation performance in the EmpatheticDialogues dataset. To the best of our knowledge, ValueNet is the first large-scale text dataset for human value modeling, and we are the first one trying to incorporate a value model into emotionally intelligent dialogue systems. The dataset is available at https://liang-qiu.github.io/ValueNet/.

The Impact of Personal Values and Attitude toward Sustainable Entrepreneurship on Entrepreneurial Intention to Enhance Sustainable Development: Empirical Evidence from Pakistan

Sustainable entrepreneurial opportunity recognition and action are strongly linked to a person’s desire to succeed. Therefore, entrepreneurial intentions are increasingly being studied from a sustainable development viewpoint. By integrating the theory of human values into the theory of planned behavior, the goal of this study was to investigate how values interact with sustainable entrepreneurial intentions. In all, 465 graduate students from Punjab, Pakistan, were interviewed for this study. The findings reveal that students’ entrepreneurial intentions are supported by views toward sustainable entrepreneurship, societal norms, and perceived behavioral control. According to structural equation modeling, self-transcendence and self-enhancement are the personal values that directly or indirectly interact with sustainable entrepreneurial intentions, which is consistent with the findings of the present study. Accordingly, the TPB model may help identify the relationship between sustainable entrepreneurship values and aims and the role of personal values in terms of understanding sustainable entrepreneurial intentions. As a practical implication, according to this study, it is essential to emphasize the importance of personal values in the education of potential entrepreneurs to increase their sustainable entrepreneurial intentions.

Individual values and career choice: Does cultural context condition the relationship?

AbstractThis paper explores how the individual values of self‐direction, power, and benevolence predict career decisions (self‐ or paid employment). By observing heterogeneity in career patterns across countries, this research examines the moderating effect of cultural contexts (gender egalitarianism, performance orientation, and collectivism) on this relationship. Blending the theory of human values (THVs) and institutional theory (IT), we test hypotheses using the World Values Survey (WVS) Wave 6 data and GLOBE cultural dimensions from 21,286 individuals in 26 countries. The findings show that only self‐direction value increases the likelihood of being self‐employed. However, the post‐hoc analysis offers more insightful findings: the decision towards innovative entrepreneurship instead of routine self‐employment is explained by all values of self‐direction, power, and benevolence, together with individualistic culture. Overall, this study finds that the influence of individual values is greater than cultural context on career choice and it differs between self‐ versus paid employment and innovative entrepreneurship versus routine self‐employment.

The effect and mechanisms of self-transcendence values on durable happiness

<p id=C6>Values refer to what people find important in life, which play a guiding role during an individual’s development and always affect the individual’s cognition, emotion and motivation. The understanding and attitude towards happiness were closely related to values which one endorsed. According to the theory of human basic values and the self-centeredness versus selflessness happiness model, a person, who endorses on the self-enhancement values may pay more attention to personal interests and is also led by the hedonic principle, i.e., seeking pleasant and gratifying stimuli and avoiding unpleasant ones, the consequence may be fluctuating happiness in forms of the alternation of transitory pleasure and afflictive effects. In contrast, individuals who endorse values of self-transcendence may be concerned about the well-being of others and they are also guided by the harmony principle, meaning that they are harmoniously interconnected with all the elements of a whole including themselves, others and all living arrangements. Therefore, they are likely to experience durable happiness, which is characterized by a state of enduring contentment and inner peace. Therefore, by shifting the attention from self to others may help individuals experience durable happiness. To our knowledge, however, the underlying mechanisms of the relationship between values of self-transcendence and durable happiness have received little attention. Therefore, the aim of the current study is to review the role of the values of self-transcendence in durable happiness and its mechanisms, to discover the path to find durable happiness. First, the role of the values of self-transcendence in durable happiness was disclosed. On one hand, values of self-transcendence were beneficial to mental health, and individuals may by means of the values experience fewer negative emotions in forms of anxiety, loneliness and depression; on the other hand, values of self-transcendence help an individual to establish and maintain harmonious interpersonal relationships, and thereby make an individual feel more connected and satisfied. Secondly, as far as the mechanism is concerned, the current study summarized the potential mechanisms between the values of self-transcendence and durable happiness from different perspectives such as cognition, emotion and behavior. Exactly, individuals who endorsed the values of self-transcendence may pay less attention to their own interests; therefore, they may reduce their worries about self- deficiencies and react less defensively to self-threatening information. This may release the negative impact of threats in terms of harmful emotional experience and hostile relationships. Then, less defensive responses may cut the distinctions and boundaries between self and others, self and the environment, and individuals may experience more socially engaging emotions such as empathy, compassion and love, which helps to strengthen interpersonal connections and enhances emotional stability. And socially engaging emotions may further stimulate individuals to display more prosocial behaviors, which may increase the sense of meaning in life and social cohesion. Overall, through these three paths, individuals who endorsed the values of self-transcendence may experience durable happiness. Although previous studies have contributed to investigate the mechanisms between values of self-transcendence and durable happiness, there are still some questions that need answers. Thus, the current study puts forward some valuable directions for future studies. Specifically, a variety of methods and means (such as longitudinal research, ERPs, fMRI) should be used to investigate the effect of values of self-transcendence on durable happiness. In addition, other potential mechanisms between the two variables, such as emotion regulation can be studied. Also, education about values of self-transcendence should be carried out to cultivate a healthy social mentality through joint efforts by families, schools and society.

Testing the Relative Comprehensiveness of Schwartz’s Ten Value Types with Help from Rokeach

The universality of Schwartz’s Theory of Basic Human Values relies on the comprehensiveness of his value types, i.e., they are exhaustive of all human values, no matter where they are found. Schwartz built on Rokeach's (1973) theory of human values, however, by 1994 Schwartz had developed a theory of values that superseded Rokeach's 36 values with ten value types. Drawing on Rokeach, we tested the comprehensiveness of Schwartz's theory by statistically assessing the extent to which Schwartz's model of ten-value types and their underlying structural dimensions incorporate all of Rokeach's 36 values. We performed factor analyses on data collected from Austria, Nigeria, and South Africa with Rokeach's Values Survey Instrument and Schwartz's 21- item Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ-21). Our results show that while Schwartz’s theoretical model, measured with the PVQ-21, approaches comprehensiveness, it falls short because it does not statistically accommodate six of Rokeach’s values. However, longer questionnaires based on the same core theory, especially the 56-item Schwartz Value Survey (SVS), contain these six Rokeach values. Were we to repeat our experiment using the SVS, or one of the other longer versions of the PVQ, we would likely find that all of Rokeach’s values are accommodated in Schwartz’s theory.

To or not to adopt P2P accommodation: The traveler’s ethical decision-making

The objective of this study is to examine travelers’ intention to participate in peer-to-peer accommodation from an ethical perspective. An ethical decision-making model was proposed, based on Hunt–Vitell theory of ethics, moral identity theory, and Schwartz theory of human values, to examine the mechanism through which travelers’ personal values and moral identity (internationalization and symbolization) influence their ethical judgments and behavioral intentions toward peer-to-peer accommodation. Data was collected from 515 travelers who had participated in peer-to-peer accommodation within the last 12 months. The structural equation modeling results reveal that personal values affect moral identity dimensions, which in turn, positively influence ethical judgments and behavioral intentions. Moral intensity also moderates the effect of moral identity internalization on ethical judgments. The results provide valuable insights for managers to promote the adoption of peer-to-peer accommodation as a responsible travel behavior. • Social-focused values positively influence moral identity internalization. • Social-focused values positively influence moral identity symbolization. • Self-enhancement negatively influences moral identity symbolization. • Moral identity internalization and symbolization positively influence ethical judgments. • Moral intensity moderates the effect of moral identity internalization on ethical judgments.

Green Attitudes, Human Values, and Wellbeing among Hospitality Service Employees

This research aims to explore the intricate nature of the association between green attitudes and well-being in the workplace. Based on the basic human value theory, this study attempted to unearth the moderating effects of its two main bipolar segments, namely self-transcendence-self-enhancement and openness to change-conservation. A quantitative approach with a sample of 1,532 hospitality employees from 35 European countries was used. We found that a green attitude contributes to deriving employee well-being. Further, we found empirical support for the influence of human values, in the sense that this relationship is reinforced among the workers who are more altruistic and receptive to changes. Moreover, this research suggests strategies oriented to reduce environmental degradation and achieve sustainable development in the hospitality sector. This article provides ideas to cope with the challenges posed by COVID-19, particularly in the hospitality industry seriously damaged by the pandemic where the future of many jobs is in jeopardy.

Counterfeit patronage: human values, counterfeit experience and construal level

Counterfeit-related studies have revealed motivational drives for counterfeit consumption. Little is known concerning the implications of consumers’ enduring and normative beliefs about proper standards of conduct as the determinants of counterfeit patronage. Drawing on the Schwartz theory of human values, experience literature and construal level theory, this research investigates counterfeit patronage by addressing three crucially important questions: (1) what personal values determine counterfeit patronage; (2) how do these relationships vary as a function of counterfeit experience and (3) how do values have power in eliminating counterfeit consumption? Two studies provide robust evidence that self-transcendence values mitigate counterfeit patronage when consumers’ counterfeit experience is low. We also demonstrate that consumers who endorse self-transcendence values more exhibit higher levels of construal, which results in reduced counterfeit patronage.

Personal values as predictors of entrepreneurial intentions of university students

Considering entrepreneurship as a set of actions performed by a subject, and behavior one of the main predictors of actions, this work presents a study based on the Theory of Human Values, that aims to analyze the influence of personal values on entrepreneurial intention of university students; understanding as well the personal values as cognitive characteristics that explain the attitudes of a subject towards entrepreneurship, the hypotheses of this work establish a positive relation between values associated to individualism and the entrepreneurial intention as well as a negative relation between values associated to collectivism and the entrepreneurial intention of university students. For this, a sample of 488 undergraduate students from the University of Guadalajara in Mexico is used and statistical analysis is performed through the SPSS software. Using a quantitative methodology, an exploratory factorial analysis and a linear regression model are performed to calculate the predictive capacity of the different types of personal values on the entrepreneurial intention of students at the University previously mentioned. Personal values associated to individualism prove to be highly related to entrepreneurial intentions while those related to collectivism show low or null effect. Some exceptions are discussed and lead to future lines of research regarding different types of entrepreneurship.

Involvement with the Olympic and Paralympic Games and the values of sport

ABSTRACT This investigation aims (1) to describe how people associate sport with human values and (2) to analyse the relationship between media involvement with the Olympic Games and those values. Drawing upon the theory of human values [Rokeach, M. (1968). The role of values in public opinion research. Public Opinion Quarterly, 32(4), 547–559. https://doi.org/10.1086/267645], we tested whether involvement with Rio 2016 and PyeongChang 2018 Olympic Games could affect perceptions of the association between sport and human values. Involvement with Olympic Games was compared to involvement with Paralympic Games. Results indicated the existence of three values of sport (human values associated with sport): (a) equality, (b) social recognition, and (c) friendship. Involvement with Olympic and Paralympic Games have different effects on perceptions of values of sport. Involvement with Paralympic Games positively affected values of equality and social recognition. But involvement with Olympic Games did not affect such values. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.

Basic human values & compliance with government-recommended prosocial health behavior

ABSTRACT At the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, both the federal government and local governments across the U.S. recommended that Americans engage in social distancing and other prosocial health behaviors (e.g. wearing a mask in public). While social scientists know a fair amount about compliance with these recommendations, we know less about why some people may have been more likely to comply than others. Building on insights from Human Values Theory, we argue that people who are more self-transcendent (i.e. more likely to put others’ needs before their own) are more likely to engage in a variety of prosocial health behaviors (PSHB). In a demographically representative survey (N = 1,015) conducted at the pandemic’s outset, we find that self-transcendent people were significantly more likely to engage in PSHB; irrespective of partisanship and local COVID-19 transmission rates. Recognizing the limitations of self-reported data, we validate these findings by merging international and interstate phone-tracking data into opinion surveys. We find that, on average, people in both countries and states that place a higher emphasis on self-transcendence values were more likely to engage in social distancing. Our work suggests that while prosocial health recommendations are politically contentious, variation in compliance transcends conventional partisan disagreements.

Recruitment agencies and unethical client requests: the ‘loyal matchmaker’ dilemma

Abstract This research focuses on (non-)compliance with unethical requests in the context of external recruitment specialists and their susceptibility to the ‘loyal matchmaker’ dilemma. A total of 176 Israeli recruitment specialists were presented with ethical dilemmas in which a client makes an unethical request. The focal point of ethical obligation was measured based on the Basic Human Values theory. Results indicated direct and indirect connections with the readiness to comply with unethical requests. Conformism with agency rules exhibited a positive connection with compliance. Benevolence and universalism led to decreased readiness to comply with unethical requests, although this behaviour was contingent on the particular situation. Recruitment specialists who are high in self-direction altered their readiness to comply based on the stakeholders. By highlighting the difficulties faced by recruitment specialists vis-à-vis rooting their obligations to clients and job-seeking candidates in ethical standards, the results of this study have important theoretical and practical implications.

The Benefits of Self-Transcendence: Examining the Role of Values on Mental Health Among Adolescents Across Regions in China.

As one of the foundations of existential positive psychology, self-transcendence can bring positive intrapersonal and interpersonal outcomes, especially in the COVID-19 era in which people are suffering huge mental stress. Based on Schwartz's theory of human basic values, the current study combines variable-centered and person-centered approaches to examine the relationships between adolescents' values and mental health across two regions in China. The results generally showed that (1) both self-enhancement and conservation values were positively correlated with depression and loneliness, while both self-transcendence and openness to change values negatively correlated with depression and loneliness. The results also showed that (2) there were four value clusters (i.e., self-focus, other-focus, anxiety-free, undifferentiated), and, compared to adolescents in the self-focus and undifferentiated values cluster, all adolescents in the anxiety-free values cluster reported lower depression and loneliness, while all adolescents in the other-focus values cluster reported higher depression and loneliness. The differences between the two regional groups only emerged in depression. Specifically, adolescents in Shanghai have higher levels of depression than adolescents in Qingdao. This study provides some evidence for the new science of self-transcendence among adolescents and also sheds light on how we may improve the level of mental health during the COVID-19 era.

The “Malevolent” Benevolence: what happens to perceived immigrant threat when value priorities collide?

ABSTRACT Personal values become increasingly relevant for immigrant-related bias in the European context. Situated in group conflict theories, human values theory and social identity theory encourage different interpretations of how our interest in the welfare of those closest to us, i.e. the in-group (benevolence), and the prosperity of all beings (universalism) inform attitudes towards immigrants. The present study examines how these self-transcending human values affect perceptions of immigrant threat. Using nationally pooled data from the European Social Survey (ESS) for fifteen European countries, the results show that benevolence and universalism tend to affect perceived immigrant threat in opposite directions. A part of individuals’ anti-immigrant bias does not stem from strictly self-interested motivations, as often proposed, but by a sense of loyalty to the interests of our immediate contacts. The group we place our loyalty matters. So does the national context suggesting that grand scheme interpretations can fall short.

How does Schwartz's theory of human values affect the proenvironmental behavior model?

PurposeThe diversity of perspectives means that one can find many factors and models of proenvironmental behavior. However, they typically suffer from limitations and varying degrees of validity in specific contexts, suggesting that today the prime goal should be to learn and improve the models which have been already developed. In this study, the authors build on the model for predicting proenvironmental behavior developed by Oreg and Katz-Gerro (2006), namely one of the most comprehensive cross-national proenvironmental behavior models and one of the few not to be limited to either a local or single-country context or specific proenvironmental behavior.Design/methodology/approachBy using the statistical matching technique, the authors merged data from two existing databases without common identifiers – the International Social Survey Program (environmental module) and the European Social Survey (Round 5). The resulting multinational data concerning 9,710 observations enabled a replication with extensions of Oreg and Katz-Gerro's (2006) proenvironmental behavior model that incorporates newly added Schwartz's theory of human values. To achieve the study's main objective, that is, to present improvements to the original model of proenvironmental behavior, the authors used structural equation modeling (SEM) procedures to estimate four competing models in the R program.FindingsThis study implies that Schwartz's individually measured motivational types of values (benevolence [BE], universalism [UN], self-direction [SD]) are predictors of people's proenvironmental behavior, while his conceptualization of post-materialism yields a better model fit than Inglehart's country-level post-materialism scores. The results also corroborate previous findings that post-materialist values can stimulate proenvironmental behaviors through attitudes, perceived behavioral control and intentions. The present study reveals that proenvironmental attitudes did not change substantially in the 10-year period, even though the world's environmental and sustainability challenges have largely increased. Surprisingly, the mean value of several of the perceived threat variables even decreased.Originality/valueThe authors externally validate one of the most comprehensive proenvironmental behavior models by reproducing it using new multinational large-sample data with nearly 10,000 observations collected 10 years later. The most significant addition to the original model introduced in the current study is the inclusion of Schwartz's motivational types of values, which are measured at the individual level, namely BE, UN and SD. The authors also extend the model by adding proenvironmental behavior measures and group the construct into three latent variables: saving natural resources, green purchasing and environmental activism.

Values system and Management Behaviours of the Monotheistic Druzecommunity's managers based on the Schwartz theory of human basic values

The study is discussing the values that are belonging to the community managers and do the values they arise in still route them in managerial style. The Monotheistic Druze community is a unique group of ethnic, religious, cultural, and geographic aspects. It is having some incredibly unique characteristics, possessing an identity based on a mystic emotional connection which originates from heart and soul, a cross-border connection that brings together the ancient past, the present and the future without territorial identity. Values of tradition, conformity, benevolence, universalism, and security have negative correlation coefficient with many other values. These values reflect social values with responsibility and loyalty to the collective and compatible with the religious values directing the laws and statutes of the monotheistic Druze. Strong, positive correlations were found and in direct ratio between some values and age. Reverse ratio to age was found in hedonism and stimulation values so that young managers (aged 20-50) had more stimulation. Most of Monotheistic “Druzeâ€Âť managers, in their daily routine, were on the axis between transformational leadership and transactional leadership. A charismatic leadership phases were shown sometimes among young managers. Religious managers were with many instances of social leadership to transformational leadership passing in transactional leadership. The conclusion is that the managers of the monotheistic community maintain the values they were raised and educated by, even when they are in a managerial status. And still holding the values that preserve their unique character and the values that characterize their survival elements.

PERSONAL VALUES AND INTRAGROUP RELATIONSHIP: THE CASE OF THE POLICE TACTICAL GROUPS IN BRASÍLIA

ABSTRACT Objectives: This article aims to describe how the personal values of members of specialized workgroups impact their intra-group relationships based on professional and personal trust. Originality/value: The contributions of this study are threefold: 1. the consolidation that the analysis of trust in work groups has different results in the instrumental (professional or reputation trust) and the experimental (personal or friendship trust) relationship when verifying difference in the predominance of personal values for each type relationship; 2. the use of the functionalist theory of human values and to the use of social network analysis techniques and in conjunction with classical quantitative techniques such as ANOVA and multiple regression; 3. the verification of personal values that contributes to the organization and how trust relationships are structured in the group. Design/methodology/approach: The present study is characterized as descriptive field research with a quantitative approach. A survey was conducted with 171 participants from the two tactical groups of the Brasília police, using the Basic Values Questionnaire (BVQ) questionnaire of functionalist values and a questionnaire with eight questions about the instrumental and expressive relationship. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to evidence the validity of the instrument, analysis of social networks (ASN) for trust relationships and ANOVA, and multiple regression for relationships between values and relationships. Findings: The tactical groups presented characteristics of more pragmatic personal values and with less appreciation of individualism, denoting characteristics of appreciation of execution and intragroup collectivism. The normative and supra-personal values were negatively related, respectively, to friendship and professional relationships, while the achievement value was positively related to both trust relationships.

The Dark Side of Human Values: How Values are Related to Bright and Dark Personality Traits.

In the present research, we replicate and extend previous findings on the relations between human values and bright\dark traits of personality, using the functional theory of human values (Gouveia, 2013). Specifically, we assessed which dark traits are associated with human values and whether the dark traits explained variance in values beyond the bright traits (Big Five). While prior research has investigated the relations between the three sets of constructs mainly in Western countries, we tested whether the findings hold in Brazil (N = 819). Although values are defined as positive constructs, several value subfunctions were positively correlated with the dark traits (e.g., excitement values with narcissism), while other relations were negative. Controlling for participants' age and gender, hierarchical regressions further revealed that dark traits explain variance in values beyond bright traits, although overall bright traits were more strongly associated with values than dark traits. Together, our findings replicate previous research. Implications for our understanding of the Dark Triad and cross-cultural research are discussed.