Theory Of Grammar Research Articles

Samples of Teaching Activity Based on Three-Dimensional Grammar Theory in English as Foreign Language Classes

Three-Dimensional Grammar Theory emphasizes the importance of setting up contextualized input and output activities in each dimension of form, meaning, and use. These activities contribute to enhancing language awareness and enable students to apply grammar knowledge in language use. This paper takes the passive as an example, analyzes teaching contents from the related three dimensions, explains teaching design ideas based on Three-Dimensional Grammar Theory in the context of Chinese as the mother tongue, and then presents six teaching activity samples in these three dimensions, respectively. These activities have been proven beneficial for cultivating grammatical competence.

Visual Grammar and Meaning: A Multi-Modal Discourse Analysis of Selected Jubilee Life Insurance Company Advertisements

With the development of technology and advancement of media, the advertisements are no more mono-modal discourses. Instead, advertisements utilize multiple modes to catch the eyes of the viewers and to win the hearts of desired customers. Today traditional literacy alone fails to interpret modern day multimodal texts like advertisements. This paper based on Kress and Van Leeuwen’s (1996) theory of Visual Grammar, analyzes two non-product advertisements of Jubilee Life Insurance Company, Pakistan, to find out how visual communication is carried out through a relation between these semiotic modes. The analysis has shown that semiotic modes are used by the ad makers to represent participants and also to maintain a relation between the represented participants and the viewers. The study also highlights how the ideology of the involved participants works to communicate the desired meanings to the target audience through these the interrelated systems of semiotic modes within a business discourse.

Syntactic Analysis of Movement Transformation in Bahasa Indonesia

The objective of this article was to analyse the types of movement transformation which is applied in Bahasa Indonesia. This article aims to collect ideas, theories, and reported empirical data within the context of scholarship in the library. The theory used in this article was taken from the theory of Transformational Generative Grammar (TGG) introduced by Noam Chomsky. This article was an attempt to highlight how Chomsky’s concept called movement transfssormation works in Bahasa Indonesia. The data were taken from some sentences in Bahasa Indonesia. In this article, the sentences were analysed by using IC analysis. IC analysis is a method of analysing sentences by dividing them into their constituent structures. The methods used in analysing sentences were bracketing and tree diagram. Some types of movement transformation that were applied in Bahasa Indonesia were Affix Hopping, Interrogative (Aux Movement), Wh-Movement, Passive Transformation, Dative Movement, Topicalization, Particle Movement, and Relative Movement.

An Analysis of the Grammar Sections of English Textbooks for Junior High Schools in China: Based on Larsen-Freeman’s Three-Dimensional Grammar Theory

This paper analyzes the grammar sections of BNUP (Beijing Normal University Press) English textbooks for junior high schools in China, aiming to investigate whether the grammar sections of BNUP English textbooks conform to Larsen-Freeman’s three-dimensional grammar theory. Seven categories are used to analyze the grammatical dimensions of grammar item presentation and grammar exercises to show the interconnections among the three dimensions from a holistic perspective. The results are as follows. The three dimensions (form, meaning, use) of grammar are reflected in both grammar item presentation and grammar exercises, but the distribution of the three dimensions is unbalanced. Both grammar item presentation and grammar exercises focus much on the ‘form’ dimension leaving the other two dimensions (meaning, use) less attentive. Thus, the composition of the grammar sections of BNUP textbooks is not in line with Larsen-Freeman’s three-dimensional grammar theory, which emphasizes that teaching and learning grammar should not be skewed toward one dimension. Based on the research findings, this paper not only sets the direction for the development of English textbooks but also provides insights for teachers on how to teach grammar well. (Hoseo University)

The Ideational Meanings of Multimodal Texts Presented in an EFL Textbook

This study explores the ideational meanings of multimodal texts in an EFL textbook entitled “Bahasa Inggris: When English Rings a Bell”. This study aims to describe the meanings of visual and verbal modes from ideational aspects. The visual modes were analyzed by using Visual Grammar Design framework (Kress van Leeuwen, 2006). Meanwhile, the verbal modes were analyzed using Systemic Functional Grammar theory focusing on the Transitivity system (Halliday, 1994). The ideational aspects of this study focus on components like participants, processes and circumstances. This study applied Systemic Functional Multimodal Discourse Analysis (henceforth SF-MDA) methodology. The findings of this study found that the dominant process types used in realizing the ideational meaning of the verbal text is relational process. Meanwhile, the ideational meaning of visual text is realized mostly through speech process. This study showed that the presentation of multimodal texts in the EFL textbook is relevant to the teaching and learning activity for the Junior high school students. Keywords: multimodality, ideational meaning, systemic functional grammar, multimodal analysis

Fungsi, Kategori, dan Peran Sintaksis Menggunakan Teori RRG dalam Acara “Indonesia Lowyers Club”

The predicate is a determining element in a sentence. Sentences that are not clearly structured, result in the sentence being ineffective. This of course results in incomplete functions, categories, and roles in a sentence, making it difficult to understand. The purpose of this research is to describe functions, categories, and syntactic roles using the theory of Role and Reference Grammar (RRG) in the "Indonesia Lowyers Club" event. Distribution method is the main method used to analyze data. Before the data is selected based on its use, the data is recorded first. Furthermore, the data that has been collected is selected based on the needs of the indicators that have been set. The results of the research show that the function in syntax is filled by the components of subject, nucleus (core/predicate), object, and periphery (additional information). Categories in syntax are filled by components of nominal phrases (nouns), verbs (verbs), pronouns (pronouns), adjectives (adjectives), adverbs (adverbs), and clauses. The role in syntax is filled by the component agent (actor), predicate or nucleus indicating activity, and undergoer (patient/object).

Gender Representation in English Textbook: A Visual Grammar Analyis

This study was qualitative descriptive, which investigated what kind of gender features emerged for the male and female represented in image of textbook for elementary school. The data of this study were collected from an English textbook entitled “Stairway a fun and easy English textbook (for Grade IV of Elementary Schools”, published by Tiga Serangkai. The data in the present study were in the form of images and texts taken from a textbook. The data were analysed by following the theory of visual grammar by (Kress van Leeuwen, 2006) to analyse the visual text. The study found that there are unequitable gender representations typically because both genders are represented through stereotypical portrayals. Males are represented to dominate language strategies and occupy more public areas, while females are represented to be passive and occupy more private areas. The portrayal of asymmetrical gender representation in the textbook shows that the reflection of the textbook is realized by ideology and inspired by the interest of the society.

The Impact of Orientalist Thought on the Arabic Linguistic Lesson, a Critical Study, Tammam Hassan and Ibrahim Anis as a Model

This study aims to show how Western thought was a renaissance in the modern linguistic view, with the curriculums and theories carried tempted some of the arab pioneers who studied in the west, as they went using them، and tried to apply them to the Arabic linguistic view; ones of the most recognized pioneers are Tammam Hassan and Ibrahim Anees. The researcher wanted to focus on the most important ideas that they tried to force on the Arabic view, as Tammam Hassan considered the factor theorem and called it a hoax, and he worked on coming up with the alternative as the idea of: (multiple clues). As for Ibrahim Anees he considered the Arabic accents according to the western descriptive method that he is influenced by. Thus, the researcher considered studying how those two linguists are influenced by the western thought that was present in their authorships and to stand at their motives., the regenerative motives or orientalist motives that motivated them to dig up the heritage to find mistakes in it and destruct it, but it is stronger than to be demolished, it is the foundation of the Arabic grammar theory، and its linguistic anchor.

Critical Review on Universal Grammar of Chomsky in Learning a Second language

As many scholars have their own viewpoints and perspectives on Chomsky's universal grammar theory, this article shows recent developments in L2 learning by Chomsky. A significant turning point at the moment is Chomsky's UG approach to language education, particularly its values and parameters. Many researchers argue that with SLA, UG has problems like Fries and Palmer. They say that there are linguistic variations that make it difficult to differentiate between the SLA and the first language acquisition. It is possible to further clarify what would be specifically based on in future linguistic studies by assessing the challenges, so that development will be advanced towards language learning and SLA.

A Development Study on the Ordering Distribution of Temporal Adverbial Clauses by Chinese EFL Learners Based on Dependency Treebank

Abstract Temporal adverbial clause is an important language structure and exhibits different features in English and Chinese, which brings about difficulties for Chinese EFL learners. Based on the theory of Dependency Grammar, the study attempts to investigate the ordering distribution of temporal adverbial clauses by Chinese EFL learners at the beginning, intermediate and advanced levels. The results show that: 1) Chinese EFL learners at different proficiencies tend to precede temporal adverbial clause to main clause. With the increase of proficiency, the postposition of temporal adverbial clauses by learners increases and is approaching to the ordering preference of target language. 2) The ordering distribution of subordinators for temporal adverbial clauses by Chinese EFL learners is consistent with native English, showing a tendency of 100% preposition, which ascribes to the high frequency and salience of subordinators in English. 3) MDD is one of the significant motivations that cause the preference of prepositional temporal adverbial clauses by Chinese EFL learners. As a kind of natural language, interlanguage has a unique cognitive mechanism which distinguishes from both native and target language. This study provides a more comprehensive theoretical reference for learners at different proficiencies to understand and learn temporal adverbial clauses, as well as data support from empirical research for language teaching.

The Scope of Negation and Dual Operators in Standard Arabic: The Theory of Functional Discourse Grammar and Negative Operators on Dual Constructions

Negation has been extensively dealt with in the domain of formal theories of linguistics and grammar. The general consensus usually converges towards the conclusion that it is a morpho-syntactic operation by which the truth value of an utterance is reversed. On the other hand, Functional theories, such as Functional Discourse Grammar (henceforth FDG), reveal that Negation could potentially carry more nuances up its sleeves. This paper investigates how FDG could potentially account for the phenomenon of the scope of Negation on Dual constructions in Standard Arabic. It also sheds light on how the interaction between the negative operator and the numeral operator (on an individual x) could be problematic to the uniformity of FDG as a theory. The research takes a qualitative approach analyzing examples constructed with the aim of putting the focus on the factors relevant to this enquiry. The findings unveil that the Scope of Negation in Standard Arabic can target just the Dual operator on an individual x. This behavior is noteworthy as Operators are usually off-limits when it comes to being exclusively under the scope of Negation. The main reason is that Negation itself is expressed with the operator (Neg). Therefore, a new amendment to FDG might be required to representationally account for this phenomenon.

A Multimodal Ecological Discourse Analysis of Presentation PowerPoint Slides in Business English Class

This study applies the visual grammar theory to the multimodal ecological discourse analysis of the students’ presentation PPT slides in business English class. It investigates the process of meaning construction through a quantitative analysis of 160 images and a thorough qualitative analysis of 2 specific images. The results reveal that students’ ecological values embedded in PPT design are delivered via intersemiotic play of multimodal semiotic resources. And it is found that students’ ecological values are in accordance with the ecosophy of “Diversity and Harmony, Interaction and Co-existence”, which highlights the harmonious coexistence between man, society and nature.

중국어 역사문법의 최신 연구동향 분석 —2012년부터 2022년까지의 古汉语研究와 中国语文을 중심으로

This article reviews recent research trends in Historical Grammar of Chinese based on 212 articles published in Research In Ancient Chinese Language(古汉语研究) and Studies of The Chinese Language(中国语文) from 2012 to 2022. In this field, ‘words’ are being studied more than ‘constructions’, and ‘adverbs’ are being studied the most. There are the most studies on the period of ‘Archaic Chinese’ among three periods of Ancient Chinese, that is Archaic, Middle Ancient and Modern Ancient Chinese. Diachronic research is more focused rather than synchronic research. Research methods of Historical Grammar of Chinese can be largely classified into two types: simple descriptions and theoretical interpretations, and we find more studies of the former than the latter. Theoretical interpretations studies can be subdivided into five types: (1) studies on mechanisms and motivations of grammaticalization, (2) linguistic typology based studies, (3) construction grammar theory based studies, (4) cognitive grammar theory based studies, (5) generative grammar theory based studies. Among these five types, (1) accounts for the highest proportion and (4), (5) accounts for a relatively low proportion. The article concludes by suggesting that theoretical interpretations studies should be conducted more actively, and the subjects should be more associated with Modern Chinese. There also should be a unified understanding of mechanisms and motivations of grammaticalization and the key elements should be found among these.

The representation of Islamic value in government-mandated English language textbook: A critical discourse analysis

There is a vast amount of English for foreign language (EFL) textbook evaluation studies analyzing multi-dimensional values around the world. However, only a limited number of literature analyzes the Islamic value in EFL Textbooks, especially in Indonesia. To fill this glaring gap, the present critical discourse study aimed to investigate the intrinsic Islamic value contained in Indonesia's government-mandated English textbook for secondary high school students. Halliday’s systemic functional analysis and Kress and Van Leeuwen's visual grammar theory were then conducted to understand, analyze, and explain the content and the picture in the textbook respectively. Compassionate, respect, and care for life in all its forms; solidarity and conflict avoidance; and tolerance for cultures of the different ethnic and religious groups were found to be the major themes of Islamic values emerge from the textbook. Finally, conclusions, limitations, and recommendations were then discussed.

The ideational meaning of Covid-19 health promotion posters: Multimodal discourse

Indonesian Government has used online posters to deliver the information regarding Covid-19 which is known as the new variant of virus spreading in the world. Covid-19 posters as multimodality discourse coming with two different semiotic modes that explains ideas and information related to Covid-19. The problem of this study was how the posters deliver and represent the idea of Covid-19 discourse through two semiotic modes. This study aims to describe the ideational and representational meaning of two semiotic modes, verbal and visual. This study used qualitative descriptive method. Verbal data was clauses and visual data was images on the poster of Covid-19. The source of data was the poster downloaded from a website https://promkes.kemkes.go.id/. This study used Systemic Functional Linguistics Theory of Halliday (2004) to analyze ideational meaning of the verbal text and Visual Grammar Theory of Kress and Van Leeuwen (2021) to identify representational meaning of the images on the poster. Based on the analysis, verbal text represents the dominance of material process while the images describe the symbolic process. The dominance of material process means the strong intention that the messages deliver to encourage the readers to carry out the activities. Then, conceptual symbolic process and narrative act process represents meaning and experience of the verbal text.

A Critical Evaluation of the Theory of Universal Grammar and its Contribution to Second Language Learning and Teaching

Many hypotheses on how a language learner gathers or acquires a second language have been produced during the last 50 years. Many linguists and scholars have presented their thoughts and assumptions in their discussions of how to teach and learn a second language. The current review article gives a basic definition of universal grammar, which then critically examines the arguments in favour of and against it to respond thoroughly to the question. The study examines developmental data showing that learners employ hierarchically built structures at all levels of language organization. The use of probabilistic processes and inductive learning mechanisms appropriate for the psychological restrictions on language acquisition is suggested by longitudinal trajectories of development, which demonstrate sensitivity to the amount of specific patterns in the input. This review article assesses the Universal Grammar theory's impact on second language learning and instruction. However, it has been widely adopted over the last several decades by American linguist Noam Chomsky and its many adherents.

The logical structure of the verbs in the Kurdish language based on the theory of Role and Reference Grammar

Abstract This paper is entitled “the logical structure of the verbs in the Kurdish language based on the theory of Role and Reference Grammar”. The goal of this paper is illustrate the logical structure of Kurdish verbs according to Role and Reference Grammar. This paper consists of two section: the first section being an introduction into the theory in which the general meaning is explained by the following examples (syntax structure, the layered structure of the clause, universal elements and non-universal elements). In the second section explains in which categories are Kurdish verbs categorized according to Role and Reference Grammar and concluding each category whit their respective list of references.

Meaning behind the Poem: An Analysis of Transitivity of Poems for Students at English Department of Teacher Training and Education Faculty, Mathla’ul Anwar University Banten

The study aims to be analyzed observed meaning in poetry written by English Department at of Teacher Training and Education Faculty, Mathla’ul Anwar University. It applied Halliday Systemic Functional Grammar to identify and analyze the occurrences of processes in the poetry. Gerrot and Wignell (2008:6) explain that the theory of grammar is needed to know the text working. By using the theory, the reader will understand the text clearly. One of the ways to convey meaning is by analyzing the transitivity pattern in the poetry. Transitivity is represented experiential meaning that are meaning about the world experience and what is going on in the clause. The authors applied descriptive analysis method, it was in order to elaborate the appearing process types of transitivity in poems and to describe the percentage of process types. After determining the type of process for each predicator, the percentages were counting and comparing one to another independently in each poem. Further, the choice of processes and patterns lead to the discussion on the purposes and effects. The examination on the transitivity analysis shows that the processes employed to meaning behind the poems using transitivity are material, mental, relational, verbal, and behavioral processes. The processes tell particular significant to the process of meaning. For instance, material processes frequently dominated the meaning of the poems. The other transitivity processes resemble the purpose and effect based on their meanings. Hopefully, this paper might serve an example of how to examine the language patterns in a literary work to further observe the purposes and the effects of the patterns.

The Pedagogical Potential of Visual Images in Indonesian High School English Language Textbooks: A Micro-Multimodal Analysis

Language textbooks mainly guide language learning and teaching activities. Most of the language textbooks used to comprise a range of visual texts, such as pictures, illustrations, and photos. The study adopts the Visual Grammar Theory by Kress and Leeuwen (2006) to elucidate the pedagogical functions of visual images and explore how such images can be exploited for learning tasks from a micro multimodal perspective. The data consist of 142 visual images in Indonesian senior high school EFL textbook grades ten (X) and eleven (XI). The findings pointed out that the textbook uses visual images' full potential to fulfill pedagogical aims. Many visual images or texts in language textbooks serve information and illustrations rather than as a decorative function. Visual images may assist students to engage effectively in learning tasks by emphasizing the meaning of information presented in images and text. This study suggests that learning activities should consider multimodal texts to contribute significantly. This research aims to enhance knowledge about the pedagogical function of visual images in textbooks and can be a reference for further exploration.

Syntactic Theory Perception on Language Acquisition

This paper focuses on identifying the syntactic theory perception on acquiring first language. The paper highlights the role and function of language syntactic structure in childhood on acquiring first language from birth and using it in communicative situations in reality later. The paper, however, emphasizes the impact of grammatical development, focusing mainly on nativist and usage-based, on acquiring first language. The paper bases its hypotheses and assumptions on Chomsky’s universal grammar and transformation grammar theories. The study, moreover, exposes language as a symbolic system and how it is formed in mind from birth, focusing mainly on the difference between human language and animal sounds. A brief idea about linguistic and communicative competence is presented to associate them to first language acquisition. the study concludes that grammar, which is part of the syntactic theory, is concerned with discovering the principles and sets of rules used for governing the structures of utterances and sentences. These principles and sets of rules constitute what is called linguistic competence of language. This linguistic competence is what helps children acquire their first language.