Theory Of Demand Research Articles

Enzensberger's challenge to leftist communicologists

In his work on the media, Hans Enzensberger challenges many of the traditional assumptions of the Left. These challenges form the sub stance of this essay. Importantly, Enzensberger was not content with merely attacking the (Marxist-domi nated) Left Rather, he simulta neously proposed an 'alternative' left-wing communication theory. His proposed "praxis" theory of com munication and related demand for democratic participatory media structures are examined with some reference to their adoptability in South Africa. The Enzensbergian challenge, how ever, has implications not only for left communicologists, but for com- munication studies in general. This is because he raises important issues for political communication such as the relationship of the media to democracy; of access to the media; and of media manipula tion; etcetera.

Impact of Climate Change and Technology on Food Availability in Sumatera, Indonesia


 This study explores the impact of climate change and technology on food supply and demand, which complements the limits of previous findings. The main foundations are Hessian food production and Marshallian demand theories. It aims to analyze the factors influencing food availability and the response of each variable, as well as simulate the effect of climate change and technology. Secondary data from the Food Security and the Central Statistics Agency of 10 provinces in Sumatra will be used between the periods of 2010 to 2019. Furthermore, this study uses the simultaneous method of 8 structural and 2 identity equations. The influencing variables of production include price, expected food pattern of grains and tubers, CPO price, temperature, rainfall, and irrigation network area. Meanwhile, consumption is influenced by price, poverty, food inflation, population, per capita income, and farmers’ exchange rate. The increase in temperature and rainfall reduces the production and consumption of rice, corn, cassava, and sweet potatoes. Meanwhile, technology development will increase food production and consumption. The availability is an essential dimension of food security that should be prioritized. Likewise, climate change and technology development need to be anticipated to mitigate these impacts.

The Analysis of Consumer Demand in Russia: Two-Stage Construction of Analytical Indexes

The article develops methods for constructing analytical («economic») indices, and their application in the analysis of consumer demand in Russia based on official statistics on the consumption of goods and services (468 items for the period 2012–2017). The «economic» direction of indexology, which is based on the use of consumer demand theory, when constructing prices indices and measuring consumption dynamics, takes into account consumer preferences instead of the subjective biases of statisticians or authors of various index formulas. This direction has a long history, dating back to the 1924 work of the Soviet economist A.A. Konüs. The development of this concept in the works of Western researchers refers only to individual or household demand due to the absence of market demand theory in neoclassical Economics. Such a holistic theory of market demand was developed in recent years in the works of V.K. Gorbunov, and on this basis were developed methods for constructing analytical indices, using the ambiguity of restoring the utility function from a finite set of data for the variant determination of indices with characteristics, namely optimistic, pessimistic, and objective.To compare the traditional and «economic» directions of indexology, the authors constructed Laspeyres, Paasche and Fischer price and quantity indices. The indices were calculated both for the summary statistics of prices and consumption of the population, and for the main groups of consumer goods: food products, non-food products and services. General (two-stage) indices of all types were constructed for group indices and the consistency in aggregation property was tested. The obtained results are a new example of a successful verification of the holistic market demand theory.

Discerning Spatiotemporal Patterns and Policy Drivers of Rural Settlement Changes from 1962 to 2020

Despite two centuries of urbanisation worldwide, 45% of the world’s people still live in rural areas. Driven by urban development, the form and structure of rural settlements have undergone drastic changes. Reasonable planning according to the scale of the land and spatial layout of rural settlements is particularly important for the development of rural areas. The continuous development of the economy means that the housing needs of farmers and the macro policy background will inevitably change. We create a relationship curve for the “policy-scale of rural settlements” in different periods according to the laws of Maslow’s psychological demand theory and game theory and conduct an empirical study on Dingzhou City, China. The limited availability of remote sensing data means it is difficult to map the evolution patterns of rural settlements on medium and long time scales, and therefore, this paper explores and decrypts military satellite images, reveals the spatial evolution characteristics of rural settlements in Dingzhou, China from 1962 to 2020, and discusses the impact of policy factors on changes to rural settlements in different periods. The study found that from 1962 to 2020, the total area of rural settlements in Dingzhou showed a trend of continual increase, with a total increase of 8354.97 ha (73%). The average annual growth rates in 1962–1972, 1972–1990, 1990–2000, 2000–2010, and 2010–2020 were 0.29%, 1.17%, 1.81%, 1.26%, and 0.05%, respectively. The growth rate of rural settlements was relatively slow from 1962 to 1972. The policy was mainly because rural homesteads (land for building rural residences) were transformed from private ownership to “one homestead, two systems”, and the expansion of rural settlements was inhibited. From 1972 to 1990, with the deepening of reform and opening up, there was a boom in building houses in rural areas, and the growth rate of rural settlements increased. From 1990 to 2000, although the state strengthened the management of rural settlement use, there was still an increasing trend in the area of rural settlements; from 2000 to 2020 the implementation of policies such as “one house for one household" and “connecting increase and decrease" meant that the growth rate of rural settlements slowed.

The effect of cleaner and sustainable sewage fee-to-tax on business innovation

Can reform of “sewage fee-to-tax” promote corporate technological innovation by internalising environmental cost and strengthening environmental control? The difference between environmental tax and sewage charges were analysed along with summarising the economic consequences of environmental tax. The influence mechanism of the reform of “sewage fee-to-tax” on corporate technological innovation from the dual perspectives of tax and environmental regulation, based on tax theory, Porter hypothesis, and supply and demand theory, were explored. Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share listed companies about 1,150 in the years 2017–2021 are taken as the research sample. The impact of imposing environmental taxes on corporate technological innovation was empirically tested. It is found that imposing an environmental tax stimulates the innovation motivation of enterprises and significantly improves the input and output of corporate technology innovation. This paper has profound implications for perfecting the cleaner sustainable environmental tax system, stimulating corporate innovation, and promoting economic transformation.

A Game-Theoretic Approach of Optimized Operation of AC/DC Hybrid Microgrid Clusters

To maximize the benefits of microgrid clusters, a general model and analysis method for studying the optimized operation of AC/DC microgrid clusters using non-cooperative games is proposed. This paper first establishes the optimized objective function of an AC/DC microgrid for economic operations. Based on the supply and demand theory, the dynamic adjustment mechanism of electricity price is introduced into microgrid clusters, and a game model for the optimal operation of multiple microgrids is established. The Nash equilibrium solution of the established model is obtained by iterative search algorithm, and the convergence of the Nash equilibrium solution is also proven. Finally, the validity and economy of the proposed model are verified by the actual case.

Application of the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) Model in the Demand of the Household Commodity Group in Jordan

In this study, we provide estimates of An Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS), as reflected in the demand analysis for Jordan: the free, the homogeneous, the symmetric, and the restricted AIDS models were estimated. The evaluated total expenditure elasticities indicate that the demand for food and housing is inelastic concerning total expenditure (income), whereas the demand for all the other commodity groups is elastic. The uncompensated own-price elasticities indicate that demand for food and clothing items is inelastic and inelastic for all other commodity groups. One striking result was that the own-price elasticity for food seems to be relatively very large compared to the estimated for other countries. Based on the log-likelihood ratios, homogeneity and symmetry given homogeneity for the whole system were rejected. These findings suggest that the demand for aggregate commodity groups in Jordan is not consistent with the theory of demand

THE ECONOMIC FACETS OF LEGISLATION DURING THE FIRST ERA OF NAWAZ’S GOVERNMENT (1990-93) AND ITS IMPACTS ON THE ECONOMIC ISSUES OF PAKISTAN

This paper is an effort to highlight the economic aspects of the laws enacted during the first era of Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif (1990-1993). The focus is mainly on the legislation related to economic issues. The present paper is divided in to two parts. The first part of the paper deals with the legislation relating to the economic issues while the second part of the paper is emphasizing on a brief analysis and its impacts on the economic system of Pakistan followed by a conclusion. The issues are described and analyzed in the pretext of the two main theories i.e., the Demand Theory and The Economic Theory. Keywords: Nawaz Sharif, Government, Economic Legislation, Impacts.

The Work Engagement and Job Characteristics: Systematic Review and Guidelines for Future Avenues

This systematic review of forty articles aims to synthesise the increasing number of work done on work engagement and job characteristics by analysing the preferred sources from 2017 to 2021. The research studies were carefully chosen according to the researcher's inclusion criteria. The all-encompassing review of the literature has included an introduction,significance, and review of 'job characteristics theory, 'job demand theory', and elaborates innovative definition of 'work engagement' in the light of the literature review. The analyses were performed in terms of annual scientific production, most relevant sources, Bradford's law, source growth, tree map, and word dynamics through biblioshiny. MS Excel was used to evaluate the research studies. This systematic review will be beneficial to organisations and policymakers to plan the characteristics of jobs effectively to promote employee participation. Emphasis on the employees' work engagement and job characteristics will support apprehending the dream of a perfect workplace.

Consumer Group Identification Algorithm for Ice and Snow Sports

As an important part of the modern sports industry system, the quality and level of its development are related to whether China's sports industry can successfully become a pillar industry of the national economy. Therefore, the development of the ice and snow sports industry is to promote the expansion of China's sports industry scale high quality development of the national economy and an important way to build sports power. Participative sports consumption is the most important part of sports consumption and the development of the sports industry. The sports industry separated from participative sports consumption is water without source and tree without roots, while participative sports consumption demand is the power source of participative sports consumption. At present, there is no systematic and complete research on participation sports consumption demand. In order to understand the causes and demand state of residents' participation sports consumption demand and provide entry points for enterprises to formulate marketing strategies, this study constructs an organic system with participation sports service products as consumption objects, centering on the demanding state of participation sports consumers. In the system, on the theory of supply and demand, under the guidance of consumption economics theory, adhere to the combination of theoretical research and empirical analysis, the combination of macroplanning and microdesign, the combination of qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis, through the empirical investigation and receipt collection of residents' participation sports consumption demand, the use of systematic analysis, literature method, and survey method, through mathematical analysis, and other research methods, the paper explores the main causes and demand conditions of residents' participation sports consumption demand in different consumption states and excavates the main causes and demand conditions of participating sports consumption demand in different consumption states under different sports levels.

Valuing Recreation in Italy's Protected Areas Using Spatial Big Data

Protected areas offer unique opportunities for recreation, but the non-market nature of these benefits presents a significant challenge when trying to represent value in the decision-making processes. The most common techniques to value recreation are based on resource-intensive primary surveys which are difficult to perform at a large scale or in remote locations. This is true in the case of Italy, where a large and diverse network of protected areas suffers from lack of data. Here, we offer an alternative data source for the valuation of recreation by integrating the metadata of geotagged photographs from social media into single-site, individual travel cost models for 67 Italian protected areas. Count data model results are generally consistent with standard economic and consumer demand theory for ordinary goods, with a zero-truncated Poisson model returning down sloping demand curves for 50 of 67 sites. A significant travel cost coefficient was returned for 33 sites (p-value <0.05) for which consumer surplus estimates were found in the range between €6.33 and €87.16, with a mean value per trip of €32.82. Although not without their own challenges, the results presented highlight the possibilities of new forms of spatial big data as a novel data source for environmental economists.

Effects of Using Instructional Materials on the Academic Performance of Secondary School Students’ in Economics in Jos-North Local Government Area of Plateau State

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of using instructional materials on the academic performance of senior secondary school students’ in economics in Jos-North Local Government Area of Plateau State. Two research questions were used for the study. The design of the study was experimental: the area of the study was two secondary schools (one public and one private secondary school) out of 22 public schools and 97 private schools in Jos-North Local government area of Plateau state. The sample of the study was 87, comprising of 44 and 43 SS 2 Economics students respectively. The research questions were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean, standard deviation and standard error mean. The instrument used in the study was the Economics Students’ Achievement Test (ESAT). The instrument was a 20-item multiple choice test covering the following topics: the theory of demand and supply and population, which were covered during instruction. The instrument was trial tested on 20 students selected from a different school outside the study area using the Kuder-Richardson formula and the reliability of 0.84 was obtained. Hence, the reliability co-efficient was found to be reliable. The students were grouped into experimental and control groups by way of randomization. The findings showed that the experimental group scored higher than the control group which indicates that the use of instructional materials was more effective in teaching economics in secondary schools. Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended among others that teachers should be trained and re-trained through workshops, seminars and conferences in order to acquire necessary skills for the improvisation and utilization of instructional materials for teaching economics.

New Insights into the Traditional Charge Compensation Theory: Amphoteric Behavior of TiO2 under the Guidance of Supply-Demand Relationship.

Polymerization degree theory and traditional charge compensation theory are the most fundamental principles to understand the structure and properties of oxide melts. It can well explain the behavior characteristics of acidic oxides and basic oxides in a melt. However, the amphoteric behavior of oxides cannot be explained well by these two theories. Herein, the octahedral connection mode and the behavior of the amphoteric transition of TiO2 are analyzed by molecular dynamics simulation, and then, a calculation model which can quantitatively calculate the amphoteric transition of the oxide is established by analyzing a large number of data. On the basis of the model, a novel theory of supply and demand is put forward, which can explain the amphoteric transition behavior of oxides very well. To a great extent, the supply and demand theory makes up for the deficiency of the atomic structure theory of oxide melts and provides mechanism explanation and model prediction for the oxide amphoteric transformation behavior.

BRAZILIANS' PERSPECTIVE ON CRYPTOCURRENCIES

The advance in science and technology combined with the development of the Internet offers new options for the use of money. Economic agents are beginning to lose physical contact with money and carry out transactions through electronic channels. The debate on the subject is of international relevance and foresees the manifestation of the monetary authority, which shows the importance of the subject. This paper sought to present the theories of demand for cryptocurrencies, discuss the perspective of Brazilians in relation to digital assets, and show the role of cryptocurrencies in the current economy. This study aimed to identify how the growth in demand for cryptocurrencies can impact the financial system and the globalized economy. The methodology employed is bibliographical, documental, and field research on the monetary evolution and the perspective of Brazilians in relation to crypto assets. Based on the online questionnaire conducted with 170 respondents who answered about what they understand by digital assets, it was observed that most of them are not used to the theme in question, however, there is a great interest in learning. It is concluded that compared to sovereign currencies, cryptocurrency meets monetary demand in isolation, in each context and period.

How Time Pressure Matter University Faculties' Job Stress and Well-Being? The Perspective of the Job Demand Theory.

The work environment of employees has been greatly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, and many limitations and risks can be seen until now. In addition to employees in firms, the faculty in colleges and universities also suffer from pressure and face challenges. For the purpose of performance assessment and promotion, the faculty not only needs to teach students, but also assumes the time pressure from academic research. This study discusses the process in which the faculty’s subjective well-being is affected, in an effort to learn about the job demands of the faculty under the work environment with a high level of time pressure, and the effect of these time-related job demands on their psychological health. In this study, 347 valid questionnaires were collected from universities in coastal areas of the Chinese mainland. The results show that time-related job demands have a positive impact on time pressure; time pressure has a negative impact on subjective well-being; and time-related self-efficacy can significantly mediate the relationship among time-related job demands, time pressure, and subjective well-being. On this basis, this study proposes its theoretical and practical implications.

COMMODITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MODERN MEN’S SHOES

The authors determined that the current situation in the market of men’s shoes is developing in accordance with the principles of demand theory. As a result of declining incomes and a significant increase in prices, footwear consumption decreases to the level of minimum needs, consumption of cheap and low-quality goods increases. The authors found that footwear production in Ukraine is declining, despite the “fresh blood” in the form of numerous small workshops that have appeared in the country over the past two years in a wave of fashion for everything Ukrainian, the industry is still in the same state as and the entire economy. Currently, the situation in the country is quite favorable for increasing the production of domestic footwear, as some people are ready to give it preference over imported, for economic or patriotic reasons. But consumers do not have enough information about domestic products, in addition, it is poorly represented in retail outlets in Vinnytsia. In the last few years, the factors by which the Ukrainian consumer decides whether to buy a new pair of shoes, and if so, which one, have changed significantly. First, the main priority was price, not quality. If before the vast majority of consumers bought only leather shoes, now they agree to other materials to save. But Ukrainian manufacturers almost do not make shoes from artificial materials. On the one hand, they are not used to working with them, on the other – they focus on consumer tastes. However, they still do not take into account two important circumstances that have significantly changed consumer tastes in recent times: first, buyers want cheaper products; second, more and more consumers are refusing to wear genuine leather clothing and footwear for ethical reasons. So if manufacturers take into account new changing circumstances and updated consumer demands, they will be able to conquer most of the footwear market without much effort. The paper presents the results of research on the range of modern men’s shoes. A marketing study of the range of footwear of a specific regional market was conducted. The commodity characteristics of some types of modern men’s footwear, in particular “Oxfords”, “Derby” are presented.

Capital Theory and Effective Demand

Abstract Using simple national income accounting and a fixed coefficient two sector model this paper examines how the problem of capital valuation upsets the foundations of the marginal productivity theory of distribution. Assuming no capital valuation problem and zero Wicksell effect, both marginalist theory and the labour theory of value hold. However, the same equation that makes the Wicksell effect zero also entails the profit realization condition of effective demand for the ‘golden age’. This argument is extended providing a new perspective to the link between effective demand and capital theory.

Evaluation of GeMa CerMat Program During The Peak of COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia

The GeMa CerMat program from the Indonesian Ministry of Health was started in 2015 with the aim of rational drug use. The success of GeMa CerMat's goal in rational use of drugs was tested by the COVID-19 pandemic which reached its peak in June to August 2021. Public panic due to the high death rate of COVID-19 caused panic buying for drugs used in the treatment of COVID-19, including prescribed drugs. The demand for COVID-19 prescribed drugs without prescription describes the irrational use of drugs and an uncontrolled increase in demand that will lead to a shortage of drugs in distribution channels and increase the cost of purchase according to the theory of supply and demand. This study is an observational study using a cross-sectional analysis method from a number of pharmacies in each region, conducted from June to August 2021. The results showed an increase more than 2 times in demand for prescribed drugs without prescription for COVID-19 drugs, which resulted in an increase in purchasing lead times more than 3 times, as well as an increase in the cost of purchase of drugs more than 3 times and could be controlled with government selling price standard. The conclusion of this study is that the GeMa CerMat program has not succeeded in educating the public to use drugs rationally, as a result, during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic, panic buying occurred for COVID-19 prescribed drugs which resulted in an increase in purchasing lead time and cost of purchase.

The Market for Belief Systems: A Formal Model of Ideological Choice

Belief systems play a crucial role when it comes to guiding human information processing, evaluation, judgment, behavior, and social coordination. But why do individuals and groups adopt the specific ideologies they do? And is it possible to use the tools of economics to understand the decisions that are made in the market for ideology? To address these and related questions, we synthesize insights garnered from standard rational choice models, characteristics demand theory, and the distance theory of voting, as well as theory and research on “elective affinities” in psychology. We offer a formal analysis of the role of psychological and consumption needs in shaping the individual’s choice of ideology under circumstances of uncertainty and limited resources and other constraints, including informational costs associated with learning about the potential match values of specific ideologies. After providing a few examples, we mention one non-obvious implication of our model, namely that people can be “wrong” about their own ideological preferences according to the criteria of rational consistency and utility maximization.

Influence of household demographic and socio-economic factors on water demand in Ngamiland District, Botswana

ABSTRACT Water is one of the most important natural resources without which humans cannot survive. Although efforts have been geared toward ensuring an adequate water supply, potable water shortages continue to persist. This paper, therefore, analyses water demand at a local scale to enhance policymakers’ ability to make informed decisions on water demand management. The paper specifically probes the influence of demographic and socio-economic factors on household water demand in Ngamiland District of Botswana. Informed by neo-classical economic theory of supply and demand, a cross-sectional survey of 497 households was undertaken in Maun and Gumare villages. Household survey data collection was done using interview schedules and key informant interviews. The results revealed that gender showed a positive association with household’s monthly water demand, (X2 = 14.961; ρ < 0.05). The result of Spearman’s rank correlation test showed that household income and household size were the significant determinants of water demand. Household size was found to be the most variable influencing demand at a significant but moderate positive correlation with monthly water demand, rs = 0.422 and ρ < 0.05. The paper argues that policymakers might take into consideration the socio-economic parameters, which have a significant influence on water use and demand to implement proper demand management strategies.