Theory Of Demand Research Articles

What is a Right?

ABSTRACT This paper argues for a theory of natural rights on which they are explained in terms of reasons supplied by rational consent. When B has a claim-right against A that A φ, A ’s non-consent is not a reason for B not to simply make A φ. This theory solves a puzzle that defeats alternative views, including standard will and interest theories, the demand theory of rights, and the view that rights are irreducible or primitive.

The relationship between childhood SES and health in middle and old age: evidence from China.

Drawing from the extended Grossman health capital and demand theory and the life course theory, this study examined whether childhood SES has direct and significant correlation with health in middle and old age in a specific historical context in China. A sample of 9,861 respondents was obtained from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Childhood SES was measured by objective indices of recall. Health was assessed by self-reported, physician diagnosis and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD). The Propensity Score Matching (PSM) was used to estimate the treatment effect between childhood SES and later life health. The Karlson-Holm-Breen (KHB) method was employed to examine the associative mediation effects. Compared to respondents with low SES in childhood, respondents with high SES in childhood had, on average, 5.1% more likely to report their health as good, an average 2.4% lower prevalence of chronic diseases and an average 7.6% lower in the score of depression in middle and old age. The indirect relationships of childhood health, adulthood SES and adulthood lifestyle with health in middle and old age were all significant. SES upward mobility in adulthood can diminish the association between childhood disadvantage and poor health in middle and old age. The health effects of childhood SES can persist into middle and old age, this is more noticeable in rural areas, particularly in females. The critical period, cumulative risk and social mobility models produce synergistic effects in China. Our results also promote a paradigm shift in health interventions from old age to early life for health-vulnerable populations.

Bridging Experimental Neuroscience and Clinical Neuropsychology: Fluid Intelligence in Frontal Lobe Assessments

This viewpoint explores the gap between theoretical frameworks in experimental neuroscience and clinical neuropsychology. It highlights how John Duncan's theory of the Multiple Demand (MD) system, which links the frontal lobe to fluid intelligence (g), helps explain general performance on classical executive tests. However, it also discusses how traditional scores often fail to capture the complexity of behaviours associated with frontal lobe damage, and we suggest that developing improved scoring methods could be useful for integrating experimental and clinical neuropsychology insights.

Research on the Location Selection Problem of Electric Bicycle Battery Exchange Cabinets Based on an Improved Immune Algorithm

The rise of new energy technologies has accelerated progress towards sustainable development, and many companies are beginning to invest in renewable resource-related facilities. Electric bicycles have always been an important mode of green transportation; however, they also have problems such as slow charging, difficult charging, and that burning and short circuiting may occur during charging. Electric bicycle battery exchange cabinets effectively solve these problems by exchanging low batteries with full batteries instead of charging. However, current battery exchange cabinets face the problems of insufficient construction and unreasonable site selection. Therefore, this paper proposes a location selection model for electric bicycle battery exchange cabinets based on point demand theory, aiming to maximize rider satisfaction and the service capacity of exchange cabinets. The immune algorithm is introduced to solve the location model; however, the traditional immune algorithm has some problems such as poor stability and slow convergence. In this paper, the mutation process of the traditional immune algorithm is improved by introducing multi-point mutation, guided mutation, and local search. Finally, based on the data of electric bicycle riders in Shanghai, we verify that the location model based on point demand theory performs well on two objective functions of rider satisfaction and battery exchange cabinet service capability. We also expand the application of point demand theory to location models. Then, by conducting experiments with different parameter groups, through sensitivity analysis and convergence analysis, we verified that the improved immune algorithm performs better than the traditional immune algorithm in its accuracy, search accuracy, stability, and convergence.

A Study on the Impact of European Countries' Digital Economy Development on China's Export of Communication Equipment into Europe

On the basis of combing relevant literature, this paper collects policy and data information, analyzes the status of European digital economy development and the development process and export status of China's communication equipment, this paper finds two theoretical explanation mechanisms combining product life cycle theory and consumer demand theory, which proves the correlation between the development of European digital economy and the export of Chinese communication equipment to Europe.

“The principles of political economy, though often quoted, are little understood.” Fleeming Jenkin on trade unions and the law of supply and demand

The paper proposes a rational reconstruction of Fleeming Jenkin’s 1868 analysis of wage determination in labour markets characterised by the presence of trade unions. Jenkin intended to show that the supply and demand theory of market price determination did not support the thesis sustained by the opponents of trade unions that the latter are unable to permanently achieve a market-clearing wage higher than that which would be obtained in their absence. Starting with a definition of “demand” and “supply” of a given commodity as functions of a few economic variables, Jenkin elaborated a fresh critique of the wages fund theory and highlighted the impact of trade unions on both supply and demand for labour.

Research on the Optimization of University Management Service Systems Based on Student Needs

In the context of modern higher education, students' demands on university management service systems are becoming increasingly diversified and personalized. The current university management service systems have some deficiencies and fail to fully meet the actual needs of students. This paper analyzes the theories of university management service, student demand, and service quality, explores the current status of university management service systems, identifies existing problems and challenges, and proposes optimization strategies based on student needs. These strategies include student demand analysis and feedback mechanisms, optimization of management service processes, informatization and intelligent services, and training and quality improvement of management service personnel. The aim is to build a more efficient university management service system that meets student needs.

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI TINGKAT PARTISIPASI ANGKATAN KERJA AKTIF DI INDONESIA

This study explores the factors influencing Indonesian community participation in the labor force, employing a descriptive qualitative method with data collection through literature review. Although Indonesia possesses significant human resource potential that could support economic growth and compete globally, employment issues remain a substantial challenge. Despite the increasing number of people entering the working age, the availability of job opportunities has not kept pace, leading to an imbalance between labor supply and demand. This research identifies three key factors affecting active labor force participation: unemployment, education, and minimum wage. The study is relevant to the Labor Demand Theory, which explains how imbalances in the labor market affect workforce decisions. By understanding these factors, it is hoped that the government can formulate effective policies to create new job opportunities and support economic growth and community well-being more comprehensively. This research aims to provide useful insights for policy-making that could enhance labor force participation and address employment issues in Indonesia.

Critical analysis of non-price actions driving installation of biogas technology to upgrade existing buildings in Ghana: a demand theory approach

The gradual degradation of faeces and other organic materials through the process of fermentation results in the manufacture of biogas. Generally, as the cost of construction increases, the demand for biogas should fall, which in this case is the opposite. Thus, this study seeks to identify drivers of the current surge in the installation of the biogas system in Ghana for the decisions that could be implemented to reinforce gains. This study adopted a quantitative survey-based assessment approach to identify the drivers for policy formulation. The results show that reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, training of trainees and the community, cost savings, public education, bank loans, available waste stock, etc. are the key drivers accelerating the continuous growth of the industry in Ghana. Furthermore, a high degree of agreement was observed from the participants regarding the non-price drivers of biogas. The results present government agencies including the Ministry of Energy, the Energy Commission and industries with an action plan to restructure the concept of renewable energy sources in Ghana. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive outlook of biogas generation system, which could be explicitly used in capacity development to create a sustainable progress of biogas development in Ghana.

The application of IGA in urban landscape design optimization

SummaryThe foundation of urban landscape design optimization is the precise evaluation of the effectiveness. To address the issues of strong subjectivity, low efficiency, and poor accuracy in urban landscape design evaluation methods, an intelligent evaluation method combining improved genetic algorithm and error backpropagation neural network is proposed. First, based on Maslow's demand theory and questionnaire survey results, it selects indicators to construct an evaluation index system for urban landscape design. Second, in response to the performance defects of the error backpropagation neural network model, the moth flame algorithm is used to optimize it. Then, in response to the defect that the optimization effect of the moth flame algorithm is not ideal enough, a multiple strategy including improved genetic algorithm is adopted to optimize it. Finally, an urban landscape design evaluation model is constructed based on improved error backpropagation neural network. The experimental results show that the fitting coefficient of the model is 0.9523, with a minimum deviation of less than 1%. The above results indicate that the proposed model can effectively improve the accuracy and efficiency of urban landscape design evaluation, providing data support for urban landscape design optimization. The research on the intelligent development of urban landscape design is of reference significance and has to some extent promoted the development of urban landscape design.

Analysis of Optimal Variables of Return Freight Insurance Decision for Each Part of Supply Chain Based On Stackelberg Game

Based on the theory of demand and profit function, this paper studies the effects of different return freight insurance policies on manufacturers (sellers), platform optimal price, and optimal wholesale price under the distribution model. By constructing a mathematical model under Steinkelberg game, this paper analyzes the model without freight insurance and the model with freight insurance borne by different parts of the supply chain to explore the changes of the optimal variables of each party. The results show that: with the increase of the residual value of returned goods, the optimal retail price and the optimal return volume will increase, while the optimal wholesale price and the optimal demand will decrease. Under the model of freight insurance shared by the platform and the manufacturer, with the increase of freight insurance shared by the manufacturer and the platform, the optimal selling price increases, the optimal demand and the optimal return volume decrease, and when the cost of freight insurance borne by the manufacturer exceeds half, the wholesale price increases. Under the model of buyer bearing freight insurance, when consumers have high price sensitivity, the higher the cost of consumer bearing freight insurance, the lower the maximum selling price.

Potholes, 311 reports, and a theory of heterogeneous resident demand for city services

AbstractUnderstanding the needs of residents is vital in public administration and management, as this helps officials when making choices on policies and service distribution. Increasingly, cities rely on 311 systems to elicit information from residents on emergent needs in particular policy areas (e.g., road quality, pest control). For residents, 311 systems provide a low‐cost means of voicing concerns, whereas for public officials and researchers, they provide low‐cost data on specific, discrete needs. We argue that residents systematically differ in their engagement with 311 systems, with lower‐income, minority communities less likely to participate and, therefore, less likely to receive city services. We test this argument using census‐tract data from the city of Houston and find that 311 reports are significantly less frequent in areas with lower average socioeconomic status, more Black residents, and more Hispanic residents. Furthermore, we find that these same areas are more likely to have potholes. Taken together, our results indicate that despite greater need (more potholes), fewer services are demanded (less 311 reports) in areas with lower socioeconomic status and a higher percentage of minority residents. This suggests that public officials need to carefully consider heterogeneity in 311 participation to ensure these systems do not inadvertently exacerbate inequities in public services.

A Brief Analysis of the Reasons for the Lack of Short-term Financial Products in Hong Kong, China

In mainland China, short-term financial products such as Yu 'e Bao, Changtong,Chaochaobao, stock funds, index funds, hybrid funds, and pure debt funds are favored by the public. But in Hong Kong, the world's third largest financial center, short-term financial products have disappeared. This paper analyzes the reasons for the lack of short-term financial products in Hong Kong from internal reasons such as fund companies,products and target customers and external reasons such as economy, law and science and technology through the methods of comparison, example and literature research, etc., and the theory of supply and demand. This paper also puts forward suggestions for the future development of financial products in Hong Kong and Mainland China.

The Problem of Verifying the Market Demand Theory

The Problem of Verifying the Market Demand Theory

Price responsiveness of solar and wind capacity demands

Accurate estimates of the price responsiveness of residential, commercial, and industrial electricity demands are essential for energy policy modelling, integrated resource planning, and determining a competitive wholesale electricity market's generation levels, prices, and capacity investments. Hence, we estimate the own-price elasticities of solar and wind capacity demands of a load serving entity (LSE) that provides retail electricity service, thereby answering two interrelated research questions: (1) does solar capacity demand far exceed wind capacity demand? and (2) are solar and wind capacity demands price-elastic? Inspired by the theory of input demand under input price uncertainty, our innovative methodology integrates (a) wholesale spot energy price forecasts by time of day; (b) pseudo data found by minimizing a LSE's annual risk-adjusted budget for procuring solar and wind capacities; and (c) econometric analysis of (b) to estimate the extent of substitutability between solar and wind capacities and the own-price elasticities of solar and wind capacity demands. Using Texas as an illustrative example, we find that when solar and wind power purchase agreements have similar energy prices, solar capacity demand is approximately four times wind capacity demand. Further, the own-price elasticity estimates are −5.34 for solar capacity demand and −5.65 for wind capacity demand. As a result, solar and wind capacity demands tend to substantially grow (shrink) in response to declining (rising) solar and wind energy prices. This lends support to proposals to raise solar and wind energy prices for mitigating the adverse effects of large-scale variable renewable energy development on an electric grid's efficient operation and system reliability. However, adopting such proposals also slows the grid's pace of decarbonization, thus underscoring the policy and regulatory challenges in the quest for a clean and sustainable electricity future. Hence, our policy recommendation of price managing solar and wind capacity demands is a topic of policy debate that deserves the attention of an electric grid's stakeholders.

Exploring the impact of social networking usage on attachment styles and mental health: A study among college students in Vietnam

This study aimed to explore how attachment styles, fear of missing out symptoms, social networking usage, social connectedness, and time spent on social networking relate to each other. This study involved 310 randomly selected college students in Vietnam between March and April 2023. Participants completed an online questionnaire, providing demographic information and responses from three scales: The Fear of Missing Out Scale (FOMOs), Experiences in Close Relationships - Revised - General Short Form (ECR-R-GRF), The Social Connectedness Scale, and The Social Networking Time Use Scale (SONTUS). The research sought to examine how attachment style, fear of missing out, social networking time use, social connection, and time spent on social networking interact. The study found that (a) fear of missing out significantly and positively influences attachment styles, (b) time spent on social networking sites positively impacts attachment style, and (c) social networking time use affects attachment style by serving as a mediator through fear of missing out. Additionally, the time individuals spend on social networking platforms influences the relationship between fear of missing out and attachment styles. This study contributes to the understanding of how social network usage affects mental health, clarifies social network attachment demand theory, and offers guidance for families, schools, and psychological organizations to promote social integration and well-being among students.

Replenishment Pricing of Vegetable Commodities in a Supermarket as an Example in China

In this paper, for the automatic pricing and replenishment decision-making problem of vegetable commodities, it is found that there are certain seasonal characteristics in the sales of vegetables in each category, and wavelet analysis is carried out on the daily sales data of single products to get the sales cycle of each category. For the vegetable single product with large amount of data, all single products are divided into four categories of common household vegetables, packaged vegetables, seasonal special vegetables and special vegetables by systematic cluster analysis, and the time distribution characteristics of single products are described by the sales time series of typical members in each cluster. Based on the market demand theory, the cost-plus pricing and sales volume data of the categories were fitted, and the relationship was obtained to be negatively correlated. Taking the purchase quantity and pricing of each category as the decision variables, maximizing revenue as the objective function, and taking the historical maximum purchase quantity of each category and the historical maximum purchase quantity of the superstore as the constraints, a nonlinear programming model was established to formulate the pricing and replenishment strategies for vegetable products. By solving the model, the optimal strategy of replenishment volume and pricing for the future seven-day category is derived, corresponding to the maximum profit of ￥3124.75.

Factors Influencing the Employability of Teachers’ University Students: An Empirical Study from Sichuan Province, China

Introduction: This paper explores the complexities of employability among graduates of teachers' universities within the evolving landscape of China's higher education and labor market. Drawing from market demand theory and aligning with the emphasis on "Employment" in the 20th National Congress Report of the Communist Party of China, the study meticulously analyzes the multifaceted dimensions of employability, encompassing human capital, psychological capital, and career identity. Through a cohesive theoretical framework, the research unveils the nuanced intricacies of employability, providing valuable insights for academia and practical application. Objective: The research objectives of this study are to analyze the individual factors that influence the employability of teachers' university students, test the model and hypotheses regarding the individual factors that influence the employability of teachers' university students, and explain the reasons behind each significant individual factor that influences the employability of teachers' university students and explore their interrelationships. Theoretical Framework: It includes a literature review on labor market theory as a moderating variable. The relationships among these variables are examined, leading to the development of the research conceptual framework for the employability of teachers' university students and the formulation of hypotheses based on theory and literature analysis. Method: To ensure the reliability and validity of the findings, this study employs a quantitative research approach. The sample is selected using proportional sampling and systematic sampling techniques, which enhance the representativeness of the sample. A questionnaire is adapted from previous studies to collect data on the employability of teachers’ university students. The use of a validated questionnaire from past research ensures the consistency and comparability of the data collected. Results and Discussion: Based on the quantitative research data, it is evident that human capital, encompassing students' professional skills, practical skills, and generic skills, along with psychological capital, comprising self-efficacy, optimism, hope, and resilience, play a pivotal role in shaping the employability of teachers' university students. And career identity also can enhance the employability of teachers’ university students.

JOB CREATORS OF FRESH GRADUATES IN TECHNICAL INSTITUTIONS

Objective: The main objective of this research is to explore the elements of technical graduates who want to create their own jobs after graduated. Theoretical Framework: The study aims to list down the elements of technical graduates who want to create their own jobs using Delphi Technique. Kajian ini menggunakan Entrepreneurship Theory, Supply and Demand Theory, Human Capital Theory, Innovation Theory dan Structural Unemployment Theory sebagai asas dalam pembangunan kerangka tersebut. Design/Methodology/Approaches: This study uses primary data where elements are obtained from articles, journals, books related to entrepreneurship, career, and employability. The approach used in this study is quantitative and the Delphi Technique has been applied in collecting and validating the collected elements. The quantitative approach used is to use a cross-sectional survey design where a set of questionnaires has been distributed to 331 graduates in technical fields in Malaysia to answer the main purpose of the study which is to identify students' perceptions of 17 elements that have been confirmed by experts and to find if there are a significant relationship between parents' occupational background to these 17 confirmed elements among students. Findings: The data obtained was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical analysis, which is Mean, Median, Interquartile Range and Standard Deviation to answer each stated research objective. Overall, technical graduates have an average perception of the elements of creating a job. They lack this element in themselves as a job creator. The conclusion of this research, it is hoped that the interest groups involved in curriculum development, the administrators as well as the students themselves can improve themselves with skills and business knowledge so that the spirit of entrepreneurship increases among students and at the same time can reduce the unemployment rate and matching in the job and the business field that is engaged with the field that have been studied in institution. Originality/Value: This study is more relevant and practically applied to education institutions who want to offer new programs to graduates and create courses or programs related to student competence.

Exploring New Opportunities for Rural Development: Based on the Research on the Trend of Young Migrant Workers Returning Home to Purchase Houses in Guangzhou

In recent years, many young people who appear on the Internet share their hometown to build their own houses, attracting a considerable part of the traffic. Most of these young people are young migrant workers. After struggling in the first and second tier cities, they choose to return to their hometown to live and buy house, which is contrary to the traditional impression of leaving home and entering the city. In this context, based on the theory of push and pull theory, Maslow's level of demand theory and social cognition theory, this paper uses the method of case study to analyze the reasons for the reverse selection of young migrant workers returning home to build houses in Guangzhou. Although there is a phenomenon of some young migrant workers returning to their hometown, the attraction of rural areas to these youth is still insufficient. Compared with the pressure of living cost and the thrust of lonely life in big cities, the pulling power of life convenience and opportunity is small. In order to achieve the strategic goal of rural revitalization, more hometown cities should optimize the talent introduction strategy and increase the sense of belonging of the returning young migrant workers.