Theory Of Cost-benefit Analysis Research Articles

The Relationship of Organization and Technology to the Application of Activity-Based Cost Accounting Systems in Enterprises in Hanoi

Purpose: The article analyzes the relationship of organization and technology to the application of an activity-based cost accounting system in enterprises in Hanoi, providing more empirical evidence on the relationship between organizations and individuals. organization and technology to the application of an activity-based cost accounting system in enterprises in Hanoi. Theoretical framework: This paper uses the The innovation diffusion theory, The resource theory, The theory of cost-benefit analysis. Design/Methodology/Approach: The research method uses a questionnaire survey of accountants, chief accountants, business managers. After the survey results are available, perform data processing by statistical methods to determine the weight and frequency of selected factors, process the data on SPSS statistics 25 software, analyze the reliability of the data. factors as well as factor measurement criteria, and at the same time apply statistical methods to synthesize and compare to estimate the impact of the relationship of organization and technology on the application of the application of activity-based cost accounting systems in enterprises in Hanoi. Findings: The research results show that the support of managers, the leader, the size of the organization, the ABC consultants, the cost, the variety and complexity of the product, and the relative advantage have a positive relationship with the job. applying an activity-based cost accounting system in enterprises in Hanoi. Research, practical & social implications: Based on the research results, the author has proposed recommendations to apply the activity-based cost accounting system in enterprises in Hanoi. Originality/Value: This study fills the gap in The relationship of organization and technology to the application of activity-based cost accounting systems in enterprises in Hanoi.

Is Human Behavior Inconsistent with Economic Theory and Misbehaving? Comment on Chapter 3 of Richard H. Thaler’s Book, <i>Misbehaving: The Making of Behavioral Economics</i>

Nobel Laureate Richard H. Thaler published the book, Misbehaving: The Making of Behavioral Economics, in 2015. In it, he discusses how human misbehavior and the impacts of misbehaviors on markets have been incorrectly calculated. After reading his book, and especially chapter 3, “The List”, I found that the five examples included in chapter 3 might not appropriately be used to explain human behavior’s effect on economic theory and human misbehavior. These examples may mislead readers and make readers believe that human behavior is inconsistent with economic theory and human misbehavior. Here, I provide different views and analyses using fundamental economic theory—the theory of cost-benefit analysis—to clarify my argument that people’s behavior (as listed in Thaler’s chapter 3) is not inconsistent with economic theory and not examples of misbehavior.

Analysis and Evaluation of Energy and Environmental Benefits of New Energy Vehicles

At present, China’s oil and natural gas external dependence is increasing, the energy security situation is increasingly grim, the automobile industry is an important reason for the rapid growth of crude oil consumption, the development of new energy automobile industry has become a global consensus. This paper aims to study the development strategy of China’s new energy(NE) vehicle industry through cost-benefit analysis, so as to provide reference for China’s NE vehicle demonstration and promotion vehicle selection and the next step of technology research and development, which has certain reference significance for China’s NE vehicle technology research and development and promotion. From a macro perspective, this paper firstly analyzes the problems existing in the industrialization process of NE vehicles in combination with the current development status of China’s NE vehicle industry. Secondly, the cost-benefit analysis theory is introduced into the strategy research of China’s NE vehicle industry, and the cost-benefit index of China’s NE vehicle development is identified and selected to construct the index system. Thirdly, the ahP is used to analyze the cost-benefit index and predict its development trend. Finally, according to the results of the previous analysis, the policy recommendations for the rational development of China’s NE vehicle industry are put forward, and the development priorities and tasks of China’s NE vehicles are clearly put forward.

Challenges Facing Heads of Schools in Performing Procurement Activities: A Case of Public Secondary Schools in Monduli District Arusha, Tanzania

The purpose of this paper was to examine the challenges facing heads of schools in performing procurement activities in public secondary schools. The current study employed mixed research approach and convergent parallel design. A sample size of 198 respondents comprising of 152 teachers, 36 procurement committee members, 4 heads of school, 4 school bursars, 1 District education officer and 1 head of procurement management unit. Both probability and none probability sampling techniques were used to gather the participants. This study adopted cost-benefit analysis theory. Data were collected using questionnaires and in-depth interviews. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically and presented in themes and summarization while quantitative data were analyzed descriptively with the help of Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20 and presented by charts, tables, percentages and frequencies. Quantitative instruments were validated using split half and a coefficient of 0.79 was obtained whereas content and face validity used to validate the quantitative instrument. Credibility was used to validate the qualitative tools while, reliability of qualitative instrument was ensured through the use of dependability. The findings revealed that challenges facing heads of schools included lack of procurement personnel, inadequate knowledge, skills and experience on procurement, insufficient funds, political interference, and favouritism and nepotism. The study recommended that there should be efforts to overcome the challenges facing heads of schools so as to improve the procurement practices in secondary schools

Monetary and Non-Monetary Indicators of Cost-Benefit Analysis in Industrialised Building System Project: An Initial Conceptual Model

Industrialised Building System (IBS) is known as a construction system that consists of a combination of components manufactured either on-site or off-site then positioned and assembled into structures. Among the benefits of IBS construction includes labour cost reduction, support desirable environment, maximize efficient use of resources and waste minimisation towards sustainable construction. However, Malaysian construction industry still has a low take-up rate on IBS construction. Hence, to promote the project’s viability via IBS, ideally, the benefits of IBS are more reliable to be presented in tangible (monetary) value and intangible (non-monetary) basis rather than descriptive benefits. Therefore, Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) can be used in order to identify the soft issue or non-direct cost and elicits more transparency in IBS projects. This paper presents the conceptual review of the fundamental theory of CBA on the measurement of cost and benefits that can be converted as a weighing impact for an IBS project. An initial conceptual model known as CBA-IBS model is proposed as an approach that a decision maker can use to find the balance between the amount of effort invested in the initial cost of IBS construction and the realised revenues This study concluded that CBA is able to highlight the viability of IBS for construction in more comprehensive criteria of monetary and non-monetary benefits. This paper is a review of previous studies on monetary and non-monetary indicators of CBA that suit with IBS project. The study is supported by existing literature, primarily in the most recent research, which supports the indicators of CBA. From the literature reviews, sets of monetary and non-monetary indicators of CBA that related to IBS is obtained. The result of this study will provide novel ideas to optimize sustainable construction and prolong sustainability in design, financial, buildability, operation, life-cycle and environmental aspects. CBA-IBS model will be introduced as a theoretical basis for decision-makers in adopting IBS for their construction projects.

Cost-Benefit Analysis Theory versus Practice at the World Bank 1960 to 2015

Two cost-benefit analysis methods developed from differing economic situations and analytical objectives in the 1960s and 1970s. The Trade Policy Approach of Ian Little and James Mirrlees analyzed international competitiveness of projects producing private goods and physical infrastructure in markets severely distorted by trade protectionism; it was adopted in 1975 by the World Bank; the multilateral regional development banks followed suit. The Public Finance Approach of Arnold Harberger developed from comparative statics analyses of public projects and policies in the United States and was adopted at the US Agency for International Development and in several Latin American countries. The original Trade Policy Approach included social analysis too tedious for everyday application, leading an efficiency-only version to emerge and be popularized by teaching materials from Price Gittinger and colleagues in the World Bank’s Economic Development Institute. It proved the right method for World Bank use until Washington Consensus reforms, the GATT and WTO reduced price distortions, and slowly restored private international financial flows gave private industry access to international private investment capital. Official Development Assistance (ODA) portfolios responded by refocusing on public goods and market failures, leading to decreased utility of the Trade Policy Approach and decreased use of cost-benefit analysis at the World Bank. A 1990s drive in the World Bank to switch from the Trade Policy Approach to the increasingly relevant Public Finance Approach resulted in an internal manual and operational guidelines, but not a book from a distinguished university press, commonly presumed to signal official Bank policy. It is time for that long-overdue book to be published.

THE IMPACT OF COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS ON DECISION MAKING CONCERNING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE URBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM: CASE OF KAUNAS CITY

The formulation of scenarios for developing the urban transport infrastructure requires decisions mainly based on the intuition of experts in transport and highly influenced by public interest groups, business entities and political opinions. However, the reached decisions sometimes fail to be the most efficient. Therefore, to avoid errors and ensure the development of a sustainable transport system, the economical appraisal of infrastructure development scenarios is necessary. The economic evaluation of the developed scenarios can be carried out through macro-simulation and cost-benefit analysis. This paper deals with the Kaunas City Master Plan providing solutions to transport infrastructure development. According to the Master Plan, solutions can be classified considering 3 cathegories (priorities), although the detailed sequence of implementation is not given. With the help of macro-simulation, this study arranged Master Plan solutions into scenarios, checked all 20 scenarious and established an implementation order based on the theory of cost benefit analysis. The identified order substantially differs from the priorities set in the Master Plan.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHYSICAL RESOURCES AND INTERNAL EFFICIENCY OF PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN TANA RIVER COUNTY, KENYA

Education creates a platform upon which economic, social and political prosperity of any nation is founded. Investment in education can help bring about economic growth, improve productivity, contribute to social and national development and lead to reduction in social inequality. This study was therefore to affirm the above sentiments by confirming whether physical resources in any way relate to internal efficiency in secondary schools of Tana River County. The study specifically sought to establish the relationship between physical resources and internal efficiency of public secondary schools in Tana River County in terms of number of classrooms, laboratories, textbooks, furniture, toilets/latrines, and electricity among others. The research particularly sought to determine the magnitude of inefficiency in form of dropout, repetition, and completion and aimed at providing possible solutions in relation to physical resources to minimize wastage in secondary schools and establish corrective measures that can minimize dropouts and repetition. The study was guided by the cost benefit analysis theory which aims at achieving optimal output. This theory stresses that the out-put of any investment should be correlated with the in-put in order to assess profitability. The objectives of the study were to assess the adequacy of physical resources in development and enhancing internal efficiency in public secondary schools, to find out the relationship between physical resources and dropout rate, to examine the relationship between physical resources and repetition rate of public secondary schools in Tana river County, to find the relationship between physical resources and completion rate and finally to develop complimentary policies and interventions related to physical resources that can reduce wastage in public secondary schools of Tana river County. The study was conducted using a descriptive survey and correlation research designs and the data was collected using questionnaires, interview guide and documentary analysis from 15 secondary schools which were visited by the researcher; 1 County Director of Education, 3 District Education officers, 15 Principals and 30 teachers were contacted with the Principals being purposively selected and teachers selected randomly from the accessible population. Data generated was analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitative data from interview schedule and questionnaires was analyzed thematically based on research objectives. Data from documents analysis and numerical data generated from interview schedules with key informants was analyzed using mean, frequency counts and percentages. Chi-square test was used to establish relationships between physical resources, dropout, repetition, and completion rates. On the first objective, the study found out that school in Tana River County had inadequate physical resources and that those available were in poor condition. On objective two, the study found out that there was no relationship between dropout rates and condition of physical resources. On objective three and four the study found out that there was positive significant relationship between repetition, completion rates and condition of physical resources. The research also revealed that the secondary education system in Tana River County as at the period of study was inefficient with a mean dropout rate of 16.0.On the basis of findings, the study concluded that physical resources are positively correlated with internal efficiency of public secondary schools in Tana river County. It was therefore recommended that for realization of internal efficiency, there was need to equip schools in Tana River County with the necessary physical resources, adequate mechanisms and procedures for ensuring retention and high completion rates in schools. Finally, the researcher suggested that schools should be given funds directly for them to have a chance of prioritizing and acquiring essential physical resources based on their specific needs. Article visualizations:

Public Enterprises, Policy Adoption and Planning: Three Welfare Propositions

Public enterprises are production units of goods or services under government control. In spite of wide privatizations in the last two decades, public provision in this form can be observed in many countries and sectors, particularly in education, health, transport, energy and environment. This paper uses social Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) theory to explore the rationale for public enterprises. Three welfare propositions arise from CBA theory in a general equilibrium setting: (1) Under symmetric information and benevolent government, public provision is socially beneficial if: (a) there is a well defined production plan for some goods; (b) optimal policy and socially desirable projects are selected in such a way as to pass a social cost-benefit test at shadow prices; (c) production can never be shut down for some socially desirable goods and optimal procurement is equivalent to public production. (2) Under not (fully) benevolent government, and asymmetric information: (a) sub-optimal policy adoption leads to inconsistency in project selection; (b) the allocation of property rights will also be distorted, as privatization or government ownership are signals fixed by the government; (c) public provision and public procurement will be no more equivalent, because fo differences in information costs. (3) If the social planner is not fully benevolent, but cannot profit from policy design: (a) shadow prices are still sufficient statistics for the evaluating changes of the public plan; (b) public enterprises will be welfare superior to privately-owned enterprises (POEs) when the rents of the planner related to public ownership are less than the rents of the private providers under procurement, and shadow prices must be used to compare the outcomes. The message of the paper points to the overall quality of institutions as a pre-condition for socially desirable public enterprises as this environment provides policy-makers with the correct incentives to design and implement meaningful policies even when public administrators adopt sub-optimal plans. Hence, the building of a sound quality of institutions should be primarily focused on those mechanisms that select policies. Institutions should constrain self-interested policy-makers from disrupting the welfare signals for policy adoption as well as for project appraisal.

Study of the Development Countermeasures for Hebei Province Photovoltaic Power Generation Enterprise Based on the Cost-Benefit Analysis

Uses cost-benefit analysis theory, combined with analytic hierarchy process, set up the cost benefit analysis index system for hebei province, Quantitative study the present situation and problems of photovoltaic power generation enterprises in hebei, then put forward the development countermeasures, which can make Hebei find suitable mode for their own photovoltaic development according to their characteristics.

Shadow Wages for the EU Regions*

AbstractAccording to cost–benefit analysis theory, the shadow wage rate (SWR) is the social opportunity cost of labour. After reviewing earlier theoretical and empirical literature, we define the SWR under four labour market conditions: fairly socially efficient (FSE), quasi‐Keynesian unemployment (QKU), urban labour dualism (ULD) and rural labour dualism (RLD). We offer, for the first time, a short‐cut empirical estimation of the shadow wages for the European Union (EU) at the regional (NUTS2) level. Our estimated values are in the form of conversion factors, i.e. coefficients that translate actual observed real wages into shadow wages, as required by the evaluation of public investment projects under the Structural Funds of the EU. Our results are obtained with an empirical strategy that is easy to implement with aggregate regional data, differently from traditional micro‐data‐based approaches to the estimation of the SWR, which are costly, project specific and often difficult to apply because of lack of information.

Estimating intergenerational distribution preferences

Resource management decisions influence not only the output of the economy but also the distribution of utility between groups within the community. The theory of cost benefit analysis provides a means of incorporating distributional changes into the decision making calculus through the application of distributional or welfare weights. However, this practice has not been widely adopted in part due to difficulties in the estimation of distributional weights. This paper addresses this problem by using the stated preference method of choice modelling to estimate distributional weights suitable for inclusion in a cost benefit analysis framework. The findings of a choice modelling experiment designed to estimate community preferences with respect to intergenerational utility distribution illustrate the potential of this method in addressing distributional issues.

The Positive Political Theory of Cost-Benefit Analysis: A Comment on Johnston

producing outcomes with lower social welfare (overall well-being), relative to the outcomes that would have been produced had the institution not been in place. This is easy to see, in a general way. What are much harder to understand are the various and potentially interacting mechanisms that generate slippage between the internal aim of CBA and its actual outcome, and to determine which institutionCBA, risk-risk analysis, benefits-only analysis, benefits-only analysis constrained by technological feasibility, or some other institution'-in fact maximizes social welfare within a given regulatory domain. Jason Johnston's article, A Game Theoretic Analysis of Alternative Institutions for Regulatory Cost-Benefit Analysis,' sheds much light on these issues. More generally, the article constitutes a substantial contribution to the positive political theory of regulation. My brief Commentary, however, will focus on what Professor Johnston's article says or implies about the welfare effect of CBA and its alternatives. CBA might reduce welfare because: (1) CBA has direct procedural costs. Time and money need to be expended to perform a costbenefit analysis. (2) Agencies are epistemically imperfect. They might make frequent mistakes in performing CBA and fewer mistakes in applying some other test that is reasonably well correlated with

NEW FRONTIERS IN PROJECT EVALUATION?: A COMMENT ON DEVARAJAN, SQUIRE, AND SUTHIWART-NARUEPUT

Readers might infer from the paper by Devarajan, Squire, and Suthiwart-Narueput and from Hammer's applications of that methodology to health projects, that the authors are proposing fundamental modifications of the standard techniques and of received theory of cost-benefit analysis (otherwise known as applied welfare economics and in some uses as social or economic project evaluation). Such an inference is not warranted, however. So far as I can see, nearly everything the authors propose fits quite easily within the inherited corpus of applied welfare economics. The steps that they advocate are modifications not of standard cost-benefit analysis, but of habits that have developed over the years and decades both in the World Bank and quite generally among practitioners of economic project evaluation. Hammer nicely summarizes Devarajan, Squire, and Suthiwart-Narueput's main prescription: there should be a firm rationale for public involvement if a project is to be done in the public sector; the project should be compared with a clear counterfactual; the fiscal impact of the project should be clearly identified and should be assigned a properly estimated cost; and the issue of fungibility of funds should be clearly addressed in weighing the economic consequences of project loans.

The concept of cost in the economic evaluation of health care. A theoretical inquiry.

The costs included in economic evaluations of health care vary from study to study. Based on the theory of cost-benefit analysis, the costs that should be included in an economic evaluation are those not already included in the measurement of willingness to pay (net willingness to pay above any treatment costs paid by the individual) in a cost-benefit analysis or in the measurement of effectiveness in a cost-effectiveness analysis. These costs can be defined as the consumption externality of the treatment (the change in production minus consumption for those included in the treatment program). For a full economic evaluation, the consequences for those included in the treatment program and a caring externality (altruism) should also be added.

The Principles of Islamic Political Economy: A Methodological Enquiry.

Acknowledgements - Introduction - Islamic Economic Thought in Comparative Perspectives: Toward an Islamic Theory of Value - Ethico-economic Social Welfare Function of the Islamic Economy - A Theory of Cost-benefit Analysis in Islamic Economics - A Theory of 'Mudarabah', the Islamic Profit-sharing System under Economic Co-operation - Resolution of the Great Economic Problems in Contemporary Times in Islamic Economic Perspectives - The Analytics of the Islamic Macroeconomics System - Macroeconomic Relations in the Islamic Economy: Experimental Case Study for Malaysia, 1970-85 - Islamic Policy Conclusions on the Malaysian Macroeconomy - Arabic Terminology - Notes - Index

The Design of Fiscal Reforms in Revenue-Constrained Developing Countries

While generalisation is perilous, there are many, especially small, developing countries for which sales taxes and turnover taxes are fairly negligible as revenue sources and for which import duties and export taxes, particularly the former, are leading revenue sources. For evidence from the early I980S see Tanzi (I987) and Greenaway and Milner (I990). This observation is unsurprising when account is taken of the administrative constraints to which many developing countries are subject. Sales taxes can be difficult to collect, not to mention a complex tax like VAT. Income tax is largely infeasible and often has to take a simple form, such as a payroll tax confined in practice to public and large company employment. Some taxes which would be assumed to be eminently feasible in industrial economies may not generate as much revenue as might be supposed in a developing country. For instance, tax disks which the law may require heavy goods vehicles to carry may generate a flow of bribes to police and other officials if these are wise enough to set the bribe at a modest level, making it cheaper to pay bribes than to buy a disk. A cynic might say that the bribes are an unofficial source of revenue if their existence enables the state to get away with paying its officials absurdly low salaries. One would have to hope, if that argument is accepted, that the officials do something socially useful apart from stopping heavy goods vehicles. Such considerations make it interesting to consider the design of public finance for a country severely constrained in its choice of what Musgrave called 'tax handles', that is, types of tax instrument which it may practically employ: The existing literature, for which Newbery and Stern (I987) provides an excellent review, throws some light on this issue, but the problem is seldom treated explicitly. An exception would be Dreze and Stern (I985), whose highly abstract and general treatment of cost-benefit analysis theory can be seen to incorporate principles of public finance which fully cover the restricted policy choices which I have in mind. Because the approach of these authors is so general, however, it is not easy to extract conclusions for tax design in specific cases. This is no criticism of the paper, of course, as the argument is addressed to cost-benefit analysis. Generally speaking, theory has developed in the direction of sophisticated and complex tax systems. The next section discusses why this is so from the point of view of theory. Yet ideal tax systems would be difficult to implement in many developing countries. As I shall treat tariffs as a highly feasible revenue

Cost-Benefit Analysis under Uncertaity

The conventional theory of cost-benefit analysis had held that in a world of perfect certainty, the appropriate measure of benefit for a project is the aggregate willingness-to-pay, that is the sum of the revenues collected plus the price conpensating measures of consumers' surplus for all consumers. However, B. Weisbrod asserted in his paper that when there is uncertainty in demand, there may be an additional form of benefit that must be added to the consumer surplus measure. He called this benefit ‘option value’. After many attempts to clarify the concept of option value had be made, option value was usually defined as the difference between option price and expected consumer's surplus. Resently, D. Graham showed with willingness-to-pay locus that option price is one of an infinite number of contingent schemes. This paper has two purposes; firstly to show that the willingness-to-pay locus depicted by Graham was so rough that some important properties of it were missed. If these properties are considered, some types of willingness-to-pay locus can be obtaind and any types have not option value because option price cannot exit. Secondly to extend the option demand theory to wider situation. That is the situation in which not only utilty function but also probability measure will change in response to the enforcement of a project. For example, we assume a situation where a road is usually croweded with the probability of p0% and normal with the probability of 1-p0%, and a road user can obtain income of ec yen in crowded state and en yen in normal state. If road investment is enforced, the probability of crowded state will decrease and that of normal state will increase. The road user's income will increase in both states. Then, the road user may be willing to pay for the road investment. To examine this example, conditional expected utility theory can be applied. Then, we get the conclusion that there are three cases about option price if option price exits; option price is positive, zero or negative. The last case in which option price is negative is new result in the option demand theory.

Effective Tariffs, Domestic Cost of Foreign Exchange, and the Equilibrium Exchange Rate

Previous articleNext article No AccessEffective Tariffs, Domestic Cost of Foreign Exchange, and the Equilibrium Exchange RateBela Balassa, and Daniel M. SchydlowskyBela Balassa Search for more articles by this author , and Daniel M. Schydlowsky Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Journal of Political Economy Volume 76, Number 3May - Jun., 1968 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/259409 Views: 8Total views on this site Citations: 25Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1968 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Võ Minh Sang, Đỗ Văn Xê Ba quan điểm chính đo lường lợi thế so sánh trong sản xuất - xuất khẩu hàng hóa quốc gia, Can Tho University, Journal of Science 44 (Jan 2016): 114.https://doi.org/10.22144/ctu.jvn.2016.475Antonia Diakantoni, Hubert Escaith Trade in Tasks, Tariff Policy and Effective Protection Rates, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2014).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2541676Jordan French Thailand's Effective Rate of Protection on Wine, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2012).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2160758Eckhard Siggel International Competitiveness and Comparative Advantage: A Survey and a Proposal for Measurement, Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade 6, no.22 (Oct 2006): 137–159.https://doi.org/10.1007/s10842-006-8430-x Bibliographie, (Jan 1996): 279–321.https://doi.org/10.3917/kart.hibou.1996.01.0279Gábor Oblath Exchange Rate Policy and Real Exchange Rate Changes in Economic Transition, (Jan 1994): 15–51.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-28276-2_2R. Hassan, D. Greenaway, G. V. Reed Nominal and effective protection in the Egyptian agricultural sector: a multicommodity analysis, Applied Economics 24, no.55 (Jul 2006): 483–492.https://doi.org/10.1080/00036849200000062Pasquale Lucio Scandizzo A Framework to Develop Measures of Interdependence and Protectionism, (Jan 1992): 131–147.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-22256-8_7Pasquale Lucio Scandizzo Measures of Industrial Protectionism: Relevance for Trade and Labour Policies, Labour 3, no.33 (Dec 1989): 129–168.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9914.1989.tb00166.xJeffrey B. Nugent Collective Action in Tunisia's Producer Organizations: Some Variations on the Olsonian Theme* *The author gratefully acknowledges the help of Moncef BenSlama and Mustapha Nabli in arranging interviews with the various producer organizations, Massaoud Boudhiaf, Abderazak Zouari, Abdelhai Chouikha and Daphne Nugent in conducting the interviews, of Mustapha Nabli in obtaining statistical data and of Mohamed Bechri, Dean Cummins, Timur Kuran, and especially Mustapha Nabli for their comments and criticism on earlier versions of the paper., (Jan 1989): 289–322.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-87487-0.50021-9Jean Drèze, Nicholas Stern Chapter 14 The theory of cost-benefit analysis, (Jan 1987): 909–989.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-4420(87)80009-5João do Carmo Oliveira Trade policy, market ‘distortions’, and agriculture in the process of economic development Brazil, 1950–1974, Journal of Development Economics 24, no.11 (Nov 1986): 91–109.https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(86)90146-XIshai Spharim, No'am G. Seligman A graphical method for relating multiple socio-economic goals to research and development objectives in agriculture, Research Policy 14, no.11 (Feb 1985): 53–59.https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-7333(85)90024-1Robert E.B. Lucas On the theory of DRC criteria, Journal of Development Economics 14, no.33 (Apr 1984): 407–417.https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(84)90068-3W.M. Corden Chapter 2 The normative theory of international trade, (Jan 1984): 63–130.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1573-4404(84)01005-4G.H. Oxtoby Domestic resource costs—the case of Ethiopian textiles, Socio-Economic Planning Sciences 13, no.44 (Jan 1979): 197–204.https://doi.org/10.1016/0038-0121(79)90019-3 T. N. Srinivasan , and Jagdish N. Bhagwati Shadow Prices for Project Selection in the Presence of Distortions: Effective Rates of Protection and Domestic Resource Costs, Journal of Political Economy 86, no.11 (Oct 2015): 97–116.https://doi.org/10.1086/260649Scott R. Pearson Net social profitability, domestic resource costs, and effective rate of protection, The Journal of Development Studies 12, no.44 (Nov 2007): 320–333.https://doi.org/10.1080/00220387608421590Bela Balassa Project Appraisal in Developing Countries, (Jan 1974): 40–60.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-01933-5_2P. Ady On economic advice to developing countries, World Development 1, no.1-21-2 (Feb 1973): 64–75.https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(73)90221-0 Michael Bruno Domestic Resource Costs and Effective Protection: Clarification and Synthesis, Journal of Political Economy 80, no.11 (Oct 2015): 16–33.https://doi.org/10.1086/259858 Anne O. Krueger Evaluating Restrictionist Trade Regimes: Theory and Measurement, Journal of Political Economy 80, no.11 (Oct 2015): 48–62.https://doi.org/10.1086/259860Ronald Findlay Comparative advantage, effective protection and the domestic resource cost of foreign exchange, Journal of International Economics 1, no.22 (May 1971): 189–204.https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1996(71)90055-9 Benjamin I. Cohen The Use of Effective Tariffs, Journal of Political Economy 79, no.11 (Oct 2015): 128–141.https://doi.org/10.1086/259728 Bela Balassa , and Daniel M. Schydlowsky The Effective Rates of Protection and the Question of Labor Protection in the United States: A Comment, Journal of Political Economy 78, no.55 (Oct 2015): 1150–1162.https://doi.org/10.1086/259696