Theory Of Collectivism Research Articles

Cultural Practices of the Indigenous Peoples (IPS) of San Emilio Ilocos Sur: Then and Now

The cultural practices of the Indigenous Peoples (IPs) are a reflection of their ancestral origin. The performance of these practices indicates their sacredness and respect for their traditions. This investigation is an exploration of the cultural practices of the Indigenous People that have been performed in the past and in the present. This is a qualitative study employing an ethnographic approach with 12 key informants. These informants are elders, leaders, and residents of San Emilio, Ilocos Sur. Unstructured interviewing and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) were the means of obtaining data and were analyzed through Analytical Induction (AI) and Grounded theory. As a result, the performance of the cultural practices such as Pidis, Sakeb, Sawid, Legleg, Begnas, Paama, and Dwayya of the IPsin San Emilio, Ilocos Sur, has surpassed the challenges of modernization, technology and the existence of different religions in their place. With these circumstances, the Indigenous People of San Emilio collectively advocate these cultural practices for the younger generations. Despite uncontrollable factors affecting these traditions like religion, modernization, and the death of the elders who can perform these practices, they still aspire to their preservation. The theory of collectivism was deduced from the results obtained from their responses and observed behaviors during the performances of these cultural practices. The Indigenous People value their traditions as representations of their identity as a tribe.

Cultural Differences in Critical Thinking Style: A Comparison of U. S. and Chinese Undergraduate Agricultural Students

This study aimed to compare critical thinking styles between students studying agriculture in the U.S. and China. A survey of critical thinking styles was administered to two groups of students in U.S. (n = 104) and China (n = 103). Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was applied to determine if there were significant differences in critical thinking styles between the two groups. Results indicate that U.S. students tended to prefer an engaging critical thinking style, whereas Chinese students tended to prefer an information seeking critical thinking style. These differences between critical thinking style preferences may be explained by students’ cultural backgrounds. This study can help agricultural educators understand the differences in critical thinking style preferences among culturally-diverse students. Further, it provides empirical evidence to guide agricultural educators seeking to adopt effective pedagogical approaches to cultivate critical thinking among students from diverse cultural backgrounds. This study provides fresh insight into the individualism and collectivism theory by explaining the cross-cultural differences in critical thinking style between U.S. and Chinese agricultural students.

Cultural Differences in Critical Thinking Style: A Comparison of U. S. and Chinese Undergraduate Agricultural Students

This study aimed to compare critical thinking styles between students studying agriculture in the U.S. and China. A survey of critical thinking styles was administered to two groups of students in U.S. (n = 104) and China (n = 103). Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was applied to determine if there were significant differences in critical thinking styles between the two groups. Results indicate that U.S. students tended to prefer an engaging critical thinking style, whereas Chinese students tended to prefer an information seeking critical thinking style. These differences between critical thinking style preferences may be explained by students’ cultural backgrounds. This study can help agricultural educators understand the differences in critical thinking style preferences among culturally-diverse students. Further, it provides empirical evidence to guide agricultural educators seeking to adopt effective pedagogical approaches to cultivate critical thinking among students from diverse cultural backgrounds. This study provides fresh insight into the individualism and collectivism theory by explaining the cross-cultural differences in critical thinking style between U.S. and Chinese agricultural students. Keywords: agricultural education, critical thinking style, international agricultural student, cross- cultural

Diffusing Entrepreneurial Innovation and Tourism: An Empirical Evidence of Permaculture

Entrepreneurial innovation and tourism are essential factors in the economic growth of a rural agrarian area. This paper's concept is from Schumpeterian creative destructions' philosophical idea to shift rural communities' mentality from the product-based economy to diverse tourism entrepreneurship. In achieving and sustaining the development of permaculture as a platform for rural agritourism, the social capital theory of collectivism was employed to foster the development that would deliver socio-cultural, environmental, and economic benefits to all stakeholders in the community. This paper employed a descriptive research design to analyze the diffusion of entrepreneurial innovation and tourism systematically; also, to interpret the community's attitude towards the diffusion of permaculture for agritourism. Furthermore, interviews were conducted with the key informant group among the women organization. The paper subjected its participants’ through a non-probability sampling method using cluster sampling in the three barangays of the municipality of Bokod, Province of Benguet. The study results show that the respondents were willing to accept the permaculture for tourism and were willing to commit time to develop and manage the Permaculture project. They were motivated to accept and to participate in the project because they knew the values and benefits that permaculture would bring to the community. Also, while answering contingency valuation questions, the respondent thought about the value and benefits the project would bring. This study will enable communities to develop agritourism through permaculture landscapes in the rural community and, help policymakers in planning sustainable projects to support the community in entrepreneurial innovation. 

The shift of zoning in the architectural adaptation of stilt house

Indonesian’s society has character as collective society because of the stronger group interest than personal interests. It is reflected on the architecture of traditional stilt house particularly on its space order. However, the modern life brings the concept of individualism in the society and some changes in space order of stilt house. This paper aims to understand how the stilt house adapts to the space demand in responding the collective culture in current context. Study hypothesize that there is a change in applying the collective culture that influence the adaptation of the stilt house. In order to achieve that, this study observed the space used of nine old stilt houses in Palembang which were built in the period of 1928 to 1964. This study used the theory of collectivism and individualism to examine the origin and current space usage. Paper founds most of stilt houses use the space under the stilt structure as a part of its inner space. Furthermore, that there is a shift in the zoning of the space under the stilt house. For first use, the space change from collective function to individual as it bordered the space as inner side the house. Then the bordered space was arranged as public zone, shifted again to the collective function. Paper concludes that the shift reflect the life orientation changes in the society.

"과학 교과서 분석을 통한 편집디자인에 대한 연구 - M.베르트하이머의 집단화 이론을 중심으로 -"

"과학 교과서 분석을 통한 편집디자인에 대한 연구 - M.베르트하이머의 집단화 이론을 중심으로 -"

Cities at risk? Exploring the synergies between smartphones and everyday vulnerabilities

Smartphones present new forms of spatiality and sociality for cities worldwide. The sudden outburst in smartphone technologies has revolutionised human relations creating new possibilities of encounter and connectivity. This paper examines people's smartphone usage patterns and highlights how this is increasing human vulnerabilities in cities with resultant wider societal implications. Drawing on the theory of vulnerability, Hofstede's cultural dimension theory and carrying out semi-structured interviews in the United Kingdom and Ghana, the paper reveals that the current scale of usage and addiction to smartphones and social media are fostering emerging forms of everyday vulnerabilities. Victimisation, privacy breach, home emergencies and road accidents are prevalent vulnerabilities in both Accra and London. By comparing participants' smartphone usage patterns and their motives for adopting or ignoring certain social media practices, the study illustrates how the concept of attitudinal vulnerability extends our understanding of Hofstede's theory of collectivism and individualism. While the finding from Accra complicates Hofstede's collectivism label as there seems to be a loss of genuine sense of care and people-centeredness among participants it confirms individualism tendencies among the participants in London though some tendencies of ‘virtual collectivism’ were observed. In conclusion, the study emphasises how significant behavioural changes among smartphone users can reduce human-induced vulnerabilities in cities. By so doing, we add weight to the literature that focuses on the importance of developing context-specific cutting-edge ICT policies vis-à-vis building smart, safe and sustainable cities.

Uushiindaism as a collective poverty alleviation mechanism and social support

There are attempts to break the cycle of poverty among indigent people in communities globally and in Namibia in particular. In Africa, attempts are made to devise various strategies and develop tools to alleviate poverty. There is, thus a need to implement poverty alleviation tools based on the indigenous knowledge system. By employing and promoting the existing tools among the indigenous people, poverty is likely to be alleviated. This paper presents uushiindaism as one of the existing indigenous tools that can be used to lessen poverty among the poor and marginalized people. Using the collectivism theory which advocates for communal, societal, or national interests in various types of political, economic, and educational systems, the study investigates the concept of uushiindaism as practiced by Aawambo. Data was collected through semistructured interviews. The narrative approach is used in the paper to unravel the role, significance and relevance of uushiindaism and to highlight threats to uushiindaism. It is revealed, in this paper, that poverty may be alleviated through sharing of resources, coupled with work related programs and not through the creation of dependency syndrome.

Between Individualism and Collectivism: Perception and Profiles of Creativity in Poland and Japan

AbstractThe aim of the study was to analyze creativity profiles and understanding of creativity in Poland and Japan. The study included 597 participants (233 Polish and 364 Japanese). Qualitative and quantitative analyses were carried out (mixed method). We identified the existence of five different creativity profiles and ten categories for defining creativity, with significant differences in frequency between the two countries. The obtained results are discussed from the perspective of intercultural differences and the individualism / collectivism theory (Hofstede, 1983).

Communication practices in the US and Syria.

This study highlights Syrian communication practices using comparative tests with the United States communication as a baseline. Additionally, theoretical findings on individualism and collectivism theory are extended to include findings from Syria. Multivariate Analysis of Covariance was used to test culture’s effect in demographically similar (in age, SES, and education) student convenience samples, with the covariate communication adaptability, on dependent variables: empathy, social confirmation, social composure, friendships, non-verbal immediacy, social self-efficacy, and general self-efficacy. Results indicated that Syrians possess more empathy, social confirmation, and perceived general self-efficacy in comparison to U.S. citizens who have greater social composure, friendships, non-verbal immediacy and social self-efficacy. These results indicate that Syrians have the strength of self-efficacy to succeed in intercultural relationships while U.S. Americans have the assets of warmth and sociability to enable successful interactions with Syrians.

Better to be flexible than to have flunked

Purpose– High team performance helps achieve several organizational benefits, such as strengthened competitive advantages, enhanced productivity, and higher profits and market share. For these reasons, the purpose of this paper is to propose a model based on the framework of proactive motivation and the theory of collectivism to analyze the formation of service flexibility and team performance.Design/methodology/approach– To test the hypotheses, this study conducts a survey of service staff in teams from high-tech firms in a well-known industrial zone in Northern Taiwan. These teams provide service for their industrial customers. From the survey, this study confirms the full mediating mechanism of service flexibility among the teams.Findings– The test results reveal that service flexibility fully mediates the relationship between team performance and its exogenous factors. Whereas collectivism negatively moderates the relationship between team efficacy and service flexibility, it does not moderate the relationship between service recovery and service flexibility. Furthermore, collectivism positively moderates the relationship between service flexibility and team performance.Originality/value– This study provides important findings that complement previous literature by examining three fresh antecedents for explaining how team performance is motivated by the mediating role of service flexibility and how some of the study’s model paths are moderated by collectivism. The mediating role of service flexibility indicates that managers can apply service flexibility as a firewall that calibrates a team’s input and output. Managers should encourage the application of agile solutions and advanced technology for facilitating team flexibility, consequently improving team performance.

Social exchange spillover in leader–member relations: A multilevel model

SummaryDrawing on role theory and the cultural theory of collectivism, we developed and tested a multilevel model of social exchange spillover in leader–member relations in the Chinese context. In Mplus analyses of a sample of 213 subordinates from 47 groups, we found that, at the individual level, a dimension of leader–member guanxi (LMG), leader–member personal life inclusion (LMG‐P), which is defined as the extent to which leaders and members include each other in their personal or family lives, can spill over to affect subordinates' contextual performance (i.e., interpersonal facilitation and job dedication); furthermore, this effect was moderated by subordinates' horizontal collectivism orientation, such that LMG‐P spilled over to affect contextual performance only for those who were low in horizontal collectivism orientation. At the group level, the variance of LMG‐P within a group, which is referred to as LMG‐P differentiation, was related negatively to group performance when the supervisors had a low horizontal collectivism orientation. At the cross level, LMG‐P differentiation moderated the relationship between LMG‐P and job dedication, such that the relationship was positive only when LMG‐P differentiation was low. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Comparison of Egyptian and Canadian children on a picture apperception test.

Individualism-collectivism theory predicted that Egyptian and Canadian children's performance would differ on relevant scales of the Roberts Apperception Test for Children (RATC). The RATC was administered to 34 Egyptian and 34 Canadian children ages 6-13 years. Canadian children scored higher on autonomy and lower on receiving support from others and parental limit setting. At older ages, Egyptian children manifested less rejection, desire for help from others, and aggression. There were no cultural differences in anxiety or depression and few differences on indicator and resolution scales related to understanding the task and resolving problems. The findings validated cross-cultural use of the RATC and demonstrated that the increasingly general theory of collectivism allowed meaningful predictions about personality and clinical traits.

The Values and Lifestyles of Idiocentrics and Allocentrics in an Individualist Culture: A Descriptive Approach

A considerable degree of research in cross‐cultural consumer psychology has focused on the effects of individualism–collectivism on consumer preference for advertising appeals. Recently, psychologists have demonstrated a growing interest in the individual‐level manifestations of individualism–collectivism. Idiocentrism refers to person‐level individualism, whereas allocentrism refers to person‐level collectivism. Drawing on individualism–collectivism theory, in this article we look at the lifestyle of idiocentrics and allocentrics. Our findings suggest a convergence between the etic‐ and emic‐level approaches, thus strengthening individualism–collectivism theory. The emic‐level findings of this study also suggest additional questions to be explored at the etic level. Finally, we make suggestions for applications in consumer communication.