Relations Theory Research Articles

International Relations’ Nomological Machines: The Neo-Neo Synthesis’s Tale of Law-Like Explanations

Objective/context: This article introduces debates on Nancy Cartwright’s concept of nomological machines applied to international relations theory. What the neo-neo synthesis claims as the essence of the international system is a set of conditions imposed upon international phenomena for the latter to fit into the theories themselves. It argues that the law-like explanations tailored by neorealism and neoliberalism are by no means a representation of the world as it is, but rather a predication of the world as these theories want it to be. Methodology: It critically reviews the foundations of neo-neo theories, suggesting a philosophical methodology by reframing the ontological terms of neorealism and neoliberalism based on the concept of nomological machines. Conclusions: This article contends that neo-neo theories could benefit from a capacities-oriented approach, which offers a less categorical understanding of how explanations of international phenomena are tailored, allowing alternative principles to provide invaluable insights about the international system. Originality: This paper innovates by intersecting the ideas of nomological machines with the metatheoretical debate on international relations, thus enabling theoretical improvement.

A New Perspective of Trees Competition Network Research

Forest competition is a key factor driving forest dynamics and stand structure, and is one of the core issues in ecological research. Competition is a complex ecological process with temporal changes, which is interrelated and affected with forest growth, stand structure dynamics and environmental changes. Although there have been many researches on competition, tree growth, stand structure and climate, the interactions among trees have been studied by static competition index measurement, which usually lacks temporal variation related to natural forest development and environmental conditions, and the response mechanism and related theory of competition to stand development and environmental fluctuation have been studied insufficiently.(2) Single tree competition index model;(3) Interaction between tree competition and tree growth, stand structure and environment;(4) Tree competition based on complex network. Finally, according to the complex interaction of tree competition, the research strategy of tree competition network structure with “single tree” as node and “single tree competition relationship” as edge is discussed, in order to provide reference for the study of tree interaction and forest ecosystem dynamics.

Эмоция и аффект в мировой политике

In the world (but not yet in Russia specifically) there is already an extensive and rapidly growing amount of literature on the role and place of emotions both in international relations (IR) and in the foreign policy of states. This gives grounds to talk about the “emotional turn” within the framework of IR as a research discipline. But it is also well known that emotions are studied not only by IR, but in psychology, in various areas of neuroscience and in sociology as well. This article deals with some ontological and epistemological issues, arising from the results of multidirectional efforts of many academics to conceptualize the international political role of emotions on the basis of the leading international relations theories. The immediate goal is the exploration in the chosen subject area of the methodological problem of the integration of social science knowledge with achievements from the field of natural sciences. It is proposed to pay particularly close attention in this sense to the paradigm of affective neuroscience. The phenomenon of emotion, in principle, does not fit well with categories, which until now the IR has been focused on. Methodological imperatives of objective research push for the exclusion of subjective emotional experience from the scope of consideration. Constructivists, in their turn, treat emotion as a cognitive belief rather than as a bodily state. But in the article, the emotion is represented as a phenomenon which is both mental and physical. This is a monist view, going back to Spinoza. The research leads to the conclusion that, although social constructivism has good potential for studying the emotions in IR, when intentionally ignoring the biological nature of emotions, social constructivists can weaken their own position in comparison with those academic opponents, who are committed to instrumental rationalism in their approach. Constructivists thus limit with no good reason their own agenda when studying emotions and hinder the development of a transdisciplinary approach to the study of emotions in IR in particular.

EVALUATING THE BUSINESS MODEL INNOVATION OF SMALL SNACK FOOD PRODUCTION ENTERPRISES IN CHINA BASED ON THE VARIM MODEL

This paper examines the business model innovation situation, evaluation, and key factors of small snack food production enterprises in China and provides suggestions for enterprises. A questionnaire designed using the VARIM model evaluates business model innovation based on five aspects, combined with the influential role of relational resources, digital technology, and long tail theory. It is hypothesized that relational resources, digital technology, and long tail theory have a positive impact on business model innovation, and that the VARIM model assesses profitability potential. It is hypothesized that firms should utilize these factors for business model innovation to improve competitiveness and sustainability. The findings and conclusions of this paper are based on assumptions and speculations, which need to be verified and corrected by subsequent practical investigations.

탐정의 변호사법 제109조 제1호 위반문제에 관한 연구

This paper is study to improve problem of the principle of clarity, freedom of occupation, basic right to information of Attorney Act Article 109 (1) in relation to the fact-finding work of Private Detective. To this end, we reviewed the relationship between a Private detective's fact-finding work and paid legal work. And The problem of interpretation of ʻʻOther legal workʼʼ and the unconstitutionality of Attorney Act Article 109 (1) were analyzed through related theories, related laws, related precedents, related Constitutional Court decisions, and customary practices. Furthermore, in order to solve the problem of Attorney Act Article 109 (1), improvement measures such as ʻʻExpanding social discussionʼʼ and ʻʻEnactment of the Certified Private Detective Actʼʼ had presented. Bills must be enacted and amended in a way that protects the people's fundamental constitutional rights and does not violate the Constitution. If so, Attorney Act Article 109 (1) must be revised. And the Certified Private Detective Act can be said to be the subject of enactment.

A Relational Cultural Approach to Perfectionism

ABSTRACT Perfectionism is a growing concern and leads to multiple psychosocial consequences. Of note, perfectionism greatly impacts relationships and the ability to form meaningful connections. Relational Cultural Theory is an approach to helping clients realize the importance of growth-fostering relationships and focuses on client empowerment. A relational cultural approach can be a highly effective approach for working through perfectionism. This article conceptualizes perfectionism through a relational cultural lens and provides treatment recommendations.

가능세계의 양상 논리 시스템을 활용한 전설 서사 분석 모델 연구

This study develops a new analysis methodology for legendary narratives based on the possible world theory. As part of this, it develops a narrative analysis model. Unlike “traditional narratology,” possible world theory enables new and diverse approaches related to narrative by establishing various worlds created through stories, and it allows the establishment of related hypotheses and theories. Particularly, it provides a methodology for a new understanding of narratives that are difficult to establish in literature or history, such as legendary narratives.
 Legends are often regarded as fictional narratives that have a certain degree of historicity with temporal and spatial limitations and evidence but are differentiated from history. However, according to White, history is also a fictional narrative that creates a specific world by constructing a plot and indicates a specific ideology or meaning. Finally, historical narratives are simply narratives related to the history of actual events, whereas legendary narratives are non-historical narratives about a world believed to have existed. By breaking away from the conventional perspective of mimesis and assuming various possible worlds, we can plan a new methodology for narrative research by examining the worlds presented by narratives.
 In this discussion, a model for analyzing legend narratives was presented using Doležel's modal logic system. The alethic, deontic, axiological, and epistemic plots were established as segmented units and analysis items that operate in the story world. The modes of each stage of the narrative were analyzed and connected to create meaning in the form of a single sentence. This analysis model was applied to Song Si-yeol legends handed down in the Goesan region to analyze the composition principles of the narrative text and the meaning of the narrative. By applying the secondary narrative analysis model using a modal logic system, it is possible to examine the semantics of the story world within a systematic framework, rather than simply finding the primary indicative meaning or subjective and abstract commentary of the legendary narratives.

The Concept of Discourse in International Relations Theories

Dil ve konuşma, sosyal varlığımız için gereklidir. İnsanlar birbirleriyle iletişim kurmak, bilgi alışverişinde bulunmak, duygu, istek ve ihtiyaçlarını ifade etmek, cevap vermek, anlamak ve tepki vermek için dili kullanmaktadır. Söylem, temelde, öznelerarası anlamın üretildiği, sürdürüldüğü, dönüştürüldüğü ve buna bağlı olarak toplumsal gerçekliğin kurucusu haline geldiği alan olarak tanımlanabilmektedir. Söylem kavramı özellikle eleştirel uluslararası ilişkiler literatüründe yaklaşık otuz yıldır moda bir terim haline gelmiş durumdadır. Söylem Analizi ise kullanımdaki dilin incelenmesidir. Söylem Analizine yönelik birçok farklı yaklaşım vardır. Bu makalede, söylem kavramı kuramsal perspektiften incelenmektedir. Bu kapsamda, dil ve söylem ilişkisinin temelleri analiz edilmekte; popüler bir metodoloji olarak söylem analizi incelenmekte; eleştirel teori ve eleştirel söylem analizi ilişkisi değerlendirilmekte ve son olarak pozitivist geleneğin eleştirisi üzerinde durulmaktadır. Böylelikle, son yıllarda uluslararası ilişkilere yönelik önemli bilimsel genişleme ve derinleşme ile sonuçlanan söylemsel yaklaşım detaylı bir şekilde tahlil edilmektedir.

Comparative Aanalysis of National Security Strategies of Armenia in the Context of Political Realism, Liberalism, and Marxism

The article examines the characteristic features of Armenian national security strategies, actively conducting research of an interdisciplinary nature with extensive use of systems analysis. Issues of stability of the political system of Armenia in the interests of national security are considered not only from the point of view of the general theory of systems, but also using the methodological principles of synergetics. An independent section of research was the study of regional conflicts in the post-Soviet space and their impact on the state of national security of Armenia. In this context, traditional international relations theory offers tools for analyzing the previous actions of states within a broader framework and deciding on further actions. The present article seeks to provide simple textual comparisons and analyses of the Republic of Armenia’s National Security Strategies of 2007 and 2020. Those elements within the Strategies which have remained, changed, or been added will then be made the subject of contextual analyses with the theoretical traditions of liberalism, realism, and Marxism to draw out the Republic of Armenia’s major priorities and assess the capability of its approaches to meeting the foreign policy problems that exist. Each theory of international relations will emphasize those positions in the National Security Strategies that most accurately reflect Armenia’s past and current positions, and evaluate them in accordance with global and regional standards.

Existence and Dynamics of The Islamic-Malay Sultanate Across The Malacca Strait: A Multifaceted Exploration Of Non-Western Ir Theories

The historical interactions among the Malay sultanates/kingdoms across the Malacca Strait offer a fascinating glimpse into the world of international relations beyond the Western lens. Based on the desire to build a non-Western IR theory, this study has highlighted the rich tapestry of cultural diversity, postcolonial struggles, local agency, alternative ideas, and hybridity that characterized the diplomatic landscape of these kingdoms. The struggle for power, strategic cooperation, and regionalism among the Malay kingdoms were deeply rooted in their cultural heritage, challenging the conventional narratives, and showcasing the resilience and adaptability of non-Western societies in shaping their international relations. As we reflect on these historical dynamics, it becomes evident that the lessons from the past continue to resonate in the contemporary global landscape, emphasizing the importance of embracing diverse perspectives and recognizing the agency of all nations in shaping the course of international relations. This study delves into the intricate historical interactions among the Islamic-Malay kingdoms in the Malacca Strait region. Employing a diverse array of non-Western International Relations (IR) theories, the research sheds light on the multifaceted dimensions of the diplomatic landscape in pre-modern Southeast Asia. Through an extensive library research approach, which involved the analysis of classic manuscripts and texts relevant to the topic, this study unveils the nuanced power struggles, strategic alliances, and regional cooperation mechanisms that shaped the Malay kingdoms' international relations. By delving into these historical records, the research provides a comprehensive understanding of how cultural context, postcolonial perspectives, local agency, alternative ideas, and hybridity influenced the diplomatic maneuvers of the Malay kingdoms, challenging conventional Western-centric narratives and showcasing the richness of non-Western IR theories.

Transnational religious actors and international order – the case of the gülen movement

This paper seeks to illustrate how religion can affect international relations and international order. Given that religion has been neglected as an important factor in political science, and then in theories of international relations, this paper will try to provide a modest contribution to the study of religion in the theory of international relations by analyzing the influence of transnational religious actors on the existing international order. The transnational religious actor analyzed in this paper is the Gülen Movement – Hizmet Movement. Hizmet Movement is a transnational Islamic movement formed in the Republic of Turkey in the 1960s by the former Turkish Imam Muhammad Fethullah Gülen. Today, this Islamic movement has many institutions, organizations and members around the world. The Gülen Movement aims to create a transnational society - the Golden Generation of Ideal People (Altın Nesıl), and thus represents a challenge for the existing international order.

Predicting compliance with interpersonal masking requests: insights from relational framing and reactance theories

ABSTRACT During the COVID-19 pandemic, myriad factors contributed to disagreements around the use of masks to curb the public health crisis. Against this backdrop, this study spotlights how interactional processes predict masking compliance following an interpersonal discussion. The sample included 345 U.S. adults who were requested to put on a face mask in a conversation. The results showed control variables, such as gender, political orientation, and attitude toward masking, are associated with post-interaction masking compliance. Controlling for these factors, involvement and reactance both reduced compliance; involvement amplified the negative impact of reactance on compliance, supporting the general intensifier hypothesis in relational framing theory. The discussion advocates for a close examination of interpersonal conversations as a result of health campaigns.

Speaking Volumes: Introducing the UNGA Speech Corpus

Abstract Many theoretical conclusions core to the study of international politics rely on having access to, and understanding, the rhetoric of international actors. One important development in advancing the empirical study of international relations (IR) theory, therefore, is the availability of machine-analyzable speech data. A collection of fine-grained textual representations of states’ speeches in the context of an important international organization, such as the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA), is needed to understand the ideas, preferences, and values that states put forth in their statements. An especially promising use for such a corpus of texts would be to measure states’ preferences based on their statements. In an effort to add to the burgeoning field of text-as-data in IR, I present the UNGA Speech Corpus, a collection of over 34,000 speeches delivered by states in the UNGA from 1993 to 2018. I use it to improve on recent work that links text to preferences in IR by combining a structural topic model with locally trained word embeddings to estimate the policy positions of states on specific topics. I then show how these “topic scores” can help scholars to improve their analyses of exigent international issues, such as global climate change governance.

Beyond Serb-Croat Apologies

Abstract One of the key themes in the three decades after the wars of Yugoslav dissolution has been reconciliation between Croatia and Serbia, two former Yugoslav republics that participated in the bloody fighting between 1991–1995 after Croatia declared independence. The recent inflation of the use of the term reconciliation requires a narrow and precise definition, which enables researchers and practitioners to adapt it to real-world cases and the available empirical evidence. In this article, the authors rely on the main features of the so-called “need-based model of socio-emotional reconciliation”, which was derived from social psychology to examine inter-group processes after violent conflict. They propose several amendments to this model to make it feasible for the analysis of inter-state relations, regarding reconciliation as a process, not a stable result of reconciliatory performances. They adopt this model to bilateral relations between Croatia and Serbia, with a focus on apologies related to the siege of Vukovar (1991) and the aftermath of Operation Storm (1995), and then discuss the model’s suitability for international relations theory.

Отцовство как вид трудовой деятельности: взгляд с точки зрения социологии труда

The article substantiates that the realization of fatherhood function falls under the definition of labor activity and is one of its types. The economic theory of the family is considered from the perspective of the implementation of parenthood, and the limitations of this theory in relation to the study of parental and paternal functions are identified. The application of F. Herzberg’s two-factor theory of labor motivation to the motivational component of the father’s function is carried out, and the potential for applying this theory to the motivational component of fatherhood is revealed. The implementation of the paternal function in a post-divorce situation is analyzed, when society wants to see divorced fathers involved, and in practice, not only divorced fathers abandoning their children, but also the problem of non-payment of alimony is widespread. Barriers to the implementation of the function of involved fatherhood in a post-divorce situation complicated by non-payment of alimony are identi-fied.

Relasi Kuasa Dalam Akreditasi Perpustakaan Perguruan Tinggi

This study aims to describe the power relations of Michel Foucault in the accreditation of higher education libraries in Indonesia. Given the large role of the higher education library in supporting the implementation of education in the tertiary institution itself, accreditation as a formal recognition of quality assurance or the fulfillment of quality standards in implementation needs to be questioned. The data proves that from 2,057 university libraries in Indonesia, 722 have just been accredited, so the researchers tried to conduct a study by looking at Foucault's power relations in accrediting university libraries. The method used in this research is exploratory descriptive method. The results of this study convey that the accreditation of higher education libraries has Foucault's theory of power relations. This can have an impact on the organizational structure of the library manager in implementing and managing the library. The organizers and managers in question are the implementation and management as mandated by Law no. 43 of 2007 and PP no. 24 of 2014 and SNP no. 13 of 2017 which meets library standards, but it needs to be understood that Foucault's theory of power relations only gives to anyone freely, whether it's the power of one's own will or power over one's position and whether the effect is good or bad depends on the person who uses that power himself.

Sustainability Transition Framework: An Integrated Conceptualisation of Sustainability Change

Responding to calls for climate action, this article develops and introduces a Sustainability Transition Framework (STF), which is a high-level interpretation of the complex dynamics dominating the current historical moment characterised by an aspiration for accelerated climate action and challenges with implementing change. This STF brings together and integrates a set of theories about change which were developed in different disciplines and not commonly discussed at the same time. The four key theories are: (1) sustainability transitions, transition management and related theories which consider the necessary change in sociotechnical regimes; (2) diffusion of innovation theory, which provides a high-level overview of patterns with uptake of innovation; (3) a change curve which explains complex emotional experiences when facing organisational change; and (4) a conceptualisation of the style cycle, which is commonly used in the history of art and architecture. These are visually depicted and integrated into a novel STF diagram. The STF presents one of the most comprehensive integrations of currently available knowledge on how change happens, which is essential for accelerated climate action. The STF helps understand individual or social group experiences. Through an improved understanding of the sustainability transition, the STF empowers climate action.

On the Egalitarian Value of Electoral Democracy

Within democratic theory, electoral competition is typically associated with minimalist and realist views of democracy. In contrast, this article argues for a reinterpretation of electoral competition as an important element of an egalitarian theory of democracy. Current relational egalitarian theories, in focusing on the equalization of individual power-over, present electoral institutions as in tension with equality. Against this view, the article contends that electoral competition can foster equality by incentivizing the equalization of cooperative power. The article develops the normative category of equal opportunity to access cooperative power and shows how it can generate an egalitarian defense of electoral competition. Yet this ideal is not an affirmation of the status quo. Rather, it points to the need to reform electoral systems to make them more competitive and so more likely to foster cooperative power, as well as reforms to provide direct support to associations like unions that equalize cooperative power.

MARKET INFORMATION ACCESSIBILITY AND SUCCESSFUL COLLABORATION INNOVATION: MEDIATION EFFECT ON START-UPS SALES GROWTH

Several people turned or changed to entrepreneurs and established start-ups during COVID-19. Limited access allows them to use the network competence and access market information to improve sales growth. Therefore, this research aims to contribute to a conceptual model of market information accessibility and successful collaboration innovation to ensure start-ups achieve superior sales growth. The analysis results with SEM-AMOS using the normality test resulted in 192 start-ups in Indonesia from the initial data of 280. The results showed that the level of suitability (significant) meets all the requirements and supports the hypothesis. However, market information accessibility and successful collaboration innovation play an important role in mediating the relationship between network competence and sales growth. This research contributes to the body of knowledge in the development of relational marketing theory. Moreover, start-ups’ actors need fast adaptation because their business lasts longer by seeking access to information and collaboration innovation.

Grey angle cosine relational degree model based on generalized greyness of interval grey number

PurposeAim to the limitations of grey relational analysis of interval grey number, based on the generalized greyness of interval grey number, this paper tries to construct a grey angle cosine relational degree model from the perspective of proximity and similarity.Design/methodology/approachFirstly, the algorithms of the generalized greyness of interval grey number and interval grey number vector are given, and its properties are analyzed. Then, based on the grey relational theory, the grey angle cosine relational model is proposed based on the generalized greyness of interval grey number, and the relationship between the classical cosine similarity model and the grey angle cosine relational model is analyzed. Finally, the validity of the model in this paper is illustrated by the calculation examples and an application example of related factor analysis of maize yield.FindingsThe results show that the grey angle cosine relational degree model has strict theoretical basis, convenient calculation and is easy to program, which can not only fully utilize the information of interval grey numbers but also overcome the shortcomings of greyness relational degree model. The grey angle cosine relational degree is an extended form of cosine similarity degree of real numbers. The calculation examples and the related factor analysis of maize yield show that the model proposed in this paper is feasible and valid.Practical implicationsThe research results not only further enrich the grey system theory and method but also provide a basis for the grey relational analysis of the sequences in which the interval grey numbers coexist with the real numbers.Originality/valueThe paper succeeds in realizing the algorithms of the generalized greyness of interval grey number and interval grey number vector, and the grey angle cosine relational degree, which provide a new method for grey relational analysis.