Theoretical Void Research Articles

Ｘ線マイクロＣＴスキャン装置を用いた粉体充填層内の空間率分布測定―ピストン圧縮充填，遠心充填の比較―

The void fraction in a powder packed bed is not uniform and the vertical distribution of void fraction varies with the packing method. However, detailed profile of void fraction distribution and effect of packing method on the distribution have not been discussed. Recently, X-ray micro Computed Tomography was developed and applied to the observation of powder packing structure. We utilized X-ray micro CT Scan to measure the void fraction profiles of powder layer formed by piston compression and centrifugal packing. Our experimental results showed that void fraction increases with the depth of powder layer in piston compression while it decreases with the depth of powder layer in centrifugal packing. The theoretical void fraction profiles, calculated by Janssen's equation with boundary condition of each packing method, well expressed the measured voidage distribution by X-ray micro CT scanning.

Estimation of the filler content required to minimise voids ratio in concrete

This paper reports the findings of a study of the filler content required in concrete to produce a minimum voids ratio (or maximum packing density) according to particle packing models. The calculation of theoretical voids ratio shows that the filler content required to minimise voids ratio depends on the original concrete mix proportions as well as the fineness of the fillers. Concrete mixes with a high original cement content required the inclusion of finer filler to minimise the voids ratio and coarser, low-cost fillers were suitable for mixes with lower cement contents. The study shows the importance of both filler fineness and mix proportions on minimising voids ratio at a cement-sized grain level. Agglomeration of the fine particles and an effective utilisation of filler are also considered and two criteria are proposed to determine the filler content required to minimise the voids ratio in concrete.

The Transformation of Psychology: Influences of 19th-Century Philosophy, Technology, and Natural Science

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article Book Forum: Historical, Philosophical, and Religious PerspectivesFull AccessThe Transformation of Psychology: Influences of 19th-Century Philosophy, Technology, and Natural ScienceLESLIE M. LOTHSTEIN, Ph.D., LESLIE M. LOTHSTEINSearch for more papers by this author, Ph.D., Hartford, Conn.Published Online:1 Mar 2003https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.160.3.607AboutSectionsView EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail What began as a seminar at York University in Toronto supported by a grant from the Gersten Foundation was transformed into a marvelous collection of essays focusing on the more complex psychohistorical social forces that led to the foundations for the science of psychology. Looking beyond the simplistic version of most psychological textbooks on the history of the science of psychology, the authors take us on a historical journey from the beginning of the 19th century, when Kant expressed his skepticism that psychology would ever become a true natural science, to the 20th century, in which the foundations of the science of psychology were well established. “How was it possible,” the authors ask, “that the transformation took place so rapidly?”In 11 chapters we are provided with a narrative that takes us into the complex world of the development of psychology as a science, including 1) Darwin’s theory of evolution, 2) phrenology, 3) theories of memory, 4) psychological technology and the World Colombian Exposition in 1893 in Chicago, 5) mathematical psychology and empiricism, including Fechner’s “golden section” as a mathematical proportion of visual beauty, 6) Ernest Mach’s replacement of the concept of causation with the concept of function, 7) the invention by Charles Babbage of the analytical engine as a precursor to robotics and information systems, 8) the technology of the “tempest prognosticator” in 1851 presented at the Great Exhibition in London as a “device intended to predict the weather by using the presumed instinct of leaches,” 9) an examination of the influence of the philosophies of Hegel and Kant on modern psychology, 10) an exploration of Marx and Dilthey’s theories and the concept of cogitamus or “we-think,” which deals with the relevance of a social context in history and human thinking as opposed to Descartes’s “Cogito ergo sum” and the development of a natural science of human beings and empathy, and, finally, 11) an examination of the impact of genetic and embryological influences on early development (focusing on the prenatal environment and the so-called critical period) and the biological underpinnings of modern psychology. What a journey!Throughout the first part of the book, we are taken on a political journey in which religion and philosophy are set up as a gauntlet for the psychological “secularists” and the concept of the natural world is seen as superseding metaphysics. One example is worth noting as we hear about it in today’s parlance. The authors introduce us to Tyndal’s writings on the efficacy of prayer and Gaulton’s reactions by writing a text on the “statistical inquiries into the efficacy of prayer” in 1872. These controversies set the stage for looking at history as a basis for many of our current dilemmas in psychology on how to measure ideas and behavior in real life.For most of us, the origins of the science of psychology are grounded in Wundt’s theory of memory and the recognition of the importance of experimental design, Fechner’s introduction to psychophysics, Ebbinghaus’s laboratory for the study of memory, and Gaulton’s introduction to statistics and measurement of mental abilities. The authors take us deep into the historical, religious, secular, mathematical, materialistic, anthropological, and physiological foundations of psychology. Unfortunately, the current divorce of psychology and philosophy has left the mental health profession with a theoretical void as new technologies, best practices, and standards of care are mistaken for a theory and philosophy of psychology. Without appeal to the history of psychology, and lacking a grounding in philosophy, the field of psychology seems doomed to a new technological reductionism and confined to a fate of never fully knowing what it is all about as a science.At times this book was difficult to read. There are aspects of the prose that are tedious and cumbersome. Some of the pictures, however, are superb, and, as the philosopher Spinoza reminded us, all things worth knowing are as difficult as they are rare. The ideas presented in this book are well worth knowing.Edited by Christopher D. Green, Ph.D., Marlene Shore, Ph.D., and Thomas Teo, Ph.D. Washington, D.C., American Psychological Association, 2001, 280 pp., $39.95. FiguresReferencesCited byDetailsCited byNone Volume 160Issue 3 March 2003Pages 607-608 Metrics History Published online 1 March 2003 Published in print 1 March 2003

Money and Power in Europe: The Political Economy of European Monetary Cooperation. By Matthias Kaelberer. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2001. 254p. $49.50.

The puzzle of European monetary cooperation—namely, why sovereign nation-states would relinquish monetary autonomy in return for some measure of exchange rate stability—has produced a growing body of highly informed and theoretically strong works on European integration. Matthais Kaelberer's account fits nicely into this mold. The author argues convincingly that European monetary cooperation—especially Germany's leading contribution to the European Monetary Union (EMU)—is the result of a structural conflict of interest between weak and strong currency countries over the rules of monetary cooperation. In laying out his “structural” argument, Kaelberer's analysis, as he notes in his own words, “complements rather than substitutes for other explanations of European monetary cooperation” (p. 6). In making this claim, his work will not settle the extremely lively theoretical debate on European integration, and European monetary cooperation more specifically. However, it is an important contribution to the literature and fills in some of the theoretical void involving concepts of “leadership” and “asymmetry” of power that help explain European integration.

Victimology: Past, Present and Future

As popular as victimology has become, it is surprising that no comprehensive history of the discipline has ever been written and there are no systematic assessments of its present state or of likely future developments. The present paper is an attempt to remedy this situation. Victimology is a young, promising discipline and a fascinating subject. And although victimization is as old as humanity itself, it was not until after the Second World War that the scientific study of crime victims emerged as an essential complement to criminology's well-established research on offenders. Because it emerged to fill a serious theoretical void, it did not take long for victimology to become an integral part of criminology. And although victimology has by now affirmed itself as a major research area within criminology, its nature, importance and standing continue to generate a great deal of comments and controversy. Be this as it may, the study of crime victims and of criminal victimization has the potential of reshaping the entire discipline of criminology and may very well be the long awaited paradigm shift that criminology desperately needs. Like criminology, victimology has not followed the same path in every part of the globe. And as with any other discipline, it is more advanced and more developed in certain countries than it is in others. And while there are certain similarities and commonalities in the way victimology developed here and there, there are also significant qualitative and even quantitative differences. Despite this, recent developments in victimology have been both emphatic and dramatic, and the discipline has undergone a radical transformation. The theoretical approaches that characterized early victimology were eclipsed by major achievements in the applied field. This remarkable phase in the evolution of victimology was one of consolidation, data gathering, theory formulation, and above all new victim legislation and sustained efforts to improve the victim's lot and alleviate their plight. In the theoretical field various models were developed in an attempt to explain the enormous variations in victimization risks, the clustering of victimization in certain areas and certain groups, and to unravel the intriguing phenomenon of repeat victimization. On the legislative front there was a flurry of victim bills in a large number of countries. Following the adoption of the UN Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power by the General Assembly of the United Nations, Victims Bills of Rights were passed by the legislative bodies in several countries. The developments in the applied field were even more spectacular. Among those developments was the creation of state compensation to victims of violent crime, the re-emergence of restitution by offender, and the establishment and proliferation of victim-offender mediation programs. One sector that saw great expansion was that of victim services. Victim therapy became a popular and acceptable way of dealing with the traumatic effects of victimization. Based on this dynamic history and on past and present trends, the paper makes an attempt to identify some likely future developments in victimology. It suggests that a transition from utopian idealism to hard realism will occur, accompanied by growing emphasis on scientific research, particularly qualitative research. It foresees that the need for advocacy and partisanship will decline, and predicts the demise of victim therapy. Future developments in victimology are seen as intimately linked to the acceptance and implementation of the restorative justice paradigm. The conclusion is that victimology will likely develop into a truly scientific discipline and a truly humanistic practice.

THE LINK BETWEEN EMOTIONS AND TEAM EFFECTIVENESS: HOW TEAMS ENGAGE MEMBERS AND BUILD EFFECTIVE TASK PROCESSES.

Effective interaction processes are becoming critical to group functioning in today's organizations where groups of diverse experts are increasingly asked to make complex, well-integrated, important decisions. In this paper, we fill a current theoretical void by presenting a model of group effectiveness that explains in detail the means through which effective group interaction processes develop and the route through which they impact group effectiveness. Central to the model are the concepts of emotional intelligence (see Goleman, 1995; Mayer & Salovey, 1997) and social capital (see Burt, 1997; Coleman, 1988). Specifically, we argue that emotionally intelligent groups that think intelligently about emotions and that use emotions to think intelligently (Mayer & Salovey, 1997), build a foundation of social capital, defined as collective beliefs that support group trust, safety, networks, identity, and potency. We then propose that the group's level of social capital influences the development of effective task processes, and importantly, engagement in those processes. Thus, the model integrates the role of emotions and social capital into current understanding of group effectiveness in order to explain theoretically, how groups develop effective interaction processes, engage members in effective task processes, and build group effectiveness. Implications and future research directions are discussed.

Development of a Three-dimensional Model for Ductile Fracture in Materials Containing Two Types of Microvoids.

There are three stages in ductile fracture process: voids initiation, void growth and void coalescence. In the final stage, ductile fracture occurs due to the void coalescence. Thomason suggested that voids begin to coalesce when a plastic limit-load condition is fulfilled for localized plastic failure of the intervoid matrix. On the basis of this critical void-coalescence condition, we developed a three-dimensional model for ductile fracture considering two types of voids with different sizes, and applied this model to a SA440 steel with and without pre-straining. With the critical strength of particle/matrix interface and the theoretical void growth strain obtained from the model, the reason for the decrease in fracture strain caused by plastic pre-strain was discussed.

Major Theories of Personality Disorder

The editors have compiled a useful and timely volume. It is useful because it brings together some of the more important theories of personality disorder in a single volume, thereby facilitating comparison and analysis. The editors express the hope that this will fill the conceptual and theoretical void in the study of personality disorder. It is timely because the study of personality disorder is at an interesting juncture; after a period of steady growth, the field seems to lack direction. The editors suggest that the field is progressing to a second stage of its development in which greater emphasis is placed on etiology and development. The problem that the field faces is that the impetus and conceptual support for recent empirical work was largely provided by theDSM-III. The decision to classify personality disorders on a separate axis drew attention to the importance of personality disorder and promoted interest in

'Did you say <i>oral literature</i>?' asked Walter Ong

This article investigates whether there is a theoretical framework for the notion of oral literature that is common to both oral theory and literary theory. The notion of oral literature has, within oral theory, generally been put to an anthropological - rather than literary - use. Because of particular difficulties involved with the appreciation of the textual properties of the oral text, a modernist approach proves unsatisfactory. A solution for the theoretical difficulty of integrating oral literature into literary theory is sought via a particular post-modernist view of literature, namely Anthony Easthope’s reconceptualisation of literary studies as study of signifying practice ("cultural studies") open to both literary and popular texts. Given the exclusivity of the notion of popular culture, centred on misconceptions relating to the constructedness of the oral text, the notion of oral literature continues, however, to operate in a theoretical void.

Theoretical development of comparative criminology: Rekindling an interest

Comparative criminology is making an impressive imprint in academic circles. This is evident by the burgeoning number of studies, journal articles, books, college courses, symposia, and conferences devoted to comparative issues. Our reading of existing literature, however, indicates the comparative field is overly descriptive and oriented to the pragmatic rather than theoretical. Comparative criminology is not theoretically sophisticated. This paper assesses the current state of theory in the comparative field and offers some preliminary suggestions for correcting the theoretical void. Coleman's (1991) theory of white‐collar crime and Gottfredson and Hirschi's (1990) general theory of crime are presented as examples of theoretical frameworks with potential comparative applications. Implications for future development of comparative criminological theory are discussed.

Knots in the net: on the redevelopment of railway stations and their surroundings

Ambitious plans for the full‐scale redevelopment of railway stations and their surroundings are under way in one city after the other throughout Europe. Although there have been a few success stories, widespread difficulties are also being reported. A theoretical void may be a reason for part of the problems. In contrast to the pace of development, there has been little specific research on the subject. To start filling that gap, this paper contributes some elements of a critical framework for the interpretation of current railway station redevelopment projects. It also points to possible practical implications of the analysis.

Herman Kahn and the developments in Germany: An essay on futures research

This article focuses on methodological issues in long-range societal futures studies. The message is that, given the theoretical void in this field, its methods must allow for abroad spectrum of outcomes. Attempts at forecasting must be based on systematic assessments of alternative outcomes and must be protected from ideological pitfalls. The discussion is exemplified by the recent developments in Germany and three relevant works by Herman Kahn and associates which were published between 1967 and 1982.

Closing down the Social: Baudrillard's Challenge to Contemporary Sociology

Until a few years ago, the work of the French social philosopher Jean Baudrillard was relatively unknown to social scientists in the United States outside a small circle of persons interested in contemporary European cultural criticism. Among American sociologists in particular-apart from those whose first inclination was to view anything emerging from the current intellectual climate in France with some suspicion-the mention of his name was unlikely to produce a response. Today, recent translations into English of a selection of Baudrillard's key texts and interviews are changing this situation somewhat. In 1988 (Baudrillard 1988a), an important compilation of selected writings edited by Mark Poster appeared. And the publication by a major press of his book America (1988b)-a diary of critical reflections on his travels in the United States which has a surrealistic resemblance to the work of de Toqueville a century and a half ago-will certainly gain him a wider audience, although its general reception by mainstream sociologists in this country will not, I think, be sympathetic. Nor will Baudrillard's only self-proclaimed sociological work, In the Shadow of the Silent Majorities (1983b), which he cites elsewhere as his effort to put an end to the or at least the concept of the social, win him much favor among true believers (cf. Baudrillard 1987, p. 84). The latter will probably dismiss such remarks out of hand. This, however, would be unfortunate for beyond being merely provocative many of Baudrillard's views on contemporary society, culture and social theory are both original and incisive. As a whole they offer an alternative vision of modern life that demands a closer reading. Baudrillard's relative obscurity among social scientists has, on the other hand, been offset by his rapidly growing popularity in dissident, if typically apolitical, circles in America and abroad. There is more than a touch of irony in this development. For one who is deeply disaffected by the commodification of images in the modern mass media, Baudrillard has himself become something of a fashionable commodity these days. He has served as an editor and contributor to ArtForum, perhaps the most visible, if antiseptic, American periodical that has emerged to document the modern scene. His ideas appear regularly both in the underground press and in academic journals devoted to cultural politics. And when he appeared some months ago in the pages of Rolling Stone one could truly say that Baudrillard had arrived in America. My purpose here is not to examine the irony of Baudrillard's appeal to the radical chic element of American society, except, however, to note that his status as a cultural phenomenon of perhaps passing interest now threatens to overshadow his more lasting contribution to the critique of contemporary social theory. Admittedly this prospect does not appear to concern Baudrillard who, rather than trying to rescue himself from such a fate, self-consciously practices what he and fellow traveler Paul Virilio refer to as an art of disappearance,-of creating a theoretical void for others to fall into while he himself is forgotten (cf. Virilio 1980; Virilio 1983, p. 84; Baudrillard 1987, pp. 128-129). Baudrillard never asks that we take him or his ideas seriously, and in public appearances he seems rather bemused about all the attention he receives.'

Rate dependency, behavioral mechanisms, and behavioral pharmacology.

Behavioral pharmacology has become increasingly independent of the experimental analysis of behavior. At its beginning, behavioral pharmacology was closely related to the experimental analysis of behavior, with developments in each field aiding the other. Early attempts to systematize data in behavioral pharmacology culminated with the development of the rate-dependency concept, but as this principle was found to have more limited generality than originally was hoped, a theoretical void developed. This circumstance was followed by increased reliance on pharmacological theory as a basis for experimentation and interpretation, with an attendant decrease in emphasis on environmental variables and behavioral interpretations. Lack of interplay between behavioral pharmacology and the experimental analysis of behavior is detrimental to both disciplines because each could contribute significantly to the other. The current trend might be reversed if more research were directed at elucidating behavioral mechanisms of drug action.

The Economics of Medicare: Equilibrium within the Medical Community

This paper partially fills a theoretical void by developing an integrated model of the various branches of the medical community. A consistent and general framework is adopted to analyze equilibrium within the market for medical services under a stylized form of socialized medicine, without invoking demand shifting. The optimization problem faced by each agent is specified and the equilibrium is defined. The effect of various parameter changes on the market for medical services is analyzed. The predictions are not contradicted by the stylized facts.

Physical characteristics of sands amended with fly ash

Fly ash from a coal-fired power station was incorporated with each of a 'fine' (0.2-0.5 mm) and 'coarse' (1.4-2.0 mm) sand fraction to give mixtures containing 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 75 and 100% fly ash by weight. The addition of 10% by weight of ash increased the available water capacity by factors of 7.2 (1.0-7.2% by weight) and 13.5 (0.4-5.4% by weight) for the 'fine' and 'coarse' sands respectively. Subsequent additional 10% increments of ash increased the capacity by smaller amounts. The saturated hydraulic conductivity of the sands decreased markedly with ash addition. The changes in available water capacity and hydraulic conductivity were associated with an increase in capillary pores at the expense of non-capillary pores. Addition of fly ash to both sand fractions resulted in a bilinear relationship between void ratio (volume voids/volume solids) and fly ash percentage in the mixes which was closely related to that theoretically predicted for binary mixtures. The measured void ratios of the mixes exhibited minimum values at 36% and 20% ash by volume for the 'fine' and 'coarse' sand mixes respectively, which compared with the theoretical void ratios for these mixes of 27% and 23% respectively.

CRIME REPORTING:

AbstractMost of the recent work on crime reporting has yet to be integrated into a coherent theoretical scheme. In response to this theoretical void, the present article outlines a model of the social psychological processes involved in crime reporting. The processes underlying the reporting of an observed crime assume that the bystander is a rational decision maker. After sighting an unusual event. the bystander calculates how discrepant the event is from his personal norms, ponders the sort of label that is appropriate for explaining the event, assumes personal responsibility. and adds up the costs and benefits associated with action. Final action or inaction is the consequence of a long chain of unobservable, cognitive events. The model draws heavily from current theorizing in studies of help‐giving and altruistic behavior.

A Theoretical Structure for the Study of Suburban Politics

Suburban politics, while being subjected to more and more empirical research, often is studied in a theoretical void. This article attempts to provide a general theoretical structure for the study of suburban politics which focuses on three inherent developmental factors: the developmental stage of the surrounding metropolitan area; the circumstances of origin of the suburb; and the developmental phase of the particular suburb. Also related are a number of descriptive factors pertaining to the character of the suburban community. These independent variables are used to predict three ele ments of suburban politics: political style, kinds of issues, and kinds of relations with neighboring communities.

Vapour void fraction in subcooled flow boiling

Abstract Experimental data on steam void fraction and axial temperature distribution in an annular boiling channel for low mass-flux forced and natural circulation flow of water with inlet subcooling have been obtained. The ranges of variables covered are: mass flux = 1.4 × 104−1.0 × 105 kg/hr m2; heat flux = 4.5 × 103−7.5 × 104 kcal/hr m2; and inlet subcooling = 10–70°C. The present and literature data match well with the theoretical void predictions using a four-step method similar to that suggested by Zuber and co-workers.

Taxation, Substitution, and Industrial Location

The threat that high taxes in a region might drive out or repel industry has traditionally worried those responsible for the tax policies of state and local governments in the United States. More recently, the possibility that subsidies might attract industry has led some state and local governments to engage in various forms of subsidization of industry, including tax exemptions, and has given rise to numerous studies of the effects of taxes and subsidies on the location of industry. These studies have used such varied techniques as interviews, econometric analysis, and comparisons of tax liabilities in different states in their attempts to assess the sensitivity of industrial location to tax and subsidy policies.1 But while these studies have undoubtedly shed some light on this complex question, most of them have been rather ad hoc descriptions of the potentially important determinants of the regional location of industry, including rough estimates of the relative importance of taxes and subsidies. Lacking explicit theoretical foundation,2 they can be of only limited value in specifying under what conditions, in what manner, and to what extent fiscal variables might be expected to influence industrial location. The present paper is an attempt to fill this theoretical void in the literature on the locational impact of tax policy. A general equilibrium neoclassical model is used to spotlight several important determinants of the sensitivity of industrial location to various general taxes levied in only one