Theoretical Scientific Knowledge Research Articles

In search of artificial intelligence (AI) literacy in teacher education: A scoping review

Artificial intelligence (AI) literacy has recently emerged on the educational agenda raising expectations on teachers’ and teacher educators’ professional knowledge. This scoping review examines how the scientific literature conceptualises AI literacy in relation to teachers’ different forms of professional knowledge relevant for Teacher Education (TE). The search strategy included papers and proceedings from 2000 to 2023 related to AI literacy and TE as well as the intersection of AI and teaching. Thirty-four papers were included in the analysis. The Aristotelian concepts episteme (theoretical-scientific knowledge), techne (practical-productive knowledge), and phronesis (professional judgement) were used as a lens to capture implicit and explicit dimensions of teachers’ professional knowledge. Results indicate that AI literacy is a globally emerging research topic in education but almost absent in the context of TE. The literature covers many different topics and draws on different methodological approaches. Computer science and exploratory teaching approaches influence the type of epistemic, practical, and ethical knowledge. Currently, teachers’ professional knowledge is not broadly addressed or captured in the research. Questions of ethics are predominantly addressed as a matter of understanding technical configurations of data-driven AI technologies. Teachers’ practical knowledge tends to translate into the adoption of digital resources for teaching about AI or the integration of AI EdTech into teaching. By identifying several research gaps, particularly concerning teachers' practical and ethical knowledge, this paper adds to a more comprehensive understanding of AI literacy in teaching and can contribute to a more well-informed AI literacy education in TE as well as laying the ground for future research related to teachers’ professional knowledge.

Developing Dual Language Skills and Intercultural Communication Strategies in a Bilingual Learning Environment: Investigating a Project Based Learning Programme

This study investigated a project-based learning approach and explored developing bilingual language skills and enhanced intercultural communication within an existing Bilingual Learning Community. The study mainly looked at the increased importance of bilingualism and intercultural understanding needed to be successful in a global society. It investigated the effectiveness of using Project-based learning to promote these essential skills and competencies. The research used a mixed methods approach that integrated qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis methods. The study took place in an international school setting in China within a bilingual learning community using English and Chinese, project-based learning, and STEM activities to enhance language proficiency and intercultural understanding. The qualitative component of the study involved interviews with various teachers involved in the Bilingual Learning Community study, and the specific students in the classes were analysed regarding their understanding of intercultural communication. Questionnaires gathered information about the teacher’s and student’s knowledge of the concepts. Observations and comprehensive notes were utilised, and natural interactions with students were encouraged so they could be observed under normal circumstances. The quantitative phase employed pre-and post-tests to measure the students’ language proficiency and focused explicitly on developing cognitive academic language proficiency (CALP) skills. These tests also measured the student’s intercultural learning and competencies. The data collected was analysed using statistical methods. These statistical methods determined the effectiveness of Project-based Learning as a pedagogy to promote bilingual language acquisition and develop intercultural understanding and communication. The findings of this study contributed to the existing body of knowledge on bilingual learning communities, intercultural understanding, and Project-based learning. The study also significantly contributed to the theoretical scientific knowledge by creating a detailed framework with descriptors that related to bilingual language development for students and intercultural communication competence that other scholars could develop further. It was also expected to contribute significantly to applied scientific knowledge. It provided practical information about the students' language skills, communicative behaviours, and difficulties when dealing with problems and will be helpful for teachers in China and abroad.

Transfer pedagogicko-ekonomických vedných poznatkov do prípravy učiteľa na vyučovaciu hodinu predmetu Manažment 1. časť: Teoretické východiská pre prípravu učiteľa na vyučovaciu hodinu predmetu Manažment

The submitted paper has a theoretical and applied nature and contains two parts. The first part of the contribution is focused on theoretical knowledge about the issue of the relationship between the lesson and the teacher. In general, we define the lesson, goals, elements of planning and preparation of the lesson and classify these concepts from the point of view of experts. The first part of the contribution also includes the teacher's basic pedagogical skills and other necessary components of his preparation for the lesson, such as school documents, didactic analysis of the subject matter, didactic aids. The theoretical starting points can be applied to the preparation of the teacher for a class for both secondary and higher education with an economic focus. The second part of the contribution is transfer, application. The goal is, based on theoretical scientific knowledge, to develop a sample of written teacher preparation for a lesson in the subject Management with the topic: "Properties and skills of managers".

Improving the scientific and methodological foundations for determining environmental requirements and criteria for infrastructure projects

The article is devoted to the issue of taking into account the environmental factor in the evaluation and selection of infrastructure projects that are financed with the involvement of funds from the Russian National Wealth Fund. The purpose of the study is to improve the scientific and methodological base for the assessment and selection of infrastructure projects in the face of modern environmental challenges and threats. The work used universal and general scientific methods, methods of empirical and theoretical scientific knowledge, as well as special methods, due to the essence of the object and subject of research. The developed scientific and methodological foundations and proposals for the legal regulation of the assessment and selection of infrastructure projects, taking into account the environmental factor, are presented.

Water Productivity and Harvest Index Response of Paddy Rice with Alternate Wetting and Drying Practice for Adaptation to Climate Change

The current water scarcity and world population increase cause the need for more food, pushing the demand on water resources due to crop production such as rice. Increasing agricultural water productivity by reducing the amount of irrigation water without affecting the yields, especially in paddy rice, is necessary. This is possible with alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation. This study was conducted under greenhouse conditions at Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan to evaluate the response of yield, water productivity and harvest index with different water regimes. The experiment was performed in pots with four water regimes as treatments and three replications, making 12 pots. The water regimes were continuous flooding irrigation as control and three AWD conditions—AWD5, AWD10 and AWD15—in which pots were irrigated when water reached 5, 10 and 15 cm soil depth, respectively, after the disappearance of surface ponding water. Yield components, harvest indexes and water productivity showed no significant difference (p < 0.05) between irrigation treatments. In this research, as there is more than a 25% reduction in water use and only 6.4% in grain yield, AWD15 was considered the best irrigation practice among the other treatments. This study provides data reference for theoretical scientific knowledge and understanding of safe AWD practice for countries facing water shortages.

The sociology of knowledge as the important factor of Belarusian digital economy development

The article considers various elements and components of digital economy. The role of numerous types of knowledge (technical, theoretical (scientific), organisational, ordinary, local, unorganised, individual, etc.) in the development of the latter is revealed. The possibilities of the sociology of knowledge in studying of such problems as the problem of comprehensive description of the phenomenon of knowledge in general, the problem of differentiation of processes of knowledge transformation (such processes today include socialisation, externalisation, combination, internalisation, demonstration, codification, audiovisual recording of knowledge, its standardisation, its transfer from a category of public goods to a category of private goods, monopolisation of knowledge, etc.), are determined. Based on the results of the study, the following conclusions are substantiated. Scientific knowledge can become a key resource of the digital economy if it undergoes the process of codification using specialised methods. Theoretical scientific knowledge should be published in the open press, digitisedand posted on the Internet to ensure free access to them; applied scientific knowledge of technological nature must be patented and licensed. The sociology of knowledge can become an important factor in the development of the digital economy of Belarus if the studies carried out by representatives of this area of the Belarusian sociological science on such problems as defining of knowledge priorities, inclusiveness of the scientific knowledge in the digital economy, social adaptation of scientific knowledge, elimination of the existing techno-humanitarian imbalance, etc., are intensified.

ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЕ ОБЫДЕННОГО И НАУЧНОГО ЗНАНИЯ В ФОРМИРОВАНИИ ПРАВОСОЗНАНИЯ

The study of legal consciousness from the position of cognitive approach is due to the idea of the existence of mental constructs, the role of which is to maintain a holistic and meaningful picture of the world. The study of the phenomenon of law as applied to human consciousness allows us to talk about LEGAL CONSCIOUSNESS - gestalt reflection of legal norms in the mind of an individual, a form of social consciousness. In accordance with the above mentioned argument the aim of the research is to cognitively analyze linguistic representations of the concept to study the interaction of scientific and ordinary knowledge. The object of the research is the interaction of ordinary and scientific knowledge in the gestalt structure. During the study, using the method of cognitive modeling, we identified two aspects (localization of legal consciousness, detailing of legal consciousness). The analysis of two aspects confirms the fact that this knowledge is assimilated and formed with the participation of stable cognitive structures, which have arisen on the basis of human bodily experience. It showed the representation of the phenomenon with the help of conceptual metaphors. Theoretical scientific knowledge is a part of the considered gestalt, it can be unsystematic and fragmentary, as it does not determine the integrity of the gestalt.

Kitap değerlendirmesi: Kuramdan uygulamaya sosyobilimsel konular

Socio-scientific issues (SSI) that play a role in the development of twenty-first-century skills are directly included in the renewed science curriculum and science teacher training program in Turkey. In terms of the potential contribution of SSI integration to the development of science literacy and high-level knowledge and skills in education, the book titled “Socio-Scientific Issues from Theory to Practice” was reviewed in this study. This academic book prepared under the editorship of Assoc. Prof. Murat Genç and published in print and as an e-book consists of xviii+422 pages and 16 chapters. The target audience of the book consists of teachers, prospective and pre-service teachers, academicians and researchers in the field of science teaching. The chapter contents of the book have been structured by 20 researchers who are experts in their field. This book provides the reader with opportunities of supporting, experiencing science education and providing with a new point of view in the context of SSI with examples and recommendations. It provides not only obtaining theoretical scientific knowledge but also implementing it. In the new publication of the book, it can be suggested that the book may be enriched by adding new chapter titles in the scope of pedagogical content knowledge towards SSI teaching for different disciplines and different education levels.

Intangible values in the accounting theoretical and applied sphere of the eastern Galicia of the second half of XIX - the beginning of XX century: historical discourse

The evolution of the economic category "intangible value of the enterprise" and the content of the objects that present it are summarized. The historical formalization of intangible components of the value of the enterprise is given and the development of accounting methodology and methods of reflection of objects related to the concept of "intangible asset" is analyzed. The article presents theoretical and applied aspects of the reflection of intangible assets by accounting in the global and regional sections. The first part of the study highlights the generalized and systematized by the author historiography of the basic principles of accounting for intangible assets with an emphasis on existing problem aspects and ways to solve them at the turn of the century. The second part of this historical and accounting investigation reveals the panorama of solving the problem of accounting for intangible assets in Eastern Galicia. The study of this component has the character of theoretical scientific knowledge and is based on literary criticism, based on selected textbooks and scientific works of accountants of the study area. The hypothesis of the study is the assumption of the development of Western Ukrainian scientists in the period declared by the article of certain ideas that can be rationally used to develop modern concepts of accounting for intangible assets. Among the scientific novelty of the article is a proposal on the principles and approaches to writing off the value of intangible assets, as well as methods of accounting for goodwill in the accounting method, substantiated in the past. The study is based on historical-retrospective analysis, and therefore the main methods of historiographic analysis and historical-genetic method were used.

EL DOMINIO SEMÁNTICO Y LA COMPRENSIÓN DE TEXTOS ESPECIALIZADOS EN ESTUDIANTES DE DERECHO DE LA UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AMAZÓNICA DE MADRE DE DIOS

La investigación se propuso determinar la relaciónentre el dominio semántico y la comprensión de textosespecializados en estudiantes de la Carrera Profesionalde Derecho de la Universidad Nacional Amazónicade Madre de Dios. Es un estudio de tipo básico, pordesarrollar el conocimiento científico teórico en cuantoa la semántica y la comprensión lectora de menor ymayor complejidad académica. Es de nivel descriptivoy diseño correlacional. La muestra estuvo conformadapor 60 estudiantes. La técnica aplicada para recopilarlos datos fue la evaluación y como instrumento se aplicóun test para determinar el dominio semántico y las fichasde lectura para evaluar los niveles de comprensiónde textos especializados. El dominio semántico sedisgregó en dimensiones de: vocabulario en contexto,sinónimo y antónimo en contexto, parónimo, parónimo,homónimos, hiperónimos-hipónimos y marcadorestextuales. Las dimensiones de comprensión de textos:comprensión en el nivel proposicional, nivel local, nivelglobal y nivel elaborativo. Se tuvo como resultado uncoeficiente de correlación de (0,629) considerada unarelación positiva media entre variables en la muestray población de estudio. Se concluyó que existeuna relación directa y significativa entre el dominiosemántico y la comprensión de textos especializados;a mayor dominio semántico mayor comprensión detextos.

Между следом и предзнаменованием. Парадигма улик – как знание и как практика

В статье рассматривается предложенная историком культуры Карло Гинз­бургом «парадигма улик» как возникшая в конце XIX в. с и тех пор успеш­но развивающаяся в гуманитарных науках методология. Главные свойства знания, вырабатываемого данной парадигмой, – это, согласно К. Гинзбургу, его опытный характер, предположительность, выделение индивидуальных черт исследуемого объекта. В противоположность тезису Гинзбурга в ста­тье высказывается мысль, что «парадигма улик» в ее приложении к науке любого профиля – гуманитарного или естественного – неизбежно теряет свою специфику, и следовательно, не может претендовать на то, чтобы на­зываться полноценной научной парадигмой. Однако темпоральный аспект уликовой парадигмы (главным образом в области повседневной практики) поддается осмыслению и в какой-то мере теоретизации при помощи мето­дологического аппарата философии истории и философского экзистенциа­лизма. В статье показано, что при подобном рассмотрении могут обнаружить­ся конституирующие и созидательные возможности уликовой парадигмы и ее опосредованное влияние на само научное знание.

Gerasimchuki - Nikityuki, who are they? Kiverchuk and Boratints are patriots of Ukraine

There are many methods that can be used to study certain areas, areas and aspects of their lives, each method has its pros and cons. Rural areas are available in almost every region, if we consider the region in its classical form, so to study rural areas and their competitiveness, it is advisable to use a synthesis of different views, methods and points of view. This will allow us to move from one type of scientific analysis to another and maneuver between some radically opposite approaches in order to make the most complete and comprehensive use of methods of empirical and theoretical scientific knowledge. The historical method is especially important for Ukraine, because over the last century the understanding of the village and everything connected with it has completely changed several times, which was due to changes in the forms of government One of the characteristic features of modern society is the appeal to their roots, interest in studying the history of the native land. It is known that the study of the history of each nation begins with the study of the history of a family, house, street, village or city. Each of us has such corners on earth, where both in the days of joy and in the days of sorrow you reach for a drop of healing water from your native spring, for strength from your father's home. There are many interesting Volyn families, such as the Gerasymchuks, with whom the former village of Kivertsi (now Pryluky) in the Kiverechchyna, the village of Boratyn in the Luchchyna, the way of economic life in antiquity and other events of our region are connected. It is claimed that Gerasimchuk-Nikityuki are representatives of the village elite, around which the community rallied. This study is one example of the study of labor dynasties, which today are not relevant in historical science.

ЭТИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНОВАНИЯ МЕТОДОЛОГИИ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ НАУКИ

Now theoretical scientific knowledge, including economic is at post-non-classicism stage which is cha-racterized by actualization of the interdisciplinary ap-proach, strengthening of an ethical role and attracting attention to the study of difficult systems and non-linear processes. However not all currents of an eco-nomic thought correspond to post-non-classicism stage. The mainstream economics is described by some scientists in terms of crisis, super formality, unrealistic basic prerequisites and stalling. In many respects it is connected with the fact that basic outlines of an economic mainstream are based on outdated philosophical prerequisites of two centuries ago. Overcoming restrictions of economic science requires reconsideration of its methodological bases and the research object, the appeal to other social sciences and humanities achievements. Today in the methodology of economic science there are essential revolutionary changes connected with formation of a humanistic paradigm, studying of the heterogeneous economic subjects behavior having different moral qualities. According to the author, overcoming the crisis phenomena in the economic theory and increase of the practical significance of economy as a science can be connected with a return to dialectic logic, ontological bases of economic knowledge, ethical rationality, and consideration of relationship between humans.

How to communicate climate change 'impact and solutions' to vulnerable population of Indian Sundarbans? From theory to practice.

IntroductionGlobal consciousness on climate change problems and adaptation revolves around the disparity of information sharing and communication gap between theoretical scientific knowledge at academic end and practical implications of these at the vulnerable populations’ end. Coastal communities facing socio-economic stress, like densely populated Sundarbans, are the most affected part of the world, exposed to climate change problems and uncertainties. This article explores the successes of a socio-environmental project implemented at Indian Sundarbans targeted towards economic improvement and aims at communicating environmental conservation through organized community participation.Case descriptionParticipatory rural appraisal (PRA) and the wealth rank tool (WRT) were used to form a “group based organization” with 2100 vulnerable families to give them knowledge about capacity building, disaster management, resource conservation and sustainable agriculture practices. Training was conducted with the selected group members on resource conservation, institution building, alternative income generation activities (AIGA) like, Poultry, Small business, Tricycle van, Organic farming and disaster management in a participatory mode. The climate change ‘problems–solutions’ were communicated to this socio-economically marginalized and ostracized community through participatory educational theater (PET).Discussion and evaluationWRT revealed that 45 % of the population was under economic stress. Out of 2100 beneficiaries’, 1015 beneficiaries’ started organic farming, 133 beneficiaries’ adopted poultry instead of resource exploitive livelihood and 71 beneficiaries’ engaged themselves with small business, which was the success stories of this project. To mitigate disaster, 10-committees were formed and the endemic knowledge about climate change was recorded by participatory method validated through survey by structured questionnaire. As a part of this project 87 ha of naked deforested mudflat was reclaimed with endangered mangroves involving target community members aimed to sequester CO2, control soil erosion and act as a barrier during natural disasters.ConclusionThis case study concluded that participatory method of communication, aiming not only to communicate theoretical knowledge, but also to devise adaptation strategies through conservation of endemic knowledge, popularizing sustainability through Micro Finance Institutions and promoting AIGA along with motivating vulnerable community to restore degraded forest lands, could be a effective solution to practically combat climate change problems.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40064-016-2816-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

ECOLOGICAL CULTURE OF FUTURE MOTO TRANSPORT SPECIALISTS: METHODS OF RESEARCH

In this article the methods of ecological culture of the students of the motor transport institution of highereducation of the I-II levels of accreditation defined. Systematized research instruments according to the stages ofscientific inquiry. Defined statistical measurements of studied variables.The author examines the ecological culture as a body of knowledge, concepts, behavior, main specific featureof which is that it is not formed spontaneously, and there by creating conditions conducive to the deployment of itsprinciples and specific activity – ecological education, examines the philosophical, historical, psychological literatureon the formation of ecological culture.The article singled out general and special research methods of ecological culture level of the students of the motortransport institution of higher education of the I-II levels of accreditation, identified certain stages of the study.The methods used in some fields of science and research at various stages refer to common scientific methods ofinvestigation . They are divided into empirical, theoretical and empirico-theoretical. This division of general researchmethods associates with the existence of two levels of knowledge of the world: an empirical associated with humansensory knowledge (through sensation, perception, representation) and theoretical scientific knowledge related totheory (through the study of theoretical achievements in various fields of science). Empirical knowledge provides thebasis for the theoretical and vice versa.

The shift from theory to innovation: the evolution of Brazilian research frontiers 2005–2011

Proliferation of emerging economies as significant sources of competitive knowledge is a key feature of globalisation, often driven by government policies fostering domestic research-based innovation capabilities. To cast light on this common emerging economy effort to move from catch-up towards the global innovation frontier, we analyse the evolution of the focus of Brazilian research frontiers 2005–2011 with bibliometric methods. Our results demonstrate a gradual and moderate shift from theoretical scientific knowledge to more innovation-centred knowledge in the most influential Brazilian research, indicating the increased prominence and quality of innovation focused efforts in country's knowledge system. Thus, the recent expansion of Brazil's innovation system is accompanied by qualitative transformations of the research system, in part driven by nationally emerging research fields and technologies. Conceptually, we consider the overall importance of scientific research for developing and emerging economy innovation system build-up.

A Review of Biomechanic and Aerodynamic Considerations of the Avian Thoracic Limb

The wings are the most important part of the flight apparatus of a bird and consist of feathers, bones, muscles, nerves, and patagial skin flaps. The complex kinematics of wing beats and the perfect control of aerodynamics make avian flight possible. An impaired flight can be viewed as an avian lameness; therefore, a better understanding of avian locomotion can help to diagnose and to evaluate the avian patient, especially when perfect flight is required for release of wild birds. Every condition affecting a specific part of the wing can lead to serious biomechanic and aerodynamic consequences during flight. This review summarizes wing mechanics that might be of clinical relevance for avian practitioners considering the current experimental and theoretical scientific knowledge available on avian flight in conjunction with observations of birds in various wildlife centers.

Geospatial Modelling of Indeterminate Phenomena: The Object-Field Model with Uncertainty and Semantics

The need for a conceptually unifying data model for the representation of geospatial phenomena has already been acknowledged. Recognising that the importance of the data model employed by and large determines what can be done by way of analysis and the methods by which the analysis can be undertaken, there has been some activity in developing unifying data models for geospatial representation in digital form. Some successes have been reported. Nevertheless, progress has been slow, especially at the conceptual and logical levels of abstraction of geospatial data models.Concepts and ideas from cognitive and perceptual psychology as well as GIScience and GISystems literature are examined within the context of geospatial data modelling and reasoning. Drawing on and combining these concepts, ideas and successes with an empirical approach which proposes generalities by induction, this thesis suggests the fused Object-Field model with uncertainty and semantics at the conceptual, logical and physical levels of abstraction. The logical level has been formalised in the Unified Modelling Language (UML) class diagram and the physical level has been implemented in Java programming language. The purpose of the Object-Field model is to better support the representation and reasoning of geospatial phenomena, particularly indeterminate phenomena such as town centres and land cover changes. It is shown that many of the concepts required to better represent geospatial phenomena can be derived from a single foundation that is termed the elementary-geoParticle which is regarded as indivisible, has no parts and serves as the standard for integrating the dual continuous-field and discrete-object conceptualisations by means of aggregation. A second concept is introduced, termed Traditional Scientific and Concept spaces of the Object-Field model and shown to provide a useful foundation for collaborative reasoning. The traditional scientific space is a mathematical representation of observational data and the concept space is a representation of conceptualisations, meanings and interpretations of the traditional scientific space. A third concept is also introduced, termed the Hierarchical Uncertainty and Semantic components of the Object-Field model that 'populates' the concept space with variable levels of uncertainty and semantics. Sketching is also suggested as a way to represent, record and manage conceptualisation uncertainty as it is an element of uncertainty that is frequently overlooked, yet has a significant impact in the way in which subjects understand and use geospatial data. Given that conceptualisation uncertainty is a subjective process that varies between individuals, this form of uncertainty has particular importance in the collaborative decision-making of indeterminate phenomena.This thesis constructs technical and theoretical scientific knowledge for the design and development of geospatial models that aim to support the human decision-making process of indeterminate phenomena by means of multiple conceptualisations and interpretations. The theoretical knowledge is embodied in the UML formalization of the Object-Field model and the technical knowledge is embodied in the Object-Field GISystems Prototype.

The effect of a work-conditioning programme on manual labourers in South African industry

Despite substantial efforts to reduce the physical demands placed on manual labourers the epidemiology of occupational disability and musculoskeletal disorders indicates that the problem is growing, and this is specifically evident in Industrially Developing Countries such as South Africa. The possible reasons for this increase are: the physical demands of the task being excessive and the poor physical condition of the workers.In 1992 Genaidy and associates proposed an Ergonomic Stress Index (ESI), defined as the ratio of job requirements to employee capabilities. While the primary focus in any physically demanding job must be to reduce the physical demands of the task, it is possible that by improving the physical work capacity of the worker, while at the same time educating and training the individuals how best to execute the task, one may further reduce the ESI and thus lessen the incidence of musculoskeletal disorders.The objective of this project was to investigate the effect of a “Work Conditioning” programme as an intervention strategy to proactively assist in the reduction of occupational disabilities.Twenty-four male labourers engaged in physically demanding tasks in local industries participated in the study. Task analysis (liftRISK – Charteris and Scott, 1990), working heart rate and perceptual responses (RPE – Borg, 1970) were assessed within the work setting prior to other data collection and again after the completion of the final laboratory testing session. Age, stature and mass, resting heart rate, and grip strength and back strength (Cybex 6000), were assessed pre- and post- a ten week Work Conditioning programme. The programme, conducted on the work premises, included general physical conditioning and specific job simulations.The results revealed an outstanding overall amelioration within the various situations with statistically significant improvement in most parameters. These data give a clear indication that in Industrially Developing Countries, where there remains, and is likely to remain for some time, a substantial amount of physically demanding manual materials handling, there is an urgent need to educate and train the workers how best to cope with the demands of the task.Relevance for IndustryDrawing on theoretical scientific knowledge to assist in reducing the high incidence and severity of musculo-skeletal injuries resulting from physically demanding tasks which are an inherent aspect of industrially developing countries. Acknowledging the need for a two-pronged approach viz reduce task demands and improve the workers' physical capacity.