Theoretical Purity Research Articles

Updating the 1:50,000 Dutch soil map using legacy soil data: A multinomial logistic regression approach

The 1:50,000 national soil survey of the Netherlands, completed in the early 1990s after more than three decades of mapping, is gradually becoming outdated. Large-scale changes in land and water management that took place after the field surveys have had a great impact on the soil. Especially oxidation of peat soils has resulted in a substantial decline of these soils. The aim of this research was to update the national soil map for the province of Drenthe (2680 km 2) without additional fieldwork through digital soil mapping using legacy soil data. Multinomial logistic regression was used to quantify the relationship between ancillary variables and soil group. Special attention was given to model-building as this is perhaps the most crucial step in digital soil mapping. A framework for building a logistic regression model was taken from the literature and adapted for the purpose of soil mapping. The model-building process was guided by pedological expert knowledge to ensure that the final regression model is not only statistically sound but also pedologically plausible. We built separate models for the ten major map units, representing the main soil groups, of the national soil map for the province of Drenthe. The calibrated models were used to estimate the probability of occurrence of soil groups on a 25 m grid. Shannon entropy was used to quantify the uncertainty of the updated soil map, and the updated soil map was validated by an independent probability sample. The theoretical purity of the updated map was 67%. The estimated actual purity of the updated map, as assessed by the validation sample, was 58%, which is 6% larger than the actual purity of the national soil map. The discrepancy between theoretical and actual purity might be explained by the spatial clustering of the soil profile observations used to calibrate the multinomial logistic regression models and by the age difference between calibration and validation observations.

IGSCC of non-sensitized stainless steels in high temperature water

SCC studies in stainless steels and nickel alloys reveal that all grades and conditions are susceptible to SCC in high temperature water, whether deaerated or aerated, high H 2 or low, theoretical purity water or buffered/contaminated, lower temperature or higher. However, the kinetics of SCC growth vary enormously with stress intensity, yield strength, sensitization, water chemistry, irradiation, temperature, etc. The role of yield strength is especially important because it changes with surface cold work, bulk cold work, weld shrinkage strain, and irradiation hardening; the role of metallurgical strengthening mechanisms, e.g., nitrogen additions or precipitation hardening, may have a similar effect. SCC growth rate measurements were performed in high temperature water on unsensitized stainless steels (and alloy 600) of various grades and compositions. Little effect of grade/heat of stainless steel, martensite content or H 2 fugacity/permeation rate was observed, while large effects were observed for yield strength (cold work), stress intensity factor, corrosion potential, and temperature. A model ‘stainless steel’ containing 5% Si (and elevated Ni and reduced Cr) showed high growth rates and little effect of corrosion potential or stress intensity factor.

Bayesian Maximum Entropy prediction of soil categories using a traditional soil map as soft information

SummaryBayesian Maximum Entropy was used to estimate the probabilities of occurrence of soil categories in the Netherlands, and to simulate realizations from the associated multi‐point pdf. Besides the hard observations (H) of the categories at 8369 locations, the soil map of the Netherlands 1:50 000 was used as soft information (S). The category with the maximum estimated probability was used as the predicted category. The quality of the resulting BME(HS)‐map was compared with that of the BME(H)‐map obtained by using only the hard data in BME‐estimation, and with the existing soil map. Validation with a probability sample showed that the use of the soft information in BME‐estimation leads to a considerable and significant increase of map purity by 15%. This increase of map purity was due to the high purity of the existing soil map (71.3%). The purity of the BME(HS) was only slightly larger than that of the existing soil map. This was due to the small correlation length of the soil categories. The theoretical purity of the BME‐maps overestimated the actual map purity, which can be partly explained by the biased estimates of the one‐point bivariate probabilities of hard and soft categories of the same label. Part of the hard data is collected to describe characteristic soil profiles of the map units which explains the bias. Therefore, care must be taken when using the purposively selected data in soil information systems for calibrating the probability model. It is concluded that BME is a valuable method for spatial prediction and simulation of soil categories when the number of categories is rather small (say < 10). For larger numbers of categories, the computational burden becomes prohibitive, and large samples are needed for calibration of the probability model.

Stress Corrosion Cracking of Stainless Steels and Nickel Alloys in High-Temperature Water

Abstract Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) studies in stainless steels and nickel alloys reveal that all grades and conditions are susceptible to SCC in high-temperature water, whether deaerated or aerated, high H2 or low, theoretical purity water or buffered/contaminated, lower temperature or higher. However, the kinetics of SCC growth vary enormously with stress intensity, yield strength, sensitization, water chemistry, irradiation, temperature, etc. The role of yield strength is especially important because it changes with surface cold work, bulk cold work, weld shrinkage strain, and irradiation hardening; the role of metallurgical strengthening mechanisms, e.g., nitrogen additions or precipitation hardening, may have a similar effect. SCC growth rate measurements were performed in high-temperature water on unsensitized stainless steels (and Alloy 600 [UNS N06600]) of various grades and compositions. Little effect of grade/heat of stainless steel, martensite content, or H2 fugacity/permeation rate was ob...

Gabbard Explains Dos and Don'ts Of Teaching Psychotherapy

Gabbard Explains Dos and Don'ts Of Teaching Psychotherapy

Theoretical Purity Versus Theoretical Layering in Marriage and Family Therapy

There seem to be two competing streams of thought about the use of theory in the marriage and family therapy literature: theoretical purity versus integrationism. We examined influence of theoretical orientation on client experience in therapy. Level of academic training (masters' versus doctoral degree) was investigated as a possible confounding variable. Results suggest that therapists in private practice are less inclined to practice pure forms of therapy.

Criminology as Religion?

The terrain in and around academia is being transformed. Criminology has not been exempt, with dwindling government funding forcing greater emphasis on contract research, consultancies and even direct programme management. Various commentators have expressed concern about the future of the discipline--but what is it that is being changed? This paper explores the nature of criminology and argues that it always has been as much a moral as an empirical science. Using Weber's sociology of religion as a model we argue that criminology has generated a variety of types, including: magicians' (whose primary concern is with what works?'); priests' (guardians of doctrine); gurus' (distillers of current expertise); and prophets' (bearers of fresh visions'). The paper also explores tensions and paradoxes inherent in criminology's religious dimension: in particular the possibility that desire for moral virtuosity' (often disguised as a concern for theoretical purity') can lead to rejection of worldly involvement on the grounds that it will cloud insight. In this context the paper argues that the consequences of a shift toward market concerns need not be entirely negative.

A decision making model: Its structure and form

I explain the logic and real‐time track record of the expected utility model used for forecasting the outcome and dynamics of political choices. The model represents an example of applied modeling. It is a tool designed for practical application. As such, some sacrifices in theoretical or analytic purity are made to gain empirical leverage. At the same time, the model remains faithful to the rational choice perspective that suggests that decision makers do what they believe is in their best interest. Decision makers are modeled as individuals with bounded rationality, who are not able to look ahead over an unbounded time horizon, but instead see only one move ahead of their current choice. Furthermore, while they update information, they do so crudely. I also attempt to explain limitations of the model and areas for further improvement.

Rothbard and Mises on Interest: An Exercise in Theoretical Purity

The conventional wisdom in economics holds, with Irving Fisher, that interest is explained jointly by the forces of time preference (thrift) and productivity. One school of thought, however, has held stubbornly to the assertion that interest is best understood as a result of time preference alone, time preference as the essential determinant of interest. This is the pure time preference approach to interest. And while most economists are inclined to dismiss this approach out of hand, the pure time preference approach has proved remarkably resilient. Part of the explanation for the persistence of rival theories can be found, not surprisingly, in terminological confusions and ambiguities, for example in deciding among candidates for essential causation. I hope in this article to improve the case for the pure time preference approach to interest by clarifying the argument. It appears that some of the confusion can be attributed to the approach of two theorists, Ludwig von Mises and Murray Rothbard, and to their connecting the time preference approach to their particular a priori methodology.

Family Therapy: Concepts and Methods

Each chapter concludes with Readings and References. Foreword, by Salvador Minuchin, M.D. Preface. I.THE CONTEXT OF FAMILY THERAPY. 1.The Foundations of Family Therapy. The Myths of the Hero. Psychotherapeutic Sanctuary. Family versus Individual Therapy. Psychology and Social Context. The Power of Family Therapy. Contemporary Cultural Influences. Thinking in Lines: Thinking in Circles. 2.The Evolution of Family Therapy. The Undeclared War. Small Group Dynamics. The Child Guidance Movement. The Influence of Social Work. Research on Family Dynamics and the Etiology of Schizophrenia. Marriage Counseling. From Research to Treatment: The Pioneers of Family Therapy. The Golden Age of Family Therapy. Summary. 3.Early Models and Basic Techniques: Group Process and Communications Analysis. Sketches of Leading Figures. Theoretical Formulations. Normal Family Development. Development of Behavior Disorders. Goals of Therapy. Conditions for Behavior Change. Techniques. Lessons from the Early Models. System's Anxiety. The Stages of Family Therapy. Family Assessment. Working with Managed Care. 4.The Fundamental Concepts of Family Therapy. Systems Theory. Functionalism. Structuralism. The Legacy of Cybernetics and Structural-Functionalism. General Systems Theory. Satir's Humanizing Influence. Bowen and Differentiation of Self. The Road Not Taken. Enduring Concepts and Methods. Conclusions. II.THE CLASSIC SCHOOLS OF FAMILY THERAPY. 5.Bowen Family Systems Therapy. Sketches of Leading Figures. Theoretical Formulations. Normal Family Development. Development of Behavior Disorders. Goals of Therapy. Conditions of Behavior Change. Techniques. Evaluating Therapy Theory and Results. Summary. 6.Experiential Family Therapy. Sketches of Leading Figures. Theoretical Formulations. Normal Family Development. Development of Behavior Disorders. Goals of Therapy. Conditions of Behavior Change. Techniques. Evaluating Therapy Theory and Results. Summary. 7.Psychoanalytic Family Therapy. Sketches of Leading Figures. Theoretical Formulations. Normal Family Development. Development of Behavior Disorders. Goals of Therapy. Conditions of Behavior Change. Techniques. Evaluating Therapy Theory and Results. Summary. 8.Structural Family Therapy. Sketches of Leading Figures. Theoretical Formulations. Normal Family Development. Development of Behavior Disorders. Goals of Therapy. Conditions of Behavior Change. Techniques. Evaluating Therapy Theory and Results. Summary. 9.Cognitive-Behavioral Family Therapy. Sketches of Leading Figures. Theoretical Formulations. Normal Family Development. Development of Behavior Disorders. Goals of Therapy. Conditions of Behavior Change. Techniques. Evaluating Therapy Theory and Results. Summary. III.RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN FAMILY THERAPY. 10.Family Therapy Enters the Twenty-First Century. Erosion Boundaries. Postmodernism. Constructivism. Collaborative, Conversational Approaches. The Hermeneutic Tradition. Social Constructionism. The Narrative Revolution. Family Therapy's Answer to Managed Care: Solution-Focused Therapy. Feminism and Family Therapy. Family Violence. Multiculturalism. Race. Poverty and Social Class. Gay and Lesbian Issues. Spirituality. Tailoring Treatments to Populations and Problems. Empirically Based Treatment Programs. Medical Family Therapy and Psychoeducation. The Self in the System. Managed Care. Conclusions. 11.From Strategic to Solution-Focused: The Evolution of Brief Therapy. The MRI, Strategic, and Milan Systemic Models. Sketches of Leading Figures. Theoretical Formulations. Normal Family Development. Development of Behavior Disorders. Goals of Therapy. Conditions of Behavior Change. Techniques. Evaluating Therapy Theory and Results. Summary. 12.Narrative Therapy. Sketches of Leading Figures. Theoretical Formulations. Normal Family Development. Development of Behavior Disorders. Goals of Therapy. Conditions of Behavior Change. Techniques. Evaluating Therapy Theory and Results. Summary. 13.Integrative Models. Eclecticism. Selective Borrowing. Specially Designed Integrative Models. The Internal Family Systems Model. Summary. IV.THE EVALUATION OF FAMILY THERAPY. 14.Comparative Analysis. Theoretical Purity and Technical Eclecticism. Family Therapist - Artist or Scientist? Theoretical Formulations. Normal Family Development. Development of Behavior Disorders. Goals of Therapy. Conditions of Behavior Change. Techniques. Context and Applicability of the Schools of Family Therapy. Selection of a Theoretical Position: Rational and Irrational Factors. Summary. 15.Family Therapy Research: Science into Practice, Practice into Science. How Effective Is Family Therapy? What Makes Family Therapy Effective? Practice into Science. Appendix A: Recommended Readings. Appendix B: Glossary. Appendix C: Careers and Training. Name Index. Subject Index.

Response to Dallmayr

Fred Dallmayr and I share concern with the problem of evil and willingness to call it by its name. In the end, this is more important than what divides us, the issue of how best to conceptualize its origins. It is with this in mind that I respond to his thoughtful comments. Dallmayr's basic strategy seems to be to force me into the internalsources-of-evil camp, labeling my many references to interaction as concession, ambivalence, and so forth. He then calls attention to the importance of external sources, arguing that an explanation that ignores these sources cannot be adequate. In fact, this is characteristic of number of debates within political theory lately. An author's emphasis on complexity, subtlety, interaction of several important factors, and so forth is frequently labeled ambivalence, evidence of incompatible commitments, and so forth. Why? Why is theoretical purity important, especially if the world really is characterized by (in this case) the interaction of internal sources of evil with external events that draw it forth, or contain and integrate it? If the world is this way, so too should our explanations be. Is it possible that behind the concern with theoretical purity frequently lies certain skepticism? That is, since it is so difficult to know reality, and impossible to know it for sure, then our theories ought to tell the best story, frequently defined as the most hopeful one, or the one that lets us off the hook. I admit to contributing to this categorizing tendency in Dallmayr's analysis in one respect. When I say that a focus on the evil within explains the origins of evil, whereas the compliance perspective tends to make it the unexplained property of twisted few, what I mean is that focus on the evil within is necessary to complete explanation, one that is both necessary and sufficient. Obviously I do not mean that focus on the evil within is both necessary and sufficient, as my many references to the importance of interaction of external and internal sources makes clear. My thesis is really very simple. Explanations such as Arendt's and Lifton's, when read closely, are incomplete, as they make organized evil transmission-belt phenomenon,

The gamma-aminobutyric-acid/benzodiazepine-receptor protein from rat brain. Large-scale purification and preparation of antibodies.

The gamma-aminobutyric-acid-receptor protein complex from rat brain was solubilized in high yield, purified in milligram amounts by benzodiazepine affinity chromatography and used to generate a high-titer rabbit antiserum. High concentrations of Triton X-100 detergent plus KCl solubilized about 90% of the membrane-bound gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor (assayed by [3H]muscimol binding) and benzodiazepine receptor (assayed by [3H]flunitrazepam binding) activities. Both activities were retained on an affinity column using an immobilized benzodiazepine ligand, and most of the column-absorbed receptor could be eluted by a solution of free benzodiazepine plus 4 M urea. The purified protein bound [3H]muscimol and [3H]flunitrazepam with receptor-like pharmacological specificity and specific activities of about 1700 pmol and 700 pmol bound/mg protein, respectively, for the two ligands. This corresponds to a purification of over 600-fold and a near theoretical purity, with a yield of milligram quantities from 100 g brain. Four peptide bands were observed on gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate, with molecular mass values of 31, 47, 52 and 57 kDa. The latter two were most significantly stained, and identified as receptor subunits by photolabeling with [3H]flunitrazepam (52 kDa) and [3H]muscimol (57 kDa), and by reaction on Western blots with monoclonal antibodies to this protein produced by Schoch et al. [(1985) Nature (Lond.) 314, 168-171]. Rabbit antiserum was raised to the purified protein and could, at high dilutions, both coprecipitate soluble gamma-aminobutyric-acid/benzodiazepine-receptor-binding activities and stain the receptor subunits (principally 52-kDa band) on Western blots.

Tyrosine-specific protein kinase activity is associated with the purified insulin receptor.

Highly purified human placental insulin receptors were obtained by sequential affinity chromatography on wheat germ agglutinin and insulin-agarose. The preparation had an insulin binding capacity of 4,700 pmol/mg of protein approaching theoretical purity. The purified receptor revealed three major bands of Mr 135,000, 95,000, and 52,000 in NaDodSO4/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after reduction by dithiothreitol. All three bands were immunoprecipitated by anti-insulin-receptor antibodies. When this preparation was incubated with [gamma-32P]ATP in the presence of MnCl2 (2 mM) and analyzed in NaDodSO4/acrylamide gel electrophoresis, only the Mr 95,000 band was labeled. Preincubation with several concentrations of insulin increased the 32P incorporation into this peptide in dose-dependent fashion, whereas insulin-like growth factors were approximately equal to 2% as potent and epidermal growth factor had little or no effect, consistent with their known affinities for the insulin receptor. Insulin stimulation of phosphorylation of the Mr 95,000 subunit of the receptor was observed also in immunoprecipitates of this highly purified insulin receptor by anti-insulin-receptor antibodies. Phosphoamino acid determination revealed only phosphotyrosine in both the basal and insulin-stimulated states. These data suggest that a tyrosine-specific protein kinase activity is closely associated with insulin receptor, and this may be important in the signal transmission required for insulin action.

Lacanians Against Lacan

Since September, 1979, the psychoanalysts of the Freudian School of Paris have been perturbed by the most contradictory passions. Or rather, passions long repressed are now emerging I would not say in broad daylight, since their roots remain unspoken, but in public nevertheless. They have all the appearance of symptoms seeking explicit expression. For the fourth time in French psychoanalytic history, a schism has occurred, bringing with it the myriad emotionally laden conflicts of theory and personality that invariably boil beneath the surface of the analytic institution. Freud himself set the precedent: the early history of the association he founded was punctuated by struggle only his own term Oedipal can adequately characterize. Jung and Adler, young renegade analysts, were bitterly expelled in the name of theoretical purity. Since then, each successive controversy has fallen into the same mold of a battle around allegiance to an individual and the doctrine he or she embodies.

Synthesis of a nitrobenzeneboronic acid substituted polyacrylamide and its use in purifying isoaccepting transfer ribonucleic acids.

Highly purified isoaccepting species of transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) were prepared by use of a polyacrylamide substituted with nitrobenzeneboronic acid functional groups. This method exploits the well-known ability of boronic acids to complex with RNA cis-diols. tRNA isoacceptors were obtained by enzymatically acylating a mixture of tRNA species with a single amino acid and passing the mixture over a solid-state nitrobenzeneboronic acid at pH 6.5 or 7.0. Pure aminoacyl-tRNA eluted at the column liquid volume, and unacylated tRNA species were bound. The bound species were recovered by lowering the pH of the eluant to 4.5. This procedure is uncomplicated, rapid, and applicable to nearly all tRNA isoacceptors. It does not chemically modify the tRNA(s) of interest or adversely affect their ability to be aminoacylated. Since boronic acids must be ionized to complex with cis-1,2-diols, boronic acid derivatives were prepared which ionize at a pH compatible with the stability of the aminoacyl bond. Two isomeric benzeneboronic acids with pKas of 6.8 and 7.4 were synthesized by introducing electron-withdrawing nitro groups into the aromatic ring. The addition of succinyl side chains permitted the nitrobenzeneboronic acids to be coupled to aminoethylpolyacrylamide. The properties of the nitrobenzeneboronic acid substituted acrylamide were illustrated by enriching phenylalanyl-tRNA at pH 7.0 to greater than 95% purity (1.63 nmol of phenylalanine accepted per A260 unit of tRNA) and seryl-tRNA isoacceptors at pH 6.5 to essentially theoretical purity (1.58 nmol of serine accepted per A260 unit of tRNA.

Atuot ethnicity: an aspect of Nilotic ethnology

Opening ParagraphEvans-Pritchard's assessment of what contemporary social anthropologists might call ‘contextual ethnicity’ has offered many with no first-hand research experience in this region of Africa a prerogative in which some apparently revel: to opine on the bizarre and the obvious. Examples of the former persuasion are typified by articles which, with a passion for ‘theoretical purity’, openly declare an indifference to ethnographic fact (Newcomer 1972). Others attempt to account for the present distribution of pastoral Nilotes in the Southern Sudan as though ‘tribal’ groups and their tract of migration possessed the physical properties of pool balls pelleted across the swampland of the Upper Nile Basin (e.g. Southall 1976). Some must surely have had moment to wonder if the Nuer really exist at all. Of course they do, as even the uninterested tourist could note by observing the ethnic composition of labour groups in Khartoum, but only because so do the Dinka, who live north, south and west of Nuerland.

Solubilization and isolation of the human placenta receptor for epidermal growth factor-urogastrone.

We describe the solubilization and purification of both the photoaffinity-labeled and unlabeled human placenta receptor for epidermal growth factor-urogastrone (EGF-URO). The photolabeled receptor can be purified 300- to 500-fold from membrane extracts by combined immunoaffinity and lectin-agarose affinity chromatography. This isolation approaches theoretical purity. Upon gel filtration and wheat germ agglutinin-Sepharose chromatography, the photolabeled receptor and the EGF-URO binding activity co-migrate, as measured by a newly developed lectin-agarose immobilization assay of receptor binding. Sequential ion exchange, Cibacron blue-Sepharose, wheat germ agglutinin-Sepharose, and gel filtration chromatography yield a 110-fold purification of the EGF-URO binding activity; this purified fraction contains protein constituents that exhibit electrophoretic mobilities parallel to those of the photolabeled receptor constituents, that have apparent molecular weights of 180,000 and 160,000. This molecular weight range is consistent with a measured apparent Stokes radius for both the photolabeled and unlabeled receptor of 5.1 nm (Sephacryl S-200 gel filtration), although an apparent radius of 4.3 nm is estimated by gel filtration on Sepharose-6B. The apparent molecular weight of the photolabeled receptor is unaffected by 2-mercaptoethanol. This work provides a basis for further detailed studies of this growth factor receptor.

Affinity chromatography and purification of the insulin receptor of liver cell membranes.

Relatively simple and rapid procedures are described for the large-scale preparation of liver membranes that contain virtually all of the high affinity insulin-binding activity of liver homogenates. The presumed insulin recepotr, which is extracted from these membranes in soluble form with Triton X-100, can be further purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation (3-fold purification) or by diethylaminoethyl-cellulose chromatography (60-fold purification). Several insulin-agarose derivatives have been synthesized that can efficiently extract the insulin-binding protein from the detergent extracts of the membranes. The receptor macro-molecule can be eluted from the affinity columns in high (50-80%) yield by use of urea-containing buffers of moderately low pH. The receptor, thus purified by small-scale affinity chromatography experiments, approaches theoretical purity on the basis of its specific activity. This protein is purified about 250,000-fold from the liver homogenate by detergent extraction and affinity chromatography.

Action of neuraminidase on haptoglobulin.

IN the course of work on the chemical structure of haptoglobin (Hp)1, we have had occasion to investigate the action of neuraminidase on the Hp and on the complex of Hp with haemoglobin (Hb-Hp). The neuraminidase employed was prepared as described by Mayron and Rafelson2,3 from influenza virus, Asian strain (Jap. 305), and is free of proteolytic activity and glucosidase activities other than neuraminidase action. The Hp II preparations utilized were prepared as previously described4, and are considered to approach the stage of theoretical purity. Such preparations contain 5.1 ± 0.1 per cent N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA)1. The liberation of NANA from Hp II and Hb-Hp II was determined by the method of Warren5 using three-times crystallized NANA as a standard. A typical enzyme incubation at 37° employed 2–5 mgm. of Hp II or Hb-Hp II and 0.1 to 0.3 unit of neuraminidase in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH. 6.5, total volume 2–3 ml. One unit of enzyme activity is defined as that amount of enzyme which liberates 1 mgm. of NANA from an excess of neuramin-lactose in 1 hr. at 37°, pH. 6.5.