Theoretical Outline Research Articles

The Limits of Settlement Growth: A Theoretical Outline. By Roland Fletcher.

List of figures List of tables Acknowledgements Introduction Summary Part I. Theoretical Context: The Role of the Material as Behaviour: 1. Archaeology, settlement growth and the material component of human behaviour 2. The material as behaviour 3. A hierarchy of social explanation: locating the material Part II. The Limits of Settlement Growth: Behavioural Stress and the Material Management of Community Life: 4. The behavioural parameters of interaction and communication 5. Settlement growth trajectories 6. Settlement growth transitions and the role of the material Part III. Implications: Transformations and Constraints of Community Life: 7. The development of sedentism 8. The development of agrarian and industrial urbanism 9. Future urban growth Technical notes References Index.

De Relatie Tussen Taalkeuze, Inschatting Taalvaardigheid Nederlands en Sociaal-Culturele Factoren bij Italianen in Vlaanderen en Turken in Nederland

In this research project, the model of social determination of language shift will be expanded. An attempt is made to fill the gap that still exists regarding the effects on language shift of an ethnic minority group member's confidence in his ability to comply with the linguistic demands of the dominant majority culture. To that end, we investigate the confidence of members of ethnic minority groups and how it is built up, its place in the hierarchy of relevant factors, and their interaction. We detail how this confidence relates to language choice behaviour and language shift. This paper focuses mainly on the theoretical outline and design of the project.

Dimensions of life meaning: a qualitative investigation at mid-life.

Meaning in life is integral to psychological functioning. Empirical research into this construct has focused on sources of meaning. Reker & Wong (1988) have proposed a theoretical outline for a multidimensional structure of meaning which challenges a source-based approach. The present study used a qualitative approach to explore people's accounts of their experiences of life meaning and focused on the following key dimensions: sources; cognitive, motivational and affective components; breadth; and depth. Thirty-eight adults at mid-life were interviewed in depth. Five categories of sources accounted for material reported in previous studies, but a sixth was required to contain experiences of meaning relating to the natural environment. All sources revealed cognitive, motivational and affective components. Accounts showed variation in breadth and depth of meaning, although the assessment of depth proved problematic. Results from this qualitative exploration generally confirm Reker & Wong's structural model. Furthermore, many people have coherent frameworks of meaning which structure their life experiences, and serve to integrate these theoretical dimensions.

The limits of settlement growth: a theoretical outline

The limits of settlement growth: a theoretical outline

Familiar Exploitation: A New Analysis of Marriage in Contemporary Western Societies.

Introduction. 1. Feminism and the Family. Part I: Critical Perspectives. 2. Part of Capitalism: Accounts of Womens' Oppression in the Family by Traditional Marxists. 3. Still Part of Capitalism? Marxist Feminist Accounts of the Family. Part II: A New Theoretical Approach to the Western Family. 4. Housework, Household Work and Family Work. 5. The Family as an Economic System: Introduction and Common Misconceptions. 6. The Family as an Economic System: Theoretical Outline. Part III: Empirical Studies. 7. Factory Workers' Families in England. 8. Farm Families in France. 9. The Variety of Work Done by Wives. 10. Conclusion. Bibliography.

Self-defeating anxiety explored: The contribution of terror management theory and rational-emotive therapy

Abstract The aim of the present paper is to explore the contribution of Terror Management Theory (TMT) and Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET) to the explanation of severe self-defeating anxiety. Following a theoretical outline, three cardinal constructs are identified and their contribution examined in two separate empirical studies. Study 1 included 109 members of self-help clubs for people with severe anxiety problems. As expected, irrational standards and self-focused attention were concomitants of anxiety as well as independent contributors (multiple R=.714) in the prediction of anxiety. No significant interaction effect was observed. Study 2 included 36 women with severe anxiety problems, volunteering for a program in assertiveness training. As expected, self-focused attention, irrational standards and coping incapability here contributed independently (multiple R=.776) to the prediction of anxiety before entering the program. Following the program, expected decreases were observed both in irrational sta...

Anorexic bodies: a feminist and sociological perspective on anorexia nervosa

This thesis attempts a sociological and feminist analysis of anorexia nervosa. Anorexia is an illness which affects predominantly women, and its incidence is greatest among middle-class young women in Western countries. Its strong bias along class and gender lines suggests that such an approach to the illness could prove fruitful. The thesis argues that analysis of anorexia demands a clear understanding of the sociology of the body. The sociology of the body sees the body as constructed in social life: understandings of the body vary temporally and culturally, and reflect the categories of their culture. It is suggested that anorexia nervosa represents an attempted transformation of the concept of the feminine body in contemporary culture. Anorexic women aim to transcend appetite, and to allow no intrusions into the body, constructing an anorexic body which is closed, separate and inviolable. Since this transformation is individuated and privatised, however, it cannot ultimately succeed in overturning a system of social meanings. The thesis concludes that individual solutions to anorexia will not lead to the end of the illness as a social phenomenon in the lives of women. Only collective feminist action can reconstruct the degraded contemporary concept of woman. The argument is pursued firstly through a discussion of the initial use of the term `anorexia nervosa' in the late nineteenth century by Gull and Lasegue. The treatment of anorexia as a modern disease is discussed, and the claim that anorexia has always existed but has not been recognised is refuted. Psychiatric and feminist accounts of anorexia are then considered. The former see anorexia as a purely individual phenomenon, and the limitations of this position are discussed. Feminist analyses of anorexia, in seeing it as deeply intertwined with women's social position in a patriarchal culture, are argued to advance understanding of the illness, while still retaining individualist elements. The next section analyses the ways in which anorexic women themselves explain their illness. This leads on to a discussion of the notion of the body as concept. After a theoretical outline, several body-concepts are analysed and placed in their social and historical contexts. Contemporary understandings of the body as an individuated possession are then discussed, with particular focus on the concept of the feminine body as passive object. Objectification, discipline and chaos are argued to be the central meanings of the feminine body in contemporary culture. Analysis of the issues of abortion and rape seek to make this theoretical point clearer. A detailed analysis of anorexic practices looks at how these meanings are transformed in anorexia. It is suggested that anorexic women try to construct an inviolate anorexic body which is completely under their control through a complexly ritualised eating pattern. The precarious nature of this control points to the limitations of individual `solutions' to social problems.

ACOUSTIC DETECTION OF TRIPLET STATES FORMED BY RADICAL PAIR RECOMBINATION IN QUINONE‐DEPLETED PHOTOSYNTHETIC REACTION CENTERS, BY MAGNETIC FIELD MODULATION (MAGNETOPHOTOACOUSTIC EFFECT)‐A FEASIBILITY STUDY

Abstract: An acoustic method is outlined to detect triplet states formed by radical pair recombination in photosynthetic reaction centers. It is based on magnetic field effect on the probability of triplet state formation by recombination. Using a periodically modulated magnetic field in the presence of constant exciting light, a periodic modulation of the triplet state concentration is set in the sample, which is detected through the corresponding modulated heat emission, transduced to acoustic vibration of the gas phase around the sample. This effect is similar to the photoacoustic effect, except that here the light is not modulated. The feasibility of detecting such an effect was proven experimentally, by obtaining a signal from quinone‐depleted reaction centers of Rhodobacter sphaeroides. The signal had twice the frequency of the magnetic field modulation; it was proportional to the light intensity and significantly stronger at the lower temperatures (in the investigated range 113–278 K). No signal was obtained from quinone‐containing reaction centers, which do not produce triplets. A theoretical outline of the effect and the experimental set‐up are described. The magnitude of the effect was calibrated against ordinary photoacoustic measurements, allowing numerical evaluation of certain parameters of the triplet state (e.g. triplet energy or yield) with the aid of auxiliary information from the literature.

ACOUSTIC DETECTION OF TRIPLET STATES FORMED BY RADICAL PAIR RECOMBINATION IN QUINONE‐DEPLETED PHOTOSYNTHETIC REACTION CENTERS, BY MAGNETIC FIELD MODULATION (MAGNETOPHOTOACOUSTIC EFFECT)‐A FEASIBILITY STUDY

Abstract –An acoustic method is outlined to detect triplet states formed by radical pair recombination in photosyn‐thetic reaction centers. It is based on magnetic field effect on the probability of triplet state formation by recombination. Using a periodically modulated magnetic field in the presence of constant exciting light, a periodic modulation of the triplet state concentration is set in the sample, which is detected through the corresponding modulated heat emission, transduced to acoustic vibration of the gas phase around the sample. This effect is similar to the photoacoustic effect, except that here the light is not modulated. The feasibility of detecting such an effect was proven experimentally, by obtaining a signal from quinone‐depleted reaction centers of Rhodobacter sphaeroides. The signal had twice the frequency of the magnetic field modulation; it was proportional to the light intensity and significantly stronger at the lower temperatures (in the investigated range 113–278 K). No signal was obtained from quinone‐containing reaction centers, which do not produce triplets. A theoretical outline of the effect and the experimental set‐up are described. The “magnitude of the effect was calibrated against ordinary photoacoustic measurements, allowing numerical evaluation of certain parameters of the triplet state (e.g. triplet energy or yield) with the aid of auxiliary information from the literature.

La demanda por múltiples monedas: un enfoque de portafolio

This article looks at the Rolnick and Weber (1982, 1984) theory that maintains that the cause of the US free banking system crisis can be put down to the restrictions on the handing of portfolios imposed on US banks. This hypothesis is backed up by Moron’s (1990) evidence in the case of Peru and, furthermore, by this article which draws up a simple, theoretical outline to illustrate the relevance of this theory. On the basis of the pioneering works by Markowitz (1959) and Klein (1974) the author constructs a free banking model, in which various banks compete with each other, trying to show that their reputation. The reputation factor in this study is considered according to the probability distribution of purchasing power of each particular currency.

A Model Based on Single-Ion Theory. I. Theoretical Outline

A model, based on the single-ion theory, is presented for quasi-ternary compounds. The model is extended to multicomponent systems with many different crystallographic sites and is applicable as long as the crystallographic structure is not changed. The model allows to obtain information from the experimental data regarding the intrinsic characteristics of the rare-earth ions and distinguishes the contribution to the anisotropy from rare-earth ions at different crystallographic sites. Ein Modell fur quasiternare Verbindungen auf der Grundlage der Ein-Ionentheorie wird angegeben. Das Modell wird auf Mehrkomponentensysteme angewendet mit vielen unterschiedlichen kristallographischen Platzen und ist solange anwendbar, wie die kristallographische Struktur nicht geandert wird. Das Modell liefert Informationen aus experimentellen Daten uber die inneren Charakteristiken der Selten-Erd-Ionen und unterscheidet den Beitrag von Selten-Erd-Ionen an verschiedenen kristallographischen Platzen zur Anisotropie.

Toward a General Utilization Theory

This article attempts to provide a proper basis for a general utilization theory. Despite a bulk of research in the field, the state of the art in utilization theory is poorly developed, being dominated by the two-communities approach. This approach, however, is more a metaphor than a true theory and hence, the article argues, all attempts to theorize in the two-communities perspective are bound to fail because of its basically culturalistic conception. The thesis proposed is that this culturalistic conception must be replaced by a system theory approach. The theoretical outline of this systems theory conception may well shed new light on several continuing problems in the field of utilization research.

On the Outcomes of Revolutions: Some Preliminary Considerations

This article presents a theoretical outline of variables for evaluating (long-term) outcomes of revolutions. These outcomes are assessed in four sectors: politics, the economics, the social-cultural realm, and state power. Amongst the set of explanatory variables are factor endowments, the former level of economic development and previous socioeconomic structures, economic and political institutions, policy outputs and various international constraints. Empirical illustrations and some generalizations are provided by drawing on the sixteen or so revolutions that occurred after 1600. Each revolution is briefly characterized both in terms of its own achievements and drawbacks and putting it in perspective vis-d-vis other revolutions.

Recovering masculine spirituality: A Jungian reflection

A Jungian-oriented reflection is presented on the theoretical description of and possible clinical response to male midlife transitions within pastoral psychotherapy. After a brief introduction, a focused case vignette is offered, followed by a detailed theoretical discussion and outline of significant psycho-spiritual frames in the treatment of such clients and this crucial initiatory threshold in the male's life experience.

Regulatory Culture: A Theoretical Outline*

Although recent scholarship on regulation has seen a significant increase in discussions of regulatory culture, little has been done to develop the theoretical implications of the concept. This article seeks to help focus discussions of regulatory culture by explicating the general nature of cultural analysis, relating it to traditional approaches to regulation, reviewing the sources of regulatory culture, and suggesting strategies for future research.SUMMARYCulture has become a central construct in recent studies of administrative regulation (e.g., Bell, 1985; Hawkins, 1984; Jasanoff, 1986; McGarity, 1985; Meidinger, 1985; Vogel, 1986). But the meaning and import of this development remain quite unclear. Culture has not traditionally played a significant role in regulatory discourse. Consequently, scholars and analysts picking up on the idea tend to use it in diffuse, inconsistent, and often simplistic ways.This paper is an effort to lend some focus to discussions of regulatory culture by developing a useful theoretical framework for comprehending it. That framework must be broad enough to encompass the complexities of regulatory activity, flexible enough to adapt to its continuous changes, and still focused enough to suggest particular lines of inquiry. In pursuing such a conception, this paper draws heavily on scholarship outside the substantive area of regulation, for culture has a long and instructive history as a primary construct in other fields of inquiry. At the same time, it attempts to tailor the concept of culture to regulatory arenas, and to offer examples from them where possible.

Names, symbols, definitions and units of quantities in optical spectroscopy (Recommendations 1984)

This document gives definitions and recommended names and symbols for the quantities used in the practice of optical spectroscopy (ultraviolet, visible and infrared). An earlier document prepared by our two Commissions (I.5 and VII.2) was entitled “Quantities and units in clinical chemistry. Optical spectroscopy Part 1. Theoretical outline and general quantities (provisional recommendations)”, IUPAC Information Bulletin 1978, No. 3, pp. 241–259. That document was fully comprehensive, and it was considered that for easy reference a shorter and simplified version would be welcomed. The arrangement follows that of the provisional document. After a general introduction explaining the recommendations, the major part of the document is a series of sections, each devoted to one of 17 widely used quantities in molecular spectroscopy. For each quantity there is a definition, a symbol, dimensions and name and symbol of the coherent unit in the SI system. The commonly used multiples of the coherent SI unit are listed together with the corresponding symbols. Alongside are given the commonly used non-SI units which are intended for use when reading older literature. Each section gives common synonyms and other symbols which have been used for the quantity being described, and the choice recommended is justified. Remarks are also given, where appropriate, on the interrelation of symbols. The recommendations conclude with a summary list of the quantities described with symbols, SI units and dimensions, and a bibliography of documents referred to in the text.

How to construct a literary poem?

The experiment reported in this paper deals with the question of how readers manage their understanding of problematic notions of textual material. Two hypotheses are empirically tested and confirmed. 16 subjects were tested individually while reading presented unknown textual material and thinking out loud. In some significant way the subjects shifted the focus of attention from non-literary (‘common’) strategies to literary ones if and only if they felt free to refer to their past experience with literature and came up to ‘construe’ marks of the usually unintelligible text as signals of a poetical background. This result is judged as a strong confirmation of the theory of empirical literature, especially of the theoretical outline of the idea that literary understanding is governed by established literary conventions.

Personal Practical Knowledge: A Study of Teachers' Classroom Images

Teachers develop and use a special kind of knowledge. This knowledge is neither theoretical, in the sense of theories of learning, teaching, and curriculum, nor merely practical, in the sense of knowing children. If either of these were the essential ingredient of what teachers know, then it would be easy to see that others have a better knowledge of both; academics with better knowledge of the theoretical and parents and others with better knowledge of the practical. A teacher's special knowledge is composed of both kinds of knowledge, blended by the personal background and characteristics of the teacher and expressed by her in particular situations.The idea of “image” is one form of personal practical knowledge, the name given to this special practical knowledge of teachers (Clandinin, 1985; Connelly and Dienes, 1982). In this article I show how one teacher's image of the “classroom as home” embodies her personal and professional experience and how, in turn, the image is expressed in her classroom practices and in her practices in her personal life. Using a variety of classroom episodes gathered over two years with two teachers, I offer a theoretical outline of the experiential dimensions of an image and, in so doing, present image as a knowledge term which resides at the nexus of the theoretical, the practical, the objective, and the subjective.

Names, symbols, definitions and units of quantities in optical spectroscopy (Recommendations 1984)

Abstract This document gives definitions and recommended names and symbols for the quantities used in the practice of optical spectroscopy (ultraviolet, visible and infrared). An earlier document prepared by our two Commissions (I.5 and VII.2) was entitled “Quantities and units in clinical chemistry. Optical spectroscopy Part 1. Theoretical outline and general quantities (provisional recommendations)”, IUPAC Information Bulletin 1978, No. 3, pp. 241–259. That document was fully comprehensive, and it was considered that for easy reference a shorter and simplified version would be welcomed. The arrangement follows that of the provisional document. After a general introduction explaining the recommendations, the major part of the document is a series of sections, each devoted to one of 17 widely used quantities in molecular spectroscopy. For each quantity there is a definition, a symbol, dimensions and name and symbol of the coherent unit in the SI system. The commonly used multiples of the coherent SI unit are listed together with the corresponding symbols. Alongside are given the commonly used non-SI units which are intended for use when reading older literature. Each section gives common synonyms and other symbols which have been used for the quantity being described, and the choice recommended is justified. Remarks are also given, where appropriate, on the interrelation of symbols. The recommendations conclude with a summary list of the quantities described with symbols, SI units and dimensions, and a bibliography of documents referred to in the text.

Laser induced double-resonance ionic fluorescence in an inductively coupled plasma

Two pulsed dye lasers pumped by an excimer laser are simultaneously directed into the analytical zone of an inductively coupled argon plasma. When the two beams are tuned to the appropriate ionic transitions, highly excited ionic levels can be efficiently populated in saturated conditions, the resulting fluorescence being then spectrally isolated with a monochromator and measured. A theoretical outline of this technique, variously called double-resonance fluorescence or two-step fluorescence, is given. The experimental results obtained with the alkaline-earth metals Ca, Sr, Ba and Mg show that the technique does provide excellent sensitivity, freedom from scattering problems and unprecedented spectral selectivity. The laser characteristics, the time overlap between the pulses and the spectral characteristics of the transitions used are discussed. Finally, ionic fluorescence in the plasma is the most suitable analytical application of such double-resonance technique since its use in flame atomic fluorescence suffers from the strong depletion of the excited levels due to collisionally assisted ionization.