Theoretical Maximum Value Research Articles

Flexible Hyper-Distributed IoT–Edge–Cloud Platform for Real-Time Digital Twin Applications on 6G-Intended Testbeds for Logistics and Industry

This paper presents the design and development of a flexible hyper-distributed IoT–Edge–Cloud computing platform for real-time Digital Twins in real logistics and industrial environments, intended as a novel living lab and testbed for future 6G applications. It expands the limited capabilities of IoT devices with extended Cloud and Edge computing functionalities, creating an IoT–Edge–Cloud continuum platform composed of multiple stakeholder solutions, in which vertical application developers can take full advantage of the computing resources of the infrastructure. The platform is built together with a private 5G network to connect machines and sensors on a large scale. Artificial intelligence and machine learning are used to allocate computing resources for real-time services by an end-to-end intelligent orchestrator, and real-time distributed analytic tools leverage Edge computing platforms to support different types of Digital Twin applications for logistics and industry, such as immersive remote driving, with specific characteristics and features. Performance evaluations demonstrated the platform’s capability to support the high-throughput communications required for Digital Twins, achieving user-experienced rates close to the maximum theoretical values, up to 552 Mb/s for the downlink and 87.3 Mb/s for the uplink in the n78 frequency band. Moreover, the platform’s support for Digital Twins was validated via QoE assessments conducted on an immersive remote driving prototype, which demonstrated high levels of user satisfaction in key dimensions such as presence, engagement, control, sensory integration, and cognitive load.

Vegetation-based Ecological Functions Sustainability Index (VEFSI) for optimizing ecosystem services in orchards

CONTEXTThe need to quantify sustainability in agriculture and the ecosystem services it provides is increasingly felt by the sector. Indicators and indices are useful tools for this purpose, but are currently scarce in the specialized fruit-growing sector. In addition, there is a need for a more holistic view of the orchard system, which also considers unproductive spaces, such as the inter-row, where techniques can be implemented to improve adaptation to climate change. OBJECTIVESTo help filling this gap, we developed VEFSI (Vegetation-based Ecological Functions Sustainability Index), a multifunctional index that can be used by technicians, researchers and farmers to establish the quality of grass cover in the orchard's inter-row in order to increase the ecosystem services performed by this. METHODSA dataset of field observation was collected during the year 2022–2023 in orchards located in South-West Piedmont (Northern Italy). Each record included observations on species richness, total vegetation cover and relative cover of each detected species. VEFSI was designed to include different ecological functions, such as nitrogen fixation, mechanical action performed by fascicled roots, soil cover performed by perennial organs, pollination service of the fruit crop and melliferous species for pollinator attraction. The index was calculated as a sum of scores attributed to single functions on the basis of the relative abundance of plants characterized by the corresponding functional traits. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONA positive relation has been found among VEFSI, vegetation cover (R2 = 0.419; P < 0.001) and number of species (R2 = 0.53; P < 0.001). Within the tested dataset the maximum theoretical value of 125 has not been reached, indicating trade-offs presence among functions. Despite this, the validation showed that VEFSI point out functional weaknesses and strengths of the vegetation covers, coherently with the real field situation. VEFSI proved to be a simple and reliable tool for estimating and evaluating ecological functions performed by orchard grassing.

200 cm2/Vs electron mobility and controlled low 1015 cm−3 Si doping in (010) β -Ga2O3 epitaxial drift layers

We report on metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) growth of controllably Si-doped 4.5 μm thick β-Ga2O3 films with electron concentrations in the 1015 cm−3 range and record-high room temperature Hall electron mobilities of up to 200 cm2/Vs, reaching the predicted theoretical maximum room temperature phonon scattering-limited mobility value for β-Ga2O3. Growth of the homoepitaxial films was performed on Fe-doped (010) β-Ga2O3 substrates at a growth rate of 1.9 μm/h using TEGa as the Gallium precursor. To probe the background electron concentration, an unintentionally doped film was grown with a Hall concentration of 3.43 × 1015 cm−3 and Hall mobility of 196 cm2/Vs. Growth of intentionally Si-doped films was accomplished by fixing all growth conditions and varying only the silane flow, with controllable Hall electron concentrations ranging from 4.38 × 1015 to 8.30 × 1015 cm−3 and exceptional Hall mobilities ranging from 194 to 200 cm2/Vs demonstrated. C-V measurements showed a flat charge profile with the ND+–NA− values correlating well with the Hall-measured electron concentration in the films. SIMS measurements showed the silicon atomic concentration matched the Hall electron concentration with carbon and hydrogen below detection limit in the films. The Hall, C-V, and SIMS data indicate the growth of high-quality 4.5 μm thick β-Ga2O3 films and controllable doping into the mid 1015 cm−3 range. These results demonstrate MOCVD growth of electronics grade record-high mobility, low carrier density, and thick β-Ga2O3 drift layers for next-generation vertical β-Ga2O3 power devices.

Experimental study on seismic performance of replaceable shear links with low-yield-point steel

Based on the design concept of controllable seismic damage during earthquakes and rapid functional recovery after earthquakes, a replaceable shear link with low-yield-point steel was proposed. Quasi-static cyclic loading tests and numerical analysis were conducted on six specimens. The failure mode, seismic performance, energy dissipation behavior, and shear distribution of each specimen were carefully considered to investigate the effects of web steel, web stiffening configuration and stiffener-plate stiffness ratio. The results showed that the stiffened specimens showed full-sectional shear yielding behavior, while the non-stiffened specimens exhibited coupling behavior of web yielding and buckling. Specimens with reasonable design parameters had excellent ductility and energy dissipation capacity, with the plastic shear angle exceeding 0.157 rad and the maximum equivalent viscous damping coefficients greater than 0.51 (80% of the theoretical maximum value). Owing to the cyclic strengthening of the low-yield-point steel web and the contributions of stiffeners and flanges, the specimens showed obvious overstrength behavior, with the overstrength factor ranging from 1.99 to 2.39. The cross-stiffening configuration was conducive to enhancing the seismic performance of shear links. Smaller web width-to-thickness ratios were recommended to match with smaller stiffener-plate stiffness ratios. Extended cross stiffeners and diagonal stiffeners resulted in earlier cracking of the web welds, which adversely affected the ductility of the specimens.

The effect of forming surface interference on Thin-Walled profiles during the discontinuous forming process with discrete molds

This study aims to investigate the influence of the roller dies’ characteristics of shapes on the forming results in the roller-based flexible multi-point three-dimensional stretch bending forming (FSBRD) process for thin-walled profiles, as well as the prediction of mold-induced impressions during the FSBRD process. Considering the specific contact mode, an L-shaped section profile’s flange was selected as the research object to analyze the impact of the roller dies’ slot’s geometric parameters on the product. A classification model of the contact between the profile’s flange and the roller die was established for the vertical bending process, and the maximum theoretical interference value (imax) was calculated to predict the extent of local deformation after contact. Subsequently, finite element software was used to model the process and analyze the changes in equivalent plastic strain (PEEQ) of the deformation results when using roller dies with slots of different parameters, including straight, inclined, and arc-shaped slots. The analysis results indicate that the width of the straight slot has a significant influence on the forming quality of the product, as a smaller slot width leads to larger local dimples on the product surface. Replacing the straight slot with an inclined or arc-shaped slot improves the abrupt changes in local PEEQ, resulting in reduced macroscopic local dimples. The simulation results align with the analytical model’s variation of imax. This study defined the theoretical contact angle γ and introduced the concept of the contact area and the local theoretical interference zone, providing a reasonable explanation for the observed PEEQ variations. Furthermore, based on the conclusions of the research above, modified experiments were designed, resulting in favorable forming effects. The validation of the simulation results was performed by comparing the local dimples in the contact zone of the actual experimental results.

Harnessing Ulva ohnoi for eco-friendly bioethanol production via hydrothermal pretreatment

BackgroundThe increasing demand for renewable energy sources has sparked interest in biofuels derived from green seaweeds, owing to their abundance and high carbohydrate content. Ulva ohnoi, harvested from Taiwan's shores, presents a promising candidate for bioethanol production due to its favorable characteristics. MethodsIn this study, Ulva ohnoi underwent hydrothermal pretreatment at temperatures of 120 °C, 150 °C, and 180 °C for 20 min. The pretreated slurry obtained at 180 °C was subjected to enzymatic saccharification at pH 4.8 and 50 °C for 72 h. This process resulted in the production of 5.8 g/L of glucose, which was subsequently concentrated to 18.86 g/L. Significant FindingsFermentation of the concentrated sugar fractions using Saccharomyces cerevisiae WLP 300 at 30 °C for 24 h yielded remarkable ethanol yields of 0.39 and 0.43 g/g of sugar. These yields approached the maximum theoretical values of 76.1% and 84.58%, respectively. Additionally, the study reported a maximum ethanol productivity of 0.54 g/L/h in the 12th hour in the concentrated fraction. These findings underscore the potential of Ulva ohnoi as a sustainable biofuel and clean energy source, aligning with Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG 7) of ensuring access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for mankind.

Study on Cracking/Oxidation/Integrated Reforming Reaction for Efficient Conversion of Biomass to High‐Quality Syngas

AbstractThe advanced gasification technology of coal is mainly based on oxidation reaction and high temperature but is not suitable for biomass conversion. High tar and CO2 content are the two main issues that affect the efficiency of biomass gasification. In order to deeply convert hydrocarbons/tar and CO2 simultaneously, and enhance syngas yield, the cracking/partial oxidation/reforming reactions and their integrated reaction routes are investigated from an interrelated view. The effects of each reaction on the distribution of C/H elements in hydrocarbons/tar and syngas are illustrated. By cracking and oxidation reaction, the syngas yield can only reach 0.93 Nm3 kg−1, about 58 % of the theoretical maximum value; a large proportion of residual C/H atoms existing in stable hydrocarbons/tar/CO2/H2O are not converted. Based on the concept of lattice O oxidation combined with dry reforming, it realizes syngas yield (CO+H2) 1.56 Nm3 kg−1 with 91.6 % concentration, demonstrating that tar/hydrocarbons and CO2/H2O are converted to syngas efficiently. The effects of [O]/C ratio on gas yield represent a synergistic coordination between lattice Os oxidation and catalytic reforming reaction. Oxidation‐reforming is the optimum route for biomass conversion to high‐quality syngas.

Recent Advances in Metabolic Engineering for the Biosynthesis of Phosphoenol Pyruvate–Oxaloacetate–Pyruvate-Derived Amino Acids

The phosphoenol pyruvate–oxaloacetate–pyruvate-derived amino acids (POP-AAs) comprise native intermediates in cellular metabolism, within which the phosphoenol pyruvate–oxaloacetate–pyruvate (POP) node is the switch point among the major metabolic pathways existing in most living organisms. POP-AAs have widespread applications in the nutrition, food, and pharmaceutical industries. These amino acids have been predominantly produced in Escherichia coli and Corynebacterium glutamicum through microbial fermentation. With the rapid increase in market requirements, along with the global food shortage situation, the industrial production capacity of these two bacteria has encountered two bottlenecks: low product conversion efficiency and high cost of raw materials. Aiming to push forward the update and upgrade of engineered strains with higher yield and productivity, this paper presents a comprehensive summarization of the fundamental strategy of metabolic engineering techniques around phosphoenol pyruvate–oxaloacetate–pyruvate node for POP-AA production, including L-tryptophan, L-tyrosine, L-phenylalanine, L-valine, L-lysine, L-threonine, and L-isoleucine. Novel heterologous routes and regulation methods regarding the carbon flux redistribution in the POP node and the formation of amino acids should be taken into consideration to improve POP-AA production to approach maximum theoretical values. Furthermore, an outlook for future strategies of low-cost feedstock and energy utilization for developing amino acid overproducers is proposed.

Single Effective Complex Loading into Zero-Mode Waveguides Optimized with Fluorescence Evaluation at Quenching and Accumulation Checkpoints.

Single-molecule detection with high accuracy and specialty plays an important role in biomedical diagnosis and screening. Zero-mode waveguides (ZMWs) enable the possibility of single biological molecule detection in real time. Nevertheless, the absence of a reliable assessment for single effective complex loading has constrained further applications of ZMWs in complex interaction. Both the quantity and activity of the complex loaded into ZMWs have a critical effect on the efficiency of detection. Herein, a fluorescence evaluation at quenching and accumulation checkpoints was established to assess and optimize single effective complex loading into ZMWs. A primer-template-enzyme ternary complex was designed, and then an evaluation for quantity statistics at the quenching checkpoint and functional activity at the accumulation checkpoint was used to validate the effectiveness of complexes loaded into ZMWs. By optimizing the parameters such as loading time, procedures, and enzyme amount, the single-molecule effective occupancy was increased to 25.48%, achieving 68.86% of the theoretical maximum value (37%) according to Poisson statistics. It is of great significance to provide effective complex-loading validation for improving the sample-loading efficiency of single-molecule assays or sequencing in the future.

23.6 % Efficient perovskite-organic tandem photovoltaics enabled by recombination layer engineering

Recombination layers are crucial in achieving high power conversion efficiency (PCE) in tandem solar cells. Here, we report the development and optimization of recombination junctions for high PCE perovskite-organic tandem solar cells (PO-TSCs). We choose a wide bandgap perovskite (1.79 eV) for the front subcell and a narrow bandgap (1.36 eV) organic bulk heterojunction (BHJ) for the rear subcell. The optimal thicknesses of the perovskite and organic layers were determined to be 260 and 100 nm, respectively, based on the analysis of Transfer-Matrix optical simulations. Our results demonstrate that the optimal recombination layer consists of an ultrathin layer of indium zinc oxide IZO (∼ 2 nm) deposited on MoOx/2PACz, which delivers a PCE of 23.6 %. This high PCE is attributed to the high transparency of the recombination layer in the NIR spectra region and the low sheet resistance of IZO. Furthermore, we provide a theoretical analysis of the potential efficiency of PO-TSCs as a function of front and rear subcells and predict a maximum theoretical PCE value of more than 36 %. Our work highlights the importance of selecting the proper recombination layer design for achieving high-performance PO-TSCs.

Crystalline Silicon Photocathode with Tapered Microwire Arrays Achieving a High Current Density of 41.7 mA cm⁻2

AbstractTo design a high‐efficiency crystalline silicon (c‐Si) photocathode, the photovoltage and photocurrent generated by the device must be maximized because these factors directly affect the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). In this study, a c‐Si p–n junction is used to enhance the photovoltage of the c‐Si photocathode, and a tapered microwire array structure is introduced to increase the photocurrent. When tapered microwire arrays are employed on the front surface of the c‐Si photocathode, a current density of ≈41.7 mA cm−2 is achieved at 0 VRHE (reversible hydrogen electrode); this current density is the highest among all reported photocathodes including c‐Si, approaching the theoretical maximum value for c‐Si. Furthermore, a Ni foil/Pt catalyst is introduced on the opposite side of the incident light, simultaneously serving as an electrocatalyst to reduce side reactions in the HER and encapsulation layer to prevent c‐Si from contacting the electrolyte. Thus, a stable device is developed using c‐Si photoelectrochemical cells that have an efficiency exceeding 97% for &gt;1000 h.

Study on the impact of hydrogen storage temperature on iron-based thermochemical hydrogen storage technology

Thermochemical hydrogen storage technology based on iron-based materials has received significant attention owing to its low cost, safety features, and high volumetric hydrogen storage density. However, no consensus has been established on the optimal temperature range for hydrogen storage. This study investigated the impact of hydrogen storage temperature on hydrogen consumption capacity, hydrogen release capacity, and hydrogen storage energy consumption. The hydrogen storage temperature was optimized with the objectives of low energy consumption and high hydrogen storage density. The experiments were conducted using thermogravimetric analyzer and gram-scale packed-bed reactor setups, accompanied by thermodynamic and kinetic calculations. The research indicated that at 550 °C, the optimal hydrogen storage temperature, the lowest relative energy demand was 32.30 %, with the hydrogen consumption capacity reaching the theoretical maximum value of 4.8 %, and the hydrogen release capacity reaching 4.04 %. Furthermore, achieving the theoretical maximum value of hydrogen consumption capacity became exceedingly difficult when the hydrogen storage temperature exceeded 570 °C. Microstructural characterization and kinetic calculations revealed that this phenomenon was attributed to the formation of a dense iron layer on the particle surface, which impeded the solid-state diffusion of oxygen atoms. The formation of the intermediate phase wüstite was identified as the cause of the formation of the dense iron layer. Overall, this study provided theoretical support for iron-based thermochemical hydrogen storage processes and offered a perspective into the reaction behavior of the reduction of magnetite with hydrogen.

ClosedLoop Control of Pulse-Density-Modulated Wireless Power Transfer with Fast MEPT

Efficient wireless power transfer (WPT) requires closedloop control to perform maximum efficiency point tracking (MEPT) against the dynamic changes of operating conditions. In this paper, we took the latest deltasigma pulse-density-modulated (PDM) WPT system as the plant and presented a systematic control design procedure. The WPT system was modeled by the reducedorder dynamic phasor method and further decoupled under the tuned condition. It was identified that the coupled resonators behave like a secondorder system, and its natural frequency is much lower than the resonant frequency. This was considered in the closedloop design to derive a suitable loop gain and ensure stability. The nonlinearity caused by the dualside PDM control is limited to a small inner loop so that the entire loop is linear and simple. Experimental results showed that the closedloop voltage regulation and MEPT took only about 10 ms after load stepping. The system DC output voltage was always tightly regulated, and the steadystate efficiency was very close to the theoretical maximum value under different coupling conditions.

Optimal thermometers with spin networks

The heat capacity C of a given probe is a fundamental quantity that determines, among other properties, the maximum precision in temperature estimation. In turn, C is limited by a quadratic scaling with the number of constituents of the probe, which provides a fundamental limit in quantum thermometry. Achieving this fundamental bound with realistic probes, i.e. experimentally amenable, remains an open problem. In this work, we tackle the problem of engineering optimal thermometers by using networks of spins. Restricting ourselves to two-body interactions, we derive general properties of the optimal configurations and exploit machine-learning techniques to find the optimal couplings. This leads to simple architectures, which we show analytically to approximate the theoretical maximal value of C and maintain the optimal scaling for short- and long-range interactions. Our models can be encoded in currently available quantum annealers, and find application in other tasks requiring Hamiltonian engineering, ranging from quantum heat engines to adiabatic Grover’s search.

Reliability and validity of free‐weight countermovement jumps to characterize force‐velocity‐power profiles

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine test‐retest reliability and concurrent validity of vertical force‐velocity‐power (FVP) profiles using Smith machine and free‐weight countermovement jumps (CMJs). A repeated‐measure cross‐over design with randomized load order and counterbalanced trials was employed. Sixteen resistance‐trained males (age: 26.4 ± 3.9 years, height: 179.6 ± 8.1 cm, body mass: 84.5 ± 10.8 kg) performed maximal loaded CMJs with 4–50 kg on six occasions, with three trials utilizing a Smith machine and three utilizing free‐weights. Jump height was estimated with a linear‐position transducer, and the Samozino computation method estimated theoretical maximal jump parameters. Reliability and concurrent validity were determined for jump height for each jump load and estimated theoretical maximal jump parameters using estimates of bias (mean difference, 95% limits of agreement) and agreement (intraclass correlation coefficients, ICCs). The jump height and maximum theoretical power demonstrated good‐to‐excellent reliability between sessions for both methods (ICC: 0.872–0.947) and concurrent validity between methods (ICC: 0.885–0.969). However, reliability for theoretical maximal force, velocity, and force‐velocity gradient was not as high using either method (ICC = 0.320–0.615) and concurrent validity was poor (ICC: 0.122–0.340). In summary, using both jump methods, a linear‐position transducer provides reliable jump height and theoretical maximal power values. However, our data do not support the reliability or validity of FV relationships using linear position transducers.

Upstream motion of chorus wave generation: comparisons with observations

An understanding of the development of strong very low frequency chorus elements is important in the study of the rapid MeV electron acceleration observed during radiation belt recovery events. During such events, chorus elements with long-duration (20–40 ms), strong (|Bw| 0.5–2.0 nT) subpackets with smoothly varying frequency and phase capable of producing nonlinear energy gain of 1%–2% for multi-MeV seed electrons. For such strong chorus elements, we examine the consequences of an upstream motion of the chorus wave generation region using Van Allen Probes observations and nonlinear theory. For a given upstream velocity, vs, resonant electron energy (50–350 keV) and pitch angle (105–115 deg) are uniquely determined for each wave frequency. We examine the effect of an upstream vs on the inhomogeneity factor that controls wave growth. For steadily increasing upstream motion as the chorus element evolves, vs/c ranging over [-0.001, −0.065], nonlinear wave growth takes place at ≥ 50% of the theoretical maximal value during the development of the observed strong subpackets. For the cases examined, resonant electron energies and pitch angles closely match those of the observed injected electron flux enhancements responsible for chorus development and the nonlinear acceleration of MeV radiation belt electrons.

Design of a cansat picosatellite for the prediction of carbon monoxide (CO)at the Universidad Libre, el Bosque Campus

This research aims to design the hardware for a CANSAT picosatellite for the prediction of carbon monoxide (CO) in the air at the Libre University El Bosque campus. The goal is to identify the necessary sensors to collect data and establish the levels of CO pollution in different areas of the mentioned university. Additionally, the defined functional and non-functional requirements necessitate a detailed analysis for the selection of sensors, control board, communication system, and power system. A requirements verification model based on use cases involving quantitative and qualitative measurements, as well as theoretical maximum and minimum values, is also required.

A Case Study of Wave–Wave Interaction South to Dongsha Island in the South China Sea

In a SAR image acquired by the ERS-2 satellite, crossed “X-shape” internal solitary waves (ISWs) south to Dongsha Island are found to be a wave–wave interaction composed of five solitons: two head waves, two tail waves, and the overlapped part. To explain this remote sensing phenomenon, based on a high-resolution three-dimensional MIT general circulation model (MITgcm) using realistic topography and tidal forcing, the “X-shape” internal waves are reproduced at the same location. The development processes of the waves indicate that the “X-shape” ISWs are two waves diffracted from one internal wave southeast to Dongsha Island. During the propagation, the amplitude of their overlapped part of the “X-shape” ISWs becomes significantly larger than the sum of the amplitudes of both head waves, which proves that nonlinear wave–wave interaction has occurred. Based on wave–wave interaction theory, the theoretical maximum value of the amplitude of the overlapped part at the initial moment is calculated as 14.12 m, which is in good agreement with the model results of 14 m. Meanwhile, the variation of the theoretical amplitude of the overlapped part is basically consistent with that of the modeled one, confirming the occurrence of the wave–wave interaction. Besides, when the waves propagate over varying water depths, the type of the wave–wave interaction can change rather than being fixed from the start.

Enhancing xylose-fermentation capacity of engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae by multistep evolutionary engineering in inhibitor-rich lignocellulose hydrolysate.

Major progress in developing Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains that utilize the pentose sugar xylose has been achieved. However, the high inhibitor content of lignocellulose hydrolysates still hinders efficient xylose fermentation, which remains a major obstacle for commercially viable second-generation bioethanol production. Further improvement of xylose utilization in inhibitor-rich lignocellulose hydrolysates remains highly challenging. In this work, we have developed a robust industrial S. cerevisiae strain able to efficiently ferment xylose in concentrated undetoxified lignocellulose hydrolysates. This was accomplished with novel multistep evolutionary engineering. First, a tetraploid strain was generated and evolved in xylose-enriched pretreated spruce biomass. The best evolved strain was sporulated to obtain a genetically diverse diploid population. The diploid strains were then screened in industrially relevant conditions. The best performing strain, MDS130, showed superior fermentation performance in three different lignocellulose hydrolysates. In concentrated corncob hydrolysate, with initial cell density of 1g DW/l, at 35°C, MDS130 completely coconsumed glucose and xylose, producing±7% v/v ethanol with a yield of 91% of the maximum theoretical value and an overall productivity of 1.22g/l/h. MDS130 has been developed from previous industrial yeast strains without applying external mutagenesis, minimizing the risk of negative side-effects on other commercially important properties and maximizing its potential for industrial application.

Topology and giant circular dichroism of enantiomorphic Kagome bands in a designed covalent organic framework.

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are an emerging class of crystalline organic materials that have shown potential to be a new physical platform. In this work, a designed COF named AB-COF, which has novel enantiomorphic Kagome bands, is proposed and a feasible route to synthesize it is given. Via a combination of first-principles calculations and tight-binding analysis, we investigate the electronic structures and the phase interference of the COF. It becomes topologically nontrivial when doping one iodine atom in a unit cell. The Berry curvatures of the valence band (VB) and conduction band (CB) of the iodine-doped AB-COF show opposite values and different distributions. This provides an opportunity to study the new mechanism of circular dichroism from the different Berry curvatures of the VB and CB. Surprisingly, the circular-dichroism dissymmetry factor of AB-COF reaches a theoretical maximum value, and the oscillator strength data are in agreement with this result. When two iodine atoms are doped in a unit cell, the Berry curvatures of the VB and CB also have different values, but with more symmetry and similar distributions. This behavior enhances the circular dichroism with a wider range of dissymmetric absorption, and the circular dichroism dissymmetry factor also reaches its theoretical maximum value.