Theoretical Laws Research Articles

Experimental Analysis of Flow Characteristics and Annular Flow Boundaries of the Highly Viscous Oil/Water Lubricated Flow

Summary Theoretical research on the characteristics of two-phase flow in horizontal pipelines is very important in the petroleum industry because a large amount of pumping power can be derived from the water-lubricated transportation of heavy or extraheavy crude oil. Experimental research of oil/water two-phase flow with water as the continuous phase in horizontal pipelines is carried out using tap water and two mineral oils with viscosity of approximately 0.743, 412, and 686 mPa·s, respectively. Two oil/water mixing devices of a water-ring generator and T-shaped three-way pipe are adopted to compare the effect of oil/water annular flow. Pressure drop parameters, apparent viscosity, clear pictures, flow pattern maps, and resistance characteristics of oil/water two-phase flow are displayed in this article, together with comprehensive comments. Moreover, obtained results are compared with theoretical findings, experimental results, and empirical laws of different scholars in the literature. According to the ratio of fluid kinetic energy (inertial force) to potential energy (buoyancy), Froude number (Fr) is introduced to reach the state of hydrodynamic lift balance. Based only on experimental observations of the position of the layered/annular transition, a novel criterion is proposed to determine the regions with suitable operating conditions for application.

The Constitutionality of the Electronic Information and Transaction Law: Towards Overcoming SARA Conflict on Social Media

The subsistence of the Electronic Transaction and Information Law control and manage the illicit offenses related to the multiplication of concerns that hold Ethnicity, Religion, Race, and Intergroup (SARA) . Following the idea of law developed by practicality as a way of social regeneration. It is a legal normative investigation utilizing theoretical concurrence and laws. This research is a logical description by using qualitative information examination. The study revealed that content that contains SARA issues is referred to as a hatred statement, which can be construed as an act of communication, carried out by groups or individuals in the form of aggravation and endangered to throw the scandalous actor to prison for utmost six years and a fine of 1.000.000.000 rupiahs. Additionally, the accomplishment of the permissible authority of the Electronic Transaction and Information Law can be classified as non-implementation of the law authenticity establishment as shown from the culture that was not able to go after the rules made by law. It means that this law did not yet have a legal effect. This investigation advocates that society needs to behave by following the officially permitted rules, explained in the Electronic Transaction and Information Law.

Инвестиционная привлекательность российской экономики в период пандемии

The crisis phenomena in the global and Russian economy observed during the pandemic are manifested in almost all spheres of activity. Investment processes are no exception. they are a reflection of the level and pace of economic development of the Territory, especially foreign investment. The article presents an overview of statistical indicators reflecting the investment attractiveness of the Russian economy at the moment. Based on the analysis of trends in the dynamics of foreign direct investment in the national economy, the author formulates the confirmation of theoretical laws of the dependence of the model of investor behavior in conditions of cyclical fluctuations in the economy and the refutation of analysts' opinions about the decline in the investment attractiveness of the Russian economy for foreign investors.

Overland flow hydrodynamic characteristics in rough beds at low Reynolds numbers

This paper considers overland flow resistance at low Reynolds numbers through analysis of experimental runs carried out using water only and water/glycerol mixtures. We first examined the power relationship between the Darcy–Weisbach friction factor f and the Reynolds number Re to obtain the values of the K coefficient and b exponent. These results confirmed the applicability of the values of b suggested in literature, while K required a specific calibration for laminar open-channel flows. The analysis revealed that transition from a laminar to turbulent flow regime for water only flows occurred at a threshold value of Re equal to 500 as described historically. The estimate of f by the power relationship and the calibrated b and K values were reliable for water only runs when Re ≥ 500. The measurements were also used to test a theoretical flow resistance law based on a power-velocity distribution. The calibrated theoretical relationship between the velocity profile parameter Γv, bed slope, flow Froude number and Re enabled a good estimate of f for water flows. For mixed fluid flows, the effect of the velocity profile shape was considered calibrating this relationship by two datasets obtained setting a threshold Reynolds number equal to 7. For flows with Re < 7, the shape of the velocity profile can be linear or convex while for flows at Re ≥ 7 the shape of the velocity distribution is always concave. The theoretical flow resistance allowed an accurate estimate also for mixed fluid flows, even at Re < 7. The different shape of the power-velocity distribution highlighted that mixed flows behave differently as compared to water only flows.

The Formation of the Judicial Corps as a Function of State Power: the Essence and Problems

The article examines the issues involved in forming the judicial corps for the national judiciary. Further, it identifies some problems that require legislative regulation. The purpose of the study is to analyze theoretical, legal, and law enforcement documents related to the formation of the judicial corps, to identify its essential nature and problems. The object of the study was the formation of the judicial corps, its essence, and its organizational and legal foundations as a function of state power. The subject of the study was a set of theoretical, legal, and organizational issues arising in connection with the formation of the judicial corps. The study used formal-logical and comparative legal methods, with the help of which the analysis of theoretical materials, normative documents, and law enforcement practice was carried out, which made it possible to give the author's definition of the judicial corps, based on a professional expertise. The result of the study was the author's reasoned position regarding the formation of the judicial corps as a function of state power and also revealed some problems that developed in the process of implementation of the judicial corps. The analysis shows the absence of a conceptual approach to the formation of the judicial corps as a function of state power, which may reduce public confidence in the judicial power. This situation requires further reform of federal legislation through the development of standards for the formation of the judicial corps, ensuring a high level of public confidence, as well as the establishment of comprehensive measures to verify the effectiveness of the realization of this function of state power.

Exact Statistical Distribution and Correlation of Human Height and Weight: Analysis and Experimental Confirmation

The statistical relationship between human height and weight is of especial importance to clinical medicine, epidemiology, and the biology of human development. Yet, after more than a century of anthropometric measurements and analyses, there has been no consensus on this relationship. The purpose of this article is to provide a definitive statistical distribution function from which all desired statistics (probabilities, moments, and correlation functions) can be determined. The statistical analysis reported in this article provides strong evidence that height and weight in a diverse population of healthy adults constitute correlated bivariate lognormal random variables. This conclusion is supported by a battery of independent tests comparing empirical values of 1) probability density patterns, 2) linear and higher order correlation coefficients, 3) statistical and hyperstatistics moments up to 6th order, and 4) distance correlation (dCor) values to corresponding theoretical quantities: 1) predicted by the lognormal distribution and 2) simulated by use of appropriate random number generators. Furthermore, calculation of the conditional expectation of weight, given height, yields a theoretical power law that specifies conditions under which body mass index (BMI) can be a valid proxy of obesity. The consistency of the empirical data from a large, diverse anthropometric survey partitioned by gender with the predictions of a correlated bivariate lognormal distribution was found to be so extensive and close as to suggest that this outcome is not coincidental or approximate, but may be a consequence of some underlying biophysical mechanism.

Dynamic pattern selection in polymorphic elastocapillarity.

Drying of fine hair and fibers induces dramatic capillary-driven deformation, with important implications on natural phenomena and industrial processes. We recently observed peculiar self-assembly of hair bundles into various distinct patterns depending on the interplay between the bundle length and the liquid drain rate. Here, we propose a mechanism for this pattern selection, and derive and validate theoretical scaling laws for the polymorphic self-assembly of polygonal hair bundles. Experiments are performed by submerging the bundles into a liquid bath, then draining down the liquid. Depending on the interplay between the drain rates and the length of the fibers, we observe the bundles morphing into stars (having concave sides), polygons (having straight edges and rounded corners), or circles. The mechanism of self-assembly at the high drain regime is governed by two sequential stages. In the first stage of the high drain rate regime, the liquid covers the outside of the bundles, and drainage from inside the bundle does not play a role in the self-assembly due to the high viscous stress. The local pressure at the corners of the wet bundles compresses the fibers inward blunting the corners, and the internal lubrication facilitates fiber rearrangement. In the second stage, the liquid is slowly draining from within the fiber spacing, and the negative capillary pressure at the perimeter causes the fibers to tightly pack. In the slow drainage regime, the first stage is absent, and the fibers slowly aggregate without initial dynamic rearrangement. Understanding the mechanism of dynamic elastocapillarity offers insights for studying the complicated physics of wet granular drying.

Formation and transformation of the State Institute of Judicial Investigators: historical and theoretical foundations actual criminal law institutions of Russia of the XIX century

Formation and transformation of the State Institute of Judicial Investigators: historical and theoretical foundations actual criminal law institutions of Russia of the XIX century

Method for assessing the state and residual life of the insulation based on analysis of the time of discharge of the capacity of electric cables

As of today, the problem of the lack of non-destructive methods for assessing the state and determining the residual life of the insulation of electrical cables is relevant for cable lines in operation, and especially for lines that have exhausted their service life. The research presented in the framework of this article is aimed at creating a non-destructive technique for assessing the state and residual life of electrical cables insulation. The study was carried out using computer simulation methods and using the basic theoretical laws of physics and electrical engineering. A method for assessing the condition and residual life of electrical cable insulation has been developed, which is based on the analysis of the discharge time of the cable capacity. The applicability of the method is determined, instructions are given on its applicability and the analysis of the output data. The obtained results can be used by power grid companies and industrial enterprises to analyze the state of the insulation of electrical cables.

ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННО-ВРЕМЕННЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ ПРОИЗВОДИТЕЛЬНОСТИ ТРУДА

Labor productivity is one of the main indicators of production efficiency, the rate of change in labor productivity reflects the macroeconomic development of the territory, the state. The problem of increasing labor productivity in the current difficult conditions of the functioning of the world economy is relevant. Modern trends, changes, structural transformations in the economy, in society, make their own adjustments to the already developed models of labor productivity, to theoretical laws, patterns, and existing relationships. The article discusses some aspects of the analysis of labor productivity, built dynamic and spatial models. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of labor productivity in agriculture as an industry that in modern conditions is important for ensuring the sustainable development of the country and the well-being of the population. The research methodology is represented by a system of methods. At the first stage, a study was made of the time series of indices of real wages of employees of organizations and labor productivity. In modern research, the issues of the relationship between productivity and wages are not sufficiently covered. This is due to the emergence of many other factors affecting the efficiency of production (digitalization of the economy, the use of digital technologies in production, the political environment). Meanwhile, the issues of increasing the efficiency of the use of labor force and the corresponding decent level of wages are currently of particular relevance. At the second stage of the study, labor productivity was assessed through the rate of change in the share of wages in the gross domestic product. At the third stage of the study, an applied correlation-regression model of the dependence of the level of labor productivity in agriculture on factors was built. Modeling showed that labor productivity in agriculture in the regions of the Russian Federation today depends to a greater extent on the level of technical equipment of the industry, on the efficiency of crop cultivation. The economic links between the level of productivity and wages have been disrupted. There is a certain reserve for increasing labor productivity by motivating employees. The successful development of agricultural production lies in the plane of innovation, digital technologies, attracting investments, increasing the level of interest of those employed in the results of labor, and the production of quality products.

Issues of identification of the distribution of sampled data with the limitation of the lower boundary of scattering of the observed values

Statistical analysis of empirical data is a commonly used approach for research in various fields of science and in applications, including studies of economic processes and critical conditions, but at the same time, there are numerous questions regarding the selection of theoretical distribution laws in general populations that include the sample data being studied. This selection is required for reliable forecasting of risks and reliability because these tasks require the prediction of rather small probabilities or, conversely, the probabilities that approach 1.0. For studying issues with numerical identification of empirical data, a software tool has been developed; it includes drawing of pseudo-random samples from Weibull distribution with a given lower threshold of dispersion, followed by the determination of whether the samples belong to the original distribution or to the normal distribution. A numerical experiment has been carried out with a wide range of variation in the parameters of the considered distributions and using the Pearson's goodness-of-fit test for identification of the sample datas distribution. An analysis of the results of the numerical modeling, which incorporated significant variation of the volume of the samples and their parameters, showed the high probability of false identification of the normal distribution of the sample data, whereas, in fact, the samples were drawn from Weibull distribution with a fixed lower threshold of dispersion.

Analytical studies of technical parameters of self-propelled sprayers

As a result of studies of the values of the technical characteristics of self-propelled rod sprayers of domestic and foreign models and modifications, the values of the mass, power of the installed engine and the volume of the working fluid tank are analyzed. Their correlation and dependence fields are obtained. The theoretical and empirical laws of the distribution series, the mathematical expectation, the standard deviation, the coefficient of variation, the confidence interval of the average value, the 95% range of the distribution of the values of the volume of the tank of the working fluid of the sprayers are determined.

On the development of the theoretical criminal law research school of the institute of legislation and comparative law under the government of the russian federation

The aim of the study is to examine the results of the activities of scientists representing the theoretical criminal law scientific school of the Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation since its establishment in 1923 up to the present time. Particular attention is paid to the scientific activity of M. N. Gernet related to his research in the field of criminology and prison science and the results of the work of his followers.&#x0D; In the conclusion we present the periodization of the history of development of theoretical criminal law scientific school of the Institute of Legislation and Comparative Law under the Government of the Russian Federation.

Estimation peculiarities of external polymer insulation reliability of gas-filled instrument transformers

In the article, the authors propose a method for estimating the parameters of theoretical distributions for calculating the indicators of operational reliability. In the article, the authors propose a method for estimating the parameters of theoretical distributions for calculating the indicators of the operational reliability of a solid insulating structure of high-voltage devices, which is a supporting insulating cover for high voltage instrument transformers filled with gas as an insulating liquid. This technique makes it possible to estimate the parameters of a new distribution law, which is chosen on the condition that it does not contradict the existing distribution law with its known parameters. The developed technique makes it possible to obtain the values of the indicators of the operational reliability of high-voltage equipment by determining the parameters of theoretical distributions, if the developer is the data of experimental studies or statistical information as a result of monitoring the operation of insulating structures, taking into account the actual operating conditions of such high-voltage devices. This makes it possible to take into account the influence of external factors and performance characteristics inherent in instrument transformers, both current and voltage. In the proposed methodology, as an example, a supporting insulating casing is considered, which is during operation in the most unfavorable conditions, such as external pollution, humidification, overvoltage, etc. The theoretical conclusions are confirmed by the results of calculations using the example of the design of a current transformer of the ТОГ-362 series. A more accurate determination of the effectiveness of the proposed method for predicting the parameters of theoretical distribution laws can be achieved by performing an additional series of calculations and experimental tests of specific insulating structures. Thus, it was concluded that it is possible to use the results obtained to assess the operational reliability of both gas-filled instrument transformers and similar high-voltage equipment.

Statistical analysis of vapor distribution in a cavitation flow based on an ensemble of instantaneous liquid velocity fields

A new method was developed for statistical analysis of ensembles of instantaneous velocity fields measured by PIV in liquid (continuous phase) to determine the distribution of the vapor phase in cavitating flow. The method is based on two main principles: the absence of tracers used for PIV measurements in vapor, and the statistical independence of individual measurements. This allowed establishing an exponential dependence of repeatability of the vapor phase at a certain point of a cavitating flow. Compliance with this theoretical law was verified using the Pearson chi-square test. All theoretical distributions were divided into several groups depending on the time-averaged local vapor content calculated over the entire ensemble of realizations and the probability of a single event. As a result, dimensions of the stationary part of an attached cavity and the place of detachments of cloud cavities from the hydrofoil surface were determined using the new method of statistical analysis for an unsteady cloud cavitation regime.

A Review of Metallic Materials Corrosion

Abstract The present manuscript presents a theoretical study for the corrosion process. Corrosion processes are primed and stimulated in 60% of cases by chemical and biological elements. One of the most used biological elements are: bacteria, actinomycetes, microscopic fungi, algae. Corrosion of a solid body results from the transformation of structural bonds in that body. Less than certain influences (water, oxygen, light, etc.) the atom - which is practically neutral - can lose or gain electrons and it is ionized. Brake pads are affected of corrosion process. The conceptions and mathematical symbols serve as the models building blocks. Authors like, Boz M, and other authors demonstrate in their researches that starting with the concept of number, where every mathematical object is a mathematical model. In practice it is not possible to reproduce some experimental, theoretical conditions related to corrosion processes. These processes are therefore, to some extent, different in terms of the applicability of theoretical laws. From a thermodynamic point of view, metals are not stable and due to corrosion, metals tend to return to the stable form of oxides with the help of oxygen and moisture in the air. For this each metal requires certain ionization energy. When establishing the mathematical model, those characteristics of the modeling object are highlighted, which, on the one hand, are informative, and on the other hand, they admit the mathematical form review.

A theoretically-based overland flow resistance law for upland grassland habitats

Sediments conveyed from interrill areas to rills are transported by a thin flow (overland flow) and the knowledge of overland flow resistance is useful to evaluate overland flow velocity and sediment transport capacity.The aim of this paper was to verify the applicability of a theoretical overland flow resistance law, based on a power-velocity distribution, using field measurements for four upland grassland types used in different management strategies (Hay Meadows, Low-density Grazing, Rushes and Rank Grassland). Particular attention was deserved to the effects of vegetation growth cycles on the surface roughness and the corresponding reduction of overland flow velocity.The relationship between the parameter Γ of the power velocity profile, the flow Froude number and the Reynolds number, obtained by dimensional analysis, was calibrated using the available data. A specific calibration for each upland grassland type and taking into account the temporal phases of the vegetation growth was also carried out.The theoretical approach, checked by the available field measurements, allowed to establish that a) the proposed theoretical flow resistance law, which considers also the effect of the flow Reynolds number, allows an accurate estimate of the Darcy–Weisbach friction factor, b) the theoretical overland flow resistance law considers the temporal variability of vegetation characteristics, c) this flow resistance law can be specifically calibrated for taking into account for each upland grassland type the effect of the vegetation temporal variability and d) a low effect of the seasonal variation of roughness in grassland environments is detected.The interrill soil erosion processes are strongly related to hillslope hydraulics and the proposed overland flow resistance law is useful to model soil erosion processes.

Mapping Transport Properties of Halide Perovskites via Short-Time-Dynamics Scaling Laws and Subnanosecond-Time-Resolution Imaging

The excellent optoelectronic and transport properties of halide perovskites have led to the rapid development of perovskite-based optoelectronic devices. A fundamental understanding of charge-carrier dynamics, as well as the implementation of physical models able to accurately describe their behaviour, is essential for further improvements in the field. Here, combining advanced modeling and characterization, a method for analyzing the short time dynamics of time-resolved fluorescence imaging (TRFLIM) decays is demonstrated. A theoretical scaling law for the time derivative of transient photoluminescence decays as a function of excitation power is extracted. This scaling law, computed from classical drift-diffusion equations, defines an innovative and simple way to extract quantitative values for several transport parameters, including the external radiative-recombination coefficient. The model is notably applied on a set of images acquired with a temporal shift of 250 ps to map the top-surface recombination velocity of a triple-cation mixed-halide perovskite thin film at the microscale. The development of high-time-resolution imaging techniques coupled with a scaling method for analyzing short time dynamics provides a solid platform for the investigation of local heterogeneities in semiconductor materials and the accurate determination of the main parameters governing their carrier transport.

Slope threshold for overland flow resistance on sandy soils

AbstractRecent research on rill flows recognised that an 18% slope can be used to distinguish between ‘gentle’ and ‘steep’ slope cases for the detected differences in hydraulic (flow depth and velocity) and sediment transport variables (flow transport capacity, actual sediment load). The effects of slope on flow velocity, friction factor and transport capacity and their interactions affect process‐based erosion modelling. The main aim of this paper is to investigate, for the first time, how slope affects the overland flow resistance on sandy soils, which are characterised by loose particles readily available to be transported and deposited. Using literature measurements carried out in sandy soils for both gentle and steep slopes, a theoretical overland flow resistance equation, based on the integration of the power velocity distribution, is tested. The relationship between the velocity profile parameter Γ, the channel slope, the Reynolds and Froude number is calibrated using measurements characterized by a wide range of hydraulic conditions and distinguishing between gentle (5.2%–13.2%) and steep (17.4%–42.3%) slope conditions. The analysis demonstrated that: (1) the parameter Γ can be accurately estimated by Equation (15) in which the exponents are independent of slope condition; (2) the coefficient a of Equation (15) is equal to 0.8750 and 0.8984 for the gentle and steep slope condition, respectively; (3) the estimations of the Darcy–Weisbach friction factor f (Equation 19) are accurate and characterised by errors less than or equal to ±5% for 97.2% of cases; and (4) in the range of steep slopes, the flow resistance law calibrated for the gentle slope condition (Equation (19) with a = 0.8750) systematically overestimates the f value. In conclusion, this study allowed the recognition, for an unlimited soil detachment condition and an overland flow, of how the energy dissipation processes and the estimate of the friction factor are affected by slope.Highlights A theoretical overland flow resistance law is tested by data obtained on sandy soils. Differences between gentle and steep slope conditions are investigated. The Darcy–Weisbach friction factor estimate by the flow resistance law is accurate. The law calibrated for gentle slopes overestimates f in the range of steep slopes.

THEORETICAL LEGAL RESEARCH OF INSTITUTE OF JUDICIAL AUTHORITY

The article analyzes using the normative and systematic methods, as well as analysis and synthesis, judicial authority, its place on the role in system of checks and balances including the content of theoretical law researches of institute of this power in the works of legal scholars. According to the authors of the article came to the conclusion judicial authority is one of varieties of state power and is exercised only by court in person of judges, as well as jurors involved in prescribed manner, and no other bodies and persons have the right to assume exercise of its powers, justice is exercised regardless of legislative and executive power, it is carried out through constitutional, civil, administrative, criminal and other forms of legal proceedings. The article concludes judiciary should be recognized as sphere of authority assigned to specialized state bodies – by court to resolve disputes within competence of relevant authorities arise when they apply the law. From the point of view of the authors vocation of judiciary is to protect the rights, the legal foundations of public and social life from violations, regardless of who committed them. Justice in state governed by the rule of law can only be exercised by judiciary, and no one has the right to appropriate magisterial functions. When exercising their powers, judicial authority is guided exclusively by law and does not depend on any influence of representative or executive power, and very legality and independence of justice are recognized as the most important guarantees of human rights and freedoms.