Theoretical Consequence Research Articles

Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance

Examines the role that institutions, defined as the humanly devised constraints that shape human interaction, play in economic performance and how those institutions change and how a model of dynamic institutions explains the differential performance of economies through time. Institutions are separate from organizations, which are assemblages of people directed to strategically operating within institutional constraints. Institutions affect the economy by influencing, together with technology, transaction and production costs. They do this by reducing uncertainty in human interaction, albeit not always efficiently. Entrepreneurs accomplish incremental changes in institutions by perceiving opportunities to do better through altering the institutional framework of political and economic organizations. Importantly, the ability to perceive these opportunities depends on both the completeness of information and the mental constructs used to process that information. Thus, institutions and entrepreneurs stand in a symbiotic relationship where each gives feedback to the other. Neoclassical economics suggests that inefficient institutions ought to be rapidly replaced. This symbiotic relationship helps explain why this theoretical consequence is often not observed: while this relationship allows growth, it also allows inefficient institutions to persist. The author identifies changes in relative prices and prevailing ideas as the source of institutional alterations. Transaction costs, however, may keep relative price changes from being fully exploited. Transaction costs are influenced by institutions and institutional development is accordingly path-dependent. (CAR)

Industrial accidents are produced by social relations of work: A sociological theory of industrial accidents

Industrial accidents are produced by social relations work. This sociological explanation of accidents differs from the hypotheses on which the majority of modern safety practices are based, which reduce accident causes to unsafe acts and unsafe conditions. Accidents are seen as produced at each of three levels of social relations of work (rewards, command and organisation), and also non-socially at the individual-member level. The resulting hypotheses were tested using data collected according to a semi-experimental design in seven plants in which shift (day/night), shift type (rotating/fixed), technological type and management styles were the factors controlled for. Because of the design, machines, materials and, in most cases, workers were the same across shifts and social relations varied. The sociological theory proved capable of explaining most of the variation in inter-shift differences in accident rates, and, when tested statistically, appeared to have greater explanatory power than competing hypotheses. It is concluded that accidents can be prevented by workers who exercise auto-control at all levels and by management which, in the absence of worker orientations favourable to auto-control, engages in safety management as defined sociologically. A practical consequence for ergonomics is that when plant, equipment and processes are to be modified, an attempt to understand their interaction with the social relations of work should be made. A theoretical consequence is that sociological insights should be incorporated into the perspective of the ergonomics discipline.

Word accentuation in Hindi

This paper presents an analysis of stress in Hindi using a new mode of foot construction, called the conjugational mode, which takes into account the relative weights of rimes. This mode of foot construction is motivated by the system of stress in Hindi, which is sensitive to both quantity and rhythm. A theoretical consequence of the present analysis is that the tree analysis is found superior to a grid-only analysis. The tree theoretic framework, however, must be revised in order to accomodate the present analysis. In particular, the branchingness constraint must be restricted to be applicable to Q-sensitive systems only, not to QR-sensitive systems such as Hindi. The essential claim of the paper is orthodox: trees for the assignment of prominence relation to syllables, grids for interpreting and evaluating their rhythmic form.

Average density in cosmology

view Abstract Citations (14) References (22) Co-Reads Similar Papers Volume Content Graphics Metrics Export Citation NASA/ADS Average Density in Cosmology Bonnor, W. B. Abstract The Einstein-Straus (1945) vacuole is here used to represent a bound cluster of galaxies embedded in a standard pressure-free cosmological model, and the average density of the cluster is compared with the density of the surrounding cosmic fluid. The two are nearly but not quite equal, and the more condensed the cluster, the greater the difference. A theoretical consequence of the discrepancy between the two densities is discussed. Publication: The Astrophysical Journal Pub Date: May 1987 DOI: 10.1086/165178 Bibcode: 1987ApJ...316...49B Keywords: Astronomical Models; Cosmology; Density Distribution; Space Density; Galactic Clusters; Schwarzschild Metric; Astrophysics; COSMOLOGY; GALAXIES: CLUSTERING full text sources ADS |

Shallow‐Water Waves. I: Theory

Based on a generalized treatment of geometric scaling laws inherent in the Boltzmann integral for nonlinear wave-wave interactions, a theoretical framework for the characteristic form of equilibrium spectra in water of arbitrary depth is developed. A theoretical consequence of this spectral equilibrium range formulation is that a strong, constant flux of wave energy exists through the equilibrium range of the spectrum, analogous to the Komolgorov range in a turbulence spectrum. One possibly important conclusion from the theoretical material presented here is that the equilibrium range of a wind wave spectrum should be a depth-independent constant in terms of a representation of the spectral action density, rather than the spectral energy density. Another point of particular interest to wave generation in shallow water is the apparent existence of a natural limit to the evolution of the frequency of the spectral peak into lower frequencies. This removes the necessity of requiring that only bottom friction can limit wave growth in shallow water.

Measurement of spin-lattice relaxation times in double spin-echo imaging.

Calculation of tissue T1 in double spin-echo imaging (90 degrees-T-180 degrees-2T-180 degrees) using two repetition times (b1 and b2) has entailed an approximation that ignores the two 180 degrees pulses. The theoretical consequence of the simplification is to overestimate T1 with a fractional error that increases with increasing T1 faster than linearly in a manner dependent on the sequence parameters. With b1, b2, and T as parameters, the theory gives a family of curves relating T1 to the predicted ratio of signals acquired at b2 versus b1 intervals. Tissue T1 can be determined from the observed signal ratio with no approximation. Consideration of noise effect on the precision of T1 so determined favors the use, within limits, of higher b2/b1 ratio for the same b1 + b2 time. At constant b2/b1, using longer b1 + b2 permits wider range of T1 to be measurable with a specified minimum precision.

A far-ultraviolet extinction law - What does it mean?

view Abstract Citations (129) References (39) Co-Reads Similar Papers Volume Content Graphics Metrics Export Citation NASA/ADS A far Ultraviolet extinction law : what does it mean ? Greenberg, J. M. ; Chlewicki, G. Abstract The dust grains in the diffuse cloud medium are characterized by a far-ultraviolet (FUV) extinction "law" so that all curves have the same functional form for inverse wavelengths λ-1 ⪆ 6 μm-1. A direct theoretical consequence of this fact is that there is very little scattering by either the particles responsible for the FUV extinction or the 2200 Å hump. A strong correlation between the strength of the 2200 Å hump and the visual extinction is confirmed. Poor correlation is found between the FUV extinction and either the 2200 Å hump or the visual extinction. All indications are that the dust grains responsible for the visual, the 2200 Å hump, and the FUV extinction are a trimodal distribution of independent groups of particles. Implications of the correlations and noncorrelations of the several components of the full extinction curve are used to derive some characteristics of the physical nature and evolution of grains outside of molecular clouds. Publication: The Astrophysical Journal Pub Date: September 1983 DOI: 10.1086/161320 Bibcode: 1983ApJ...272..563G Keywords: Far Ultraviolet Radiation; Interstellar Extinction; Molecular Clouds; Ultraviolet Spectra; Early Stars; Graphite; Particle Size Distribution; Physical Optics; Silicates; Visible Spectrum; Astrophysics full text sources ADS | data products SIMBAD (25) MAST (1) INES (1)

Symmetry of effector function in the immune system network

Symmetry in antibody plus complement mediated killing between a T15 idiotype-bearing monoclonal antibody (HPC-M2) and an anti-T15 monoclonal antibody (B36-82) is demonstrated. The HPC-M2 antibody is also shown to be multispecific in its effector function, since it lyses both phosphoryleholine coated erythrocytes, and B36-82 Fab coated red blood cells. The symmetry and multispecificity in effector function are presented as new evidence against the concept that the paratope of antibody molecule exists as a uniquely defined site on the antibody variable region. A theoretical consequence for immune system network theory is that the anti-idiotypic set and the internal image are functionally equivalent, the results support symmetric network models of regulation, and are evidence against asymmetric models.

Language, Literature, and Advanced Placement

This article reviews some of the objections to the Advanced Placement Program in English, arguing that since that Program is the responsibility of school and college English teachers, it and the AP Examinations fairly accurately reflect and may sometimes influence the teaching of English composition and literature in the schools. It compares and contrasts the original test in Composition and Literature with the new test in Language and Composition, focusing on issues that arose in the development of the new test. It considers how some questions of both theoretical and practical consequence concerning the relationship between ordinary and literary language and between expository and critical writing are raised and tentatively answered by the Committee that develops the AP English Examinations and Course Descriptions.

Heredity of the GIX thymocyte antigen associated with murine leukemia virus: segregation data simulating genetic linkage.

The GIX antigen is a feature of the gp70 envelope glycoprotein of murine luekemia virus (MuLV). This GIX-gp70 molecule is found on the thymocytes of some (GIX+) strains of mice, where its expression is controlled by two mendelian genes, Gv-1 and Gv-2. Previous recombination data involving the prototype GIX+ strain 129 indicated that the H-2 (chromosome 17) and Gv-1 loci are linked, at a distance of 36 units from one another. New data indicate that the association of H-2 and GIX phenotypes is an example of quasi-linkage, evidently dependent in this instance on heterozygosity at a locus or loci in the vicinity of H-2. Other previous recombination data, involving the GIX+ strain AKR, had indicated that the Gpd-1 (chromosome 4) and Gv-1 loci are linked at a distance of 19 units from one another. New data from other crosses show that this association of Gpd-1 (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase 1) and GIX phenotypes also constitutes quasi-linkage, evidently due to heterozygosity at the Fv-1 locus. An important theoretical consequence of quasi-linkage in general is that it should enhance the heritability of particular constellations of unlinked genes, and so influence population structure. Our new data are discussed from the viewpoint that MuLV genomes are apparently concerned in quasi-linkage, and therefore by the same arguments may influence the genetic structure of populations. This in turn may strengthen the view that integrated MuLV genomes are not simply intruded into a self-sufficient cellular genome, but are themselves elements of the cellular genome with primary functions, perhaps in reproduction or embryogenesis.

ビシクロ系（ＣＨ）?Sｎ?Tアニオンの合成と性質（ｎ＝９，１０，１１）

The theory of bicycloaromaticity has been discussed according to Goldstein-Hoffmann's formulation of “ribbon mode”. Its theoretical consequence has stimulated synthetic efforts toward the stabilized longicyclic (CH) n anion series-the bicyclo [3. 2. 2] nonatrienyl, the bicyclo [3. 3. 2] decatrienyl, the barbaralyl and the bicyclo [4. 3. 2] undecatetraenyl anions. Recent studies of these anions are discussed with regard to their thermodynamic stability, chemical reactivity and thermal rearrangement.

Problems of Validity in Connection with the Concept of Auditory Discrimination between Speech Sounds

Abstract Skjelf jord, V. J. 1975. Problems of Validity in Connection with the Concept of Auditory Discrimination between Speech Sounds. Scand. J. educ. Res. 19,153—173. Reading problems and articulatory defects are both said to derive from difficulties in discriminating between speech sounds. This hypothesis rests on the assumption that phonemes are sounds functioning in the production and perception of speech. An important theoretical consequence of the assumption is that correct pronunciation precludes discrimination difficulties. An attempt is made to show that the connection repeatedly found between reading scores and scores on tests for auditive discrimination between speech sounds in children with no articulatory defects, results from the fact that the tests really measure a special skill in phonemic segmentation, a skill which is promoted by the instruction in reading. The acquisition of this skill also explains the decrease in articulatory defects in this period.

Theory of Folding of Stratified Viscoelastic Media and Its Implications in Tectonics and Orogenesis1

This paper presents an introduction to the theory of folding of stratified viscoelastic media under compression and discusses its significance in the context of tectonics and orogenesis. Simplified derivations are given for results obtained earlier by the writer as particular cases of more elaborate theories. The writer emphasizes the mechanism involved in folding. The paper begins with a discussion of the buckling of an elastic rod that is under axial compression and is restrained laterally by viscous dashpots. The analysis then proceeds to the analogous problem for an elastic and a viscous plate surrounded by a viscous medium. Results of some of the more complex problems previously analyzed by the writer are also applied and discussed. Experimental verification of the theory by model tests is presented in a companion paper (Biot, Ode, and Roever, 1961). A new feature of the present approach is the emphasis on rate phenomena and time histories in tectonic folding. In purely static problems of elastic buckling, a sharply defined wavelength is associated with the instability. By contrast, for viscoelastic media, the present theory leads to the concept of dominant wavelength and band width selectivity in analogy with the theory of electric wave filters. This is well illustrated by the gradual appearance of near-regular folds when a purely viscous layer surrounded by a viscous medium of lower viscosity is subjected to a compression in a direction tangent to the layer. The theory is applied to specific examples of geological interest. These include the case of a single layer or a superposition of layers. Previous theoretical work by the writer is applied to the discussion of folding, under the simultaneous action of gravity forces and a horizontal compression, for a single layer or a superposition of layers lying at the surface of a deep substratum of lower viscosity. The case of a continuously inhomogeneous medium under similar forces is also included. Using accepted values of rock viscosity and elastic moduli, the writer finds that the time required for significant folding to take place agrees very well with the geological time scale. Folding may occur under tectonic stresses that are small in comparison with the crushing strength of the, rock. The time history of folding depends, of; course, on initial irregularities of the layers, but9 after sufficient time the folding becomes fairly! insensitive to the magnitude and the distribution of the initial disturbances. The writer concludes ; that the viscous mechanism tends to predominate in tectonic folding. As a theoretical consequence, the wavelength of the folds will, in general, not be sensitive to the magnitude of the tectonic stresses unless gravity forces become important. The calculated wavelengths are in good agreement with the range of observed values. The point at which plastic or brittle failure occurs is found to depend primarily not on the magnitude of the strain but on deformation rates. The theory can be applied to materials with nonlinear stress-strain characteristics, and the procedure to accomplish this is briefly discussed. Certain nonlinear features resulting from the geometry of deformation are shown o t have a bearing on the regularity of the folds.

Studies on the Irreversible Polarographic Wave of Nickel thiocyante Complex

Abstract The polarographic reduction wave of nickel thiocyanate complex has been studied for the purpose of clarifying the reduction mechanism of the complex. The current-voltage curves of the complex were measured in media of KSCN-KCl and KSCN-KNO3. In the medium of KSCN-KCl, the reduction wave involved the kinetic current as well as the diffusion current, when the concentration of potassium thiocyanate was less than 0.2 M. The relation of log I⁄(Il−I) and V held a straight line, but its slope was not in accord with the value expected from the reversible reduction. From these experimental results and the polarograms obtained with the Kalousek’s method, the reduction of the complex was confirmed to proceed irreversibly at the dropping mercury electrode. The redaction mechanism of the complex and the number of thiocyanate ions coordinated to the centered metal ion in the supporting electrolytes containing various concentrations of potassium thiocyanate were estimated from these experimental results, when the theoretical consequence for the activation-controlled reduction of the complex ion reported in the previous paper was applied.

DIFFERENTIATION AND PATTERN IN MONSTERA DELICIOSA. THE IDIOBLASTIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE TRICHOSCLEREIDS IN THE AIR ROOT

To THE student of both normal and abnormal cell behavior anything which can be learned about conditions under which differentiate (develop different properties during ontogenesis) is of theoretical and practical consequence. At the plant growing point embryonic in all likelihood start out as morphologically very similar and genetically identical totipotent units, although probably no two in the organism remain exactly alike for long; very soon can be distinguished which exhibit specialized combinations of various cellular properties and activities (as to growth, membrane structure, contents, and physiological character). Usually such differentiate in association with the formation of specific tissues in typical locations within the plant organ; sometimes, however, they are arranged in less regular fashion, namely, as individuals scattered through the ground tissue, to which Sachs applied the term idioblasts. Among the latter those appear of special interest which occur as solitary, actively proliferating elements among the more static and regularly shaped elements of the fundamental tissue. Notable among these cells, which often combine developmental and structural features of bast fibers, sclerotic parenchyma cells, and other forms (for classification see Tschirch, 1885; Foster, 1944), are certain actively growing, prosenchymatous and branched sclereids which ramify between elements of the ground tissue, such as the well-known astrosclereids of leaves (de Bary, 1884; Solereder, 1908; Foster, 1944). In a number of plants these are known to develop by proliferation of initials abutting on the intercellular space system as in the Nymphaeaceae and Menyanthoideae (Giirtler, 1905), the Araceae (van Tieghem, 1866), and Rhizophora (de Bary, 1884; Gfirtler, 1905); where the lacunae are large, the development of these reminds one of that of external from an epidermal surface. The terms internal hairs (Meyen, 1837) and trichoblasts (Sachs, 1882; Giirtler, 1905) applied to these refers to this property; they are also frequently described, together with other kinds of idioblastic sclereids, as cells (Solereder, 1908). Both the terms trichoblast and spicular cell are also used, however, to denote other kinds of plant cells; the present writer, therefore, proposes the use of the term trichosclereid for such forms as are described in this paper. These can be distinguished clearly both morphologically and developmentally from the brachysclereids which are differentiated in the hypodermal region of the cortex of Monstera air roots during later development (Bloch, 1944). 1 Received for publication February 8, 1946. Comparatively little is known about the induction and development of trichosclereids and other forms of idioblastic sclereids. Gurtler (1905) studied their development in Nymphaeaceae and other plants; Foster (1944, 1945) has recently investigated the development of sclereids in compact tissue of the petiole of Camellia 'aponica, as well as in the more highly lacunate tissue of the lamina and petiole of Trochodendron araloides. Characteristically in all cases the idioblasts developed from small initials which, however, did not occur in any definite pattern; in Trochodendron, according to Foster, all spongy parenchyma retain the capacity to form sclereid initials. The most outstanding feature of the sclereids in Camellia and Trochodendron appears to be their capacity to grow under different intercellular conditions. Thus in Camellia, cell processes intrude between densely arranged collenchyma or parenchyma and cease growth when a large space is entered, while in Trochodendron, where sclereid formation occurs over a relatively long period of time, the branches of the sclereids grow through spaces and intervening tissue alike. The potency here of considerable portions of the primary wall to grow out would appear as a property which these share with those of the ordinary parenchymatous type which retain the capacity for wall growth for considerable time. It appears significant that in Camellia, where the growth is almost entirely intercellular, but in close contact with the parenchyma walls, pit connections are apparently re-established between the walls of parenchyma and sclereids, much as in other intrusively growing fibers, while in Trochodendron pits are restricted to the central part of the sclereid which remained in contact with parenchyma cells. The present writer has worked with the long, pointed, fibrous and more or less branched which ramify in air spaces of various tissues of Araceae,especially the Monsteroideae. These have been described several times on account of their very peculiar and variable forms (van Tieghem, 1866; Wiesner, 1875; Lierau, 1888; Gurtler, 1905; Solereder, 1919; Solereder and Meyer, 1928), but relatively little is known about their development. Van Tieghem (1866) mentions their origin from small, parenchymatous initials which form processes into the adjacent intercellular space system. These processes may be seen readily enough in transverse sections through mature regions of the mesophyll of leaves or the cortex of roots and air roots (fig. 8); the early origin of the initials, however, requires more intensive study. The author noticed previously (1944) that in the air root of Monstera deliciosa the initials of these sclereids appear very early near the

The Isotope Effect in Band Spectra, Part I

Theory of the isotope effect in band spectra of diatomic molecules. --- Generalizing previous discussions by Loomis and Kratzer, it is shown that each coefficient in the detailed expressions for the spectral terms (except those involved in ${\ensuremath{\nu}}^{e}$) of a band spectrum of a diatomic molecule may be written as a quantity independent of mass times some power of $\frac{1}{\ensuremath{\mu}}$, where, if $M$ and ${M}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ are the masses of the two nuclei, $\frac{1}{\ensuremath{\mu}}=\frac{1}{M}+\frac{1}{{M}^{\ensuremath{'}}}$. The frequency $\ensuremath{\nu}$ of any line may be considered as the sum of an "electronic," a (positive or negative) "vibrational," and a (positive or negative) "rotational" contribution: $\ensuremath{\nu}={\ensuremath{\nu}}^{e}+{\ensuremath{\nu}}^{n}+{\ensuremath{\nu}}^{m}$, where $n=\mathrm{vibrational}$ and $m=\mathrm{rotational}\mathrm{quantum}\mathrm{number}$. From theory and experience in line spectra, ${\ensuremath{\nu}}^{e}$ (if present) should be substantially identical for corresponding band systems of two or more isotopes, so that these should have a common "origin." This leads to the definition of the origin of a band-system: $\ensuremath{\nu}={\ensuremath{\nu}}^{e}$; ${\ensuremath{\nu}}^{n}={\ensuremath{\nu}}^{m}=0$; and the definition of the origin of a band: $\ensuremath{\nu}={\ensuremath{\nu}}^{e}+{\ensuremath{\nu}}^{n}$; ${\ensuremath{\nu}}^{m}=0$. For two isotopes, ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{2}=\ensuremath{\nu}_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{e}+\ensuremath{\nu}_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{n}+\ensuremath{\nu}_{2}^{}{}_{}{}^{m}=\ensuremath{\nu}_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{e}+\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\nu}_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{n}+{\ensuremath{\rho}}^{2}\ensuremath{\nu}_{1}^{}{}_{}{}^{m}$, approximately, where ${\ensuremath{\rho}}^{2}=\frac{(\frac{1}{{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{2}})}{(\frac{1}{{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{1}})}$. The various bands corresponding to various values of ${\ensuremath{\nu}}^{n}$ should form for each isotope an essentially identical pattern about the origin. The scale of this pattern should, however, be greater for a lighter isotope (vibrational isotope effect), and large separations between corresponding bands of isotopes may result for bands remote from the origin. Two typical band-patterns for a mixture of isotopes are given in Fig. 1. Analogous relations hold with respect to the ${\ensuremath{\nu}}^{m}$ terms (rotational isotope effect) (cf. Fig. 2). An explicit equation for band-l eads is obtained; this contains important mixed and higher power terms in $n$ and ${n}^{\ensuremath{'}}$; the corresponding isotope effect is discussed. In studying isotope effects in band spectra, compounds of isotopic elements with other elements of high atomic weight are favorable; a low-temperature light source is very desirable; other practical factors are discussed. Quantitative and semi-quantitative confirmations of the isotope effect already obtained (BO, SiN, CuH, CuCl, CuBr, CuI) lend powerful support to the general quantum theory of band spectra.Applications of the isotope effect to the study of isotopy and the interpretation of band spectra.---Electronic band spectra give a valuable new method for the determination of the existence of isotopes. An advantage over the positive ray method is that characteristic band patterns associate without question isotopes belonging to a given element; a disadvantage is that accurate comparison of mass between different elements is less easy. Photometric intensity comparisons give a means of measuring relative abundance of isotopes. Infra-red spectra are much less favorable than electronic for the study of isotopy, largely bacause of the fewness of the bands. The vibrational isotope effect in electronic band spectra furnishes the first really reliable, and a remarkably simple, criterion for the location of the origin of a band-system. Simultaneously, it gives the first direct mode of attack on the correct absolute numbering of vibrational energy levels. Thus in BO the vibrational quantum numbers are probably 1/2, 3/2, 5/2..., not 0, 1, 2,... The rotational isotope effect should likewise aid in the analysis of band structure. The very strong dependence of the isotope coefficient ($\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{-}1$) on the mass ${M}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ of the non-isotopic or second element in the molecule supplies a new and reliable method of identifying the emitters of band spectra.Isotope effects in the specific heat of gases are a necessary theoretical consequence of the success of the foregoing theory.