Theoretical Categories Research Articles

Acknowledgment of collective victimization: Findings from four contexts of historical victimization

AbstractAcknowledgment of collective victimization is often understood as a crucial precursor to promoting victimized groups’ well‐being and breaking the cycle of violence. Yet, research on acknowledgment has focused on a few forms of acknowledgment from the perpetrator group, thus limiting our understanding on what acknowledgment entails and who should engage in it. Furthermore, what is considered to be appropriate acknowledgment may be shaped by the historical and sociopolitical context. To address these issues, we conducted a qualitative online survey that explored how four historical victim groups (Armenian Americans, Black Americans, Jewish Americans, and the Palestinian diaspora, total N = 273) perceive how acknowledgment of their group's collective trauma should look like. Qualitative content analysis revealed four broad theoretical categories of what acknowledgment entails: symbolic gestures, knowledge and education, structural redress, and learning lessons and preventing violence. We also found four categories concerning who should acknowledge the ingroup's trauma: everyone, adversaries, the ingroup, and third parties. Responses varied across groups, suggesting the importance of the sociopolitical context in acknowledgment. The findings extend theoretical and empirical work on acknowledgment and have important program and policy implications.

Love is Glorious: The Analysis of Emotional Education Culture of Film “To Our Youth That Is Fading Away”

About the educational films, most of the existing studies in academia and culture are based on the construction of theoretical perspectives, or the discussion of the narrative content and the transformation of themes of a certain genre, but there is a lack of important educational issues based on the analysis of film texts. As a popular narrative genre of educational films in China since the beginning of this century, “youth narrative” has a wide range of communication audiences, but for the audience, there is a need for more in-depth discussion of its educational meaning. Therefore, it is necessary to select typical case of “youth film” in China, describe the emotional education in detail, and try to put forward the theoretical category of “emotional education culture”, to show that for teenagers, the complex, mutual, reverberative and dislocated relationship of emotional space poses a great challenge to education.

THE JOURNALISTIC APPROACH IN THE CASES OF DANIEL ALVES AND SANDRA MARA FERNANDES: AN ANALYSIS OF GENERATIONAL AND GENDER ISSUES

This study aims to denounce typical elements of structural machismo in Brazilian society, as evidenced by the media coverage of the case of Daniel Alves, a soccer player accused of raping a young woman at the Sutton nightclub in Barcelona in December 2022. It also addresses the case of Sandra Mara Fernandes, a businesswoman who, during a psychotic episode, had sexual relations in her car with homeless man Givaldo Alves in Planaltina (DF) in March 2022. The qualitative methodology is based on theoretical categories capable of explaining the relationships between the media, hegemony, and society. The aim is to highlight that even in news stories where the main subject is a man's mistake, machista culture exalts the male figure while distorting the image of the women involved.

Introducing Economics Students to Marxist Political Economy: Mental and Physical Health in the Workplace

Introducing economics students to Marxist political economy (MPE) can be a challenging endeavor, especially as there is often limited space in the curriculum. Given this constraint, it can be difficult to know where to start and how to best do justice to the complexity and depth of Marx’s work. Students can find MPE daunting, approach the topic with a range of preconceptions, and find it hard to see the immediate relevance. This case study of our teaching practice illustrates how we have approached this issue by introducing students to MPE with an application to physical and mental health in the workplace. By starting with students’ own experiences of work, we help them unpack how and why the workplace is structured in the way it is. Initial discussions about the workplace, including about situations in which students have tried to avoid doing work, enable some initial theoretical categories to be developed, such as the distinction between labor and labor power, as well as other observations about how their workplaces are organized to extract labor from them, and the unequal rewards from the output of the work that they do. This provides a way into a more formal theoretical presentation of MPE, but one that is rooted in the lived experience of students. We then look at the implications and effects that the labor process has on physical and mental health (which Marx documents in Capital volume 1) using case studies from across the globe, including Amazon warehouse workers in the United States and United Kingdom, and textile workers in India. By teaching MPE in this way, we aim to demonstrate how the logic of capitalism imposes itself on the workplace and shapes daily life, and we hope this can inspire students to explore Marx’s work further. JEL Classification: I2, P1

Does AI Think?

This article raises a very relevant question today: “Does AI think?” To come up with an answer, it explores several conceptions of knowledge, from classical Aristotelian notions to modern philosophers’ takes on it. For Aristotle, knowledge starts with the senses, and, through epagoge and nous, it grows into an understanding of the nature of the thing known, which is something that does not happen with AI. Modern schools of thoughts are either rationalist or empiricist. For rationalists, knowledge is innate, while empiricists believe all knowledge comes from the senses. As Kant views it, knowledge is “built” on sensorial data with the use of theoretical reason categories. Based on these approaches, it is harder to claim that AI does not think by itself. The article also reviews current philosophers’ views on AI and AI thinking. Summing up, the answer to the initial question depends on the concept of knowledge adopted. As this article shares the classical notion of thinking, it concludes that AI does not think.

Examining the Views of School Counselors on the Solution Focused Counseling

This study investigates school counselors' perspectives on the implementation of solution-focused counseling within educational settings. The research involved ten school counselors (six female and four male) employed across various educational levels—primary, middle, and high schools—in Izmir. A qualitative phenomenological approach was utilized for this study, and participants were selected through a snowball sampling technique. Data were collected using a semi-structured interview protocol developed by the researchers. Analysis of the interview transcripts revealed two main categories: theoretical and practical. Within the theoretical category, the identified themes included problem areas, strengths, and limitations of solution-focused counseling. The practical category encompassed themes such as functional use, techniques, and application preferences. The counselors reported employing solution-focused counseling in their schools and deemed it effective. They also highlighted the challenges posed by large caseloads and substantial workloads, noting that the solution-focused approach significantly aids in addressing these issues. The results are discussed in relation to existing literature on solution-focused counseling and its application in school settings.

The supervision of experienced secondary school‐based counsellors: A situational analysis constructivist grounded theory exploration of best practice

AbstractIntroduction and AimsSecondary school‐based counselling (SSBC) is used widely throughout the United Kingdom (UK) as an early mental health intervention, and clinical supervision is necessary for its safe and effective practice. Currently, there does not exist a body of research to inform best practice in this area of supervision. The purpose of this study was to explore the supervisory requirements of the experienced secondary school‐based counsellor and what best practice looks like.MethodThis study used situational analysis constructivist grounded theory methodology to explore and develop a grounded theory of best practice in supervising the experienced secondary school counsellor in the UK. The descriptions of best practice were examined from the interviews of 17 experienced secondary school counsellors and/or supervisors.FindingsFrom the data emerged one core category (‘a good fit’) which encapsulated four theoretical categories (‘the supervisory relationship’, ‘understanding the working context’, ‘safeguarding’ and ‘the shared supervisory journey’). The study indicates that the supervisor needs an understanding of the unique context of the secondary school as a therapist's working environment in order to support the supervisee with often complex work. There needs to be an awareness of how elements from within the school and/or counselling agency can impact on the supervision regarding boundaries, trust and containment so they do not impact the supervision in a detrimental way.ConclusionsSupervisor and supervisee need a shared understanding of the nature of supervision within this context for it to be a ‘good fit’ for both. This has implications for supervision training and the externality of supervision within this context.

Pushing through: A grounded theory of undergraduate nursing students making meaning of clinical related critical incidents

BackgroundUndergraduate nursing students are at risk of exposure to clinical related critical incidents. The impact on nursing students and the use of coping mechanisms and processes to make meaning of these distressing experiences are poorly understood. PurposeThe aim of this study was to provide a theoretical understanding of the processes that undergraduate nursing students use to make meaning of clinical related critical incidents. MethodFollowing the constructivist grounded theory method, a purposive sample was used to recruit 15 students enrolled in a Canadian university baccalaureate nursing program. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews over 12 months. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed using constant comparison and concurrent data collection and coding. ResultsThree theoretical categories emerged from the data to explain the processes used by nursing students to make meaning of their critical incidents: distress, identity shift, and moving forward. The processes described were characterized by an overarching category of “Pushing Through.” ConclusionThe resulting theory of “Pushing Through” can be used as a lens for students and nurse educators to navigate making meaning of clinical related critical incidents. This theory highlights the significance of students' self-understanding as they explore and assemble individualized strategies and coping skills. Educators who teach in the clinical setting should prioritize the development of a trauma-informed learning environment by establishing connections and transparent expectations with learners.

»Man är liksom alltid mittemellan på något sätt»

This article explores interview material of migrants’ experiences of borders from a minority perspective. The analysis focuses on the migrants’ own interpretations of their move, using the theoretical categories of performative borders (Rumford 2014) and emerging adults (Arnett 2004) as analytical tools to gain an understanding of what it means to be a young Finland-Swedish migrant in Sweden in the 2010s. Linguistic, national and cultural borders are discussed. Given the privileged position of the migrants, the institutionalised national border is relatively absent from the material. Instead, a very tangible border that appears is the language border, especially between Swedish and Finnish. For the interviewees, this linguistic border does not coincide with the national border as they are moving to an area where their mother tongue is transitioning from minority to majority status. Cultural borders can be seen as flexible, invisible boundaries within which people believe that they share cultural expressions and values, and thus identity (Fjellström 1997). Respondents refer to boundaries drawn by perceived cultural similarities and differences. All these boundaries are created by the media, experiences, other people’s stories, and stereotypes. The interviewees begin by drawing on their own experiences of moving from Finland to Sweden, but at the same time these experiences are constantly linked to other stories, past experiences, and perceptions. By addressing performative boundaries, the focus is on how personal experience, conveyed through narrative, expresses experiences of belonging and exclusion – something that is actualised through both minority and migrant status.

Engaging seventh-grade students in prediction-observation-explanation of plant absorbance/transport phenomena: impact on relational conceptual changes and scientific inquiry abilities

ABSTRACT This study examined the impact of a Prediction-Observation-Explanation (POE) intervention on 15 seventh-grade students’ relational conceptual changes and scientific inquiry abilities as they investigated the plant absorbance/transport phenomena in a photosynthesis learning sequence. The variation theory of learning that promotes intellectual empathy underpinned the study’s pedagogy. A granular phenomenography analysis of students’ pre-post inter-intra-explanations through writing and drawing resulted in seven theoretical descriptive categories. A relational conceptual change perspective involved in the interventional investigations resulted in 1) adding and deleting categories of ideas from pre-to-post teaching, 2) change in the number of students within the categories of ideas, 3) the replacement of everyday language with scientific knowledge, and 4) the complexity of students’ responses from pre-to post-teaching. In assessing students’ scientific inquiry ability levels with a POE analytic rubric of writing and drawing worksheets, 18% and 82% were developing and proficient, respectively.

The Taptana Cañari as a Didactic Resource to Promote Solidarity in the Teaching of Mathematics

The objective of this study was to design a strategy that uses the Taptana cañari as a didactic resource to promote solidarity in the teaching of mathematics. The research approach was qualitative, in the sociocritical paradigm, through a case study. As a method, investigative techniques were used: observation in the workshops, interviews with teachers, and expert judgment to analyze the photographs taken during the workshops. Based on the theoretical categories of solidarity: social responsibility, respect for identity, emotional intelligence, and teamwork, the instruments were developed: an observation guide, an interview guide, and the observation sheet used by the experts. Among the main results, it can be noted that the use of the Taptana cañari as a didactic tool generated interest in ancestral knowledge and facilitated the learning of mathematics, which promoted the development of solidarity as a human and social value.

Varieties of Bias

AbstractThe concept of bias is pervasive in both popular discourse and empirical theorizing within philosophy, cognitive science, and artificial intelligence. This widespread application threatens to render the concept too heterogeneous and unwieldy for systematic investigation. This article explores recent philosophical literature attempting to identify a single theoretical category—termed ‘bias’—that could be unified across different contexts. To achieve this aim, the article provides a comprehensive review of theories of bias that are significant in the fields of philosophy of mind, cognitive science, machine learning, and epistemology. It focuses on key examples such as perceptual bias, implicit bias, explicit bias, and algorithmic bias, scrutinizing their similarities and differences. Although these explorations may not conclusively establish the existence of a natural theoretical kind, pursuing the possibility offers valuable insights into how bias is conceptualized and deployed across diverse domains, thus deepening our understanding of its complexities across a wide range of cognitive and computational processes.

Forensic Characterization of Economic Crimes Committed by Organized Groups with Corruption Relations

The trends in development of doctrine of forensic characterization of crimes, debatable issues regarding its concept, quantitative and qualitative composition are considered. It was established that forensic characterization of crimes is a theoretical category of criminalistics, system of data on the most general specifics of type of crimes, typical circumstances, methods and mechanisms of their commission, and other circumstances that are important for the investigation. The main purpose of forensic characterization of crimes is to implement its data in investigation methods. Globalization processes, scientific and technological progress con-tribute to quantitative and qualitative changes in criminal activity. Legal statistics of the General Prosecutor’s Office of Ukraine, results of our research indicate that crimes in the field of property relations, financial and economic and service activities in the process of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of material goods and services at enterprises, institutions, organizations of priority areas of economy, implementation of official powers in the field of managerial, financial, tax, and customs control is most often committed by organized groups with corruption ties. In this regard, the purpose of the research is to determine forensic specifics of economic crimes committed in the priority areas of economy, to develop a conceptual apparatus of such crimes, to characterize economic crimes committed by organized groups with corruption ties, to distinguish their components. In order to achieve the goal, scientific methods of cognition are applied: observation, analysis, analogy, deduction, synthesis, descriptive-analytical, modeling, etc. A new approach to defining the concept of economic crimes is proposed. Economic crimes committed by organized groups with corruption ties are characterized, and their components are singled out for use in the investigation methods of this type of crime.

Estado, universidade e empresa: avaliação de suas contribuições para o recente crescimento econômico na China

Abstract In pursuit of becoming an innovative country by 2049, for the centennial of the People’s Republic of China, the recent Chinese economic growth is impressive and gives this nation the prediction of occupying the position of first world economy by 2030. This performance has aroused an interest in understanding how the relationship between the State, university, and industry has contributed to such economic development. To this end, this exploratory research made use of bibliographic, documental, and field research (interviews and questionnaire application). The data were analyzed using theoretical content analysis, with theoretical categories derived from the Triple Helix Theory and Knowledge Transfer. The findings indicate that this is a virtuous relationship that occurs asymmetrically with a State with multiple responsibilities and committed to the driving forces of economic development, oscillating between a “strong state” and an “effective state”.

Theoretical Categories for Analysing the Political Thinking Structures of the Taliban

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest zaproponowanie zestawu kategorii teoretycznych do analizowania struktur myślenia politycznego dystrybuowanych przez talibów po wojnie w Afganistanie. Obejmuje on trzy grupy typów idealnych umożliwiających identyfikację i klasyfikację odmiennych aspektów tych struktur wykorzystywanych do formułowania roszczeń legitymizacyjnych. Są to po pierwsze: myślenie religijne i polityczne; po drugie: trybalne i posttrybalne; i po trzecie: natywizm, kontrakulturacja, witalizm oraz autonegatywizm. Choć zakres ich zastosowania znacznie wykracza poza eksplorację wskazanego pola badawczego, są one szczególnie użyteczne, aby zrozumieć zmiany zachodzące na współczesnej scenie politycznej w Azji i móc ostrożnie prognozować kierunek przemian w afgańskim systemie politycznym. Struktury te są bowiem stosowane przez talibów do generowania legitymizacji społecznej ich rządów oraz kształtowanego systemu politycznego, czyli pozyskiwania poparcia dla aktualnego rządu ze strony rządzonej populacji, modelowania akceptacji jego polityki, instytucji i wartości. Stanowią swoiste roszczenia legitymizacyjne będące obok stosowania represji i spójności elit rządzących jednym z filarów stabilności reżimu politycznego. Można je traktować jako struktury legitymizacyjne leżące u podstaw konstruowanego porządku politycznego.

On the Validity of the Separation of the Cathegory "Origins of Law" in the Theory of Law and State

The object of research attention in the article was the phenomenon of the origins of law. The main approaches in Russian historiography to the definition of the sources of law and their relationship with the sources of law are considered as the subject of the study. The purpose of the work is to attempt to substantiate the need to separate the sources of law from the semantically overloaded category of sources of law into an independent category. The author pays special attention to the polarity of opinions in the existing discussion regarding the origins of law, which is due to both the lack of elaboration of the problem, the polysemy of the term "source", and the differences in approaches to legal understanding. The author focuses on the fact that in various classifications there is a special division of the sources of law into "primary", which once in ancient times laid the foundation for the institution of law, and "secondary", functionally feeding the law up to the present. On this basis, regardless of the approach to understanding law, it seems logical to separate the "primary" sources of law into a separate theoretical category of "sources of law" with the prospect of its consolidation in the theory of state and law. The practical significance of the allocation and the need for a special study of the origins of law are justified by the fact that the search and identification of the chronologically oldest sources of law in the system of regulatory regulation of a potestar-early class society can be the key to an attempt to develop a universal, integrative definition of law.

Subtitling Hong Kong Code-Mixing and Code-Switching

Translation has largely been considered a process involving only two languages, source and target. However, plurilingual audiovisual content has proliferated over the last few decades, reflecting, as a result, the world’s linguistic intermingling. Such a plurality complicates both theoretical categorizations and translation practices. Even though multilingualism in the media has received scholarly attention, more explorations are needed to ascertain the translation processes and methods adopted to handle linguistically diverse source texts in the streaming era. The present piece of research tentatively explores the treatment given to Cantonese and English code-mixing and code-switching present in Hongkonese films and TV shows currently streamed on Netflix, the video-on-demand platform. This article probes a selection of such content and compares the original dialogues with official Chinese, English and Spanish subtitles. Preliminary results point towards a loss of linguistic diversity and nuance caused by subtitling processes. The differentiated roles that both languages originally play in creating comedic, stylistic, or emphatic effects are rarely retained, possibly affecting viewers’ reception and appreciation. This article argues that further attention should be paid to the translation and adaptation of code-mixing and code-switching present in Hongkonese creations, both by the industry and academia, if such a multilingual reality is to be portrayed successfully via subtitles.

Stretchable stiffness-tuning of liquid metal elastomer triggered by homocrystal seeds

The hybrid structure of liquid metal units and organic elastomer has huge potential in achieving stretchable and reversible stiffness regulation, while such tuning is often restrained by high energy consumption for liquid metal solidification. Here, we conceive to solve the above challenge through introducing the fully leveraging interaction between supercooled liquid metal and homocrystal seeds within silicone elastomer. It is disclosed that the supercooled liquid metal-elastomer can maintain an extremely stable soft state until the supercooling is eliminated by modulating the mechanical force and elastomer deformation. This circumvents the utilization of intricate refrigeration equipment and offers a highly efficient and concise strategy for stiffness regulation. Moreover, conceptual experiments were performed to demonstrate the practical values of this technology through designing and testing the new shape memory materials, temperature-sensitive switches, and controlled circuits. The solidification mechanisms of supercooled Ga triggered by homocrystal seeds were interpreted. Overall, the present finding has generalized purposes and holds promise to significantly extend the theoretical and technological categories of classical stiffness tunable materials.

PROTECTION OF HISTORICAL JUSTICE AS A FACTOR IN THE STABILITY OF SOCIAL RELATIONS

Historical justice is an important theoretical and practical category for nation-states of the 21st century. Therefore, its unambiguous and clear understanding is the key to a successful intercivilizational dialogue. However, at the moment there is no such dialogue, there is only its appearance, supported by manipulations and speculations, the means of implementation of which is the falsification of history. This method is one of the most destructive and painful in the international confrontation of the 21st century. At the state level, it is recognized as a serious threat to the national security of modern Russia, requiring elimination. Therefore, knowledge of historical facts, the ability to identify truth and lies, the ability to navigate the past and the present, finding logical cause-and-effect relationships in a plurality of disparate historical facts and events will allow Russians to maintain their core (national mentality) and survive in the information and mental war of our time.

Spirits and Bodies as an Interdependent Network of Relations and Approach to the Study of Religion in Brazil

In the ever-evolving religious landscape of Brazil, researchers who study contemporary phenomena of religions face a complex and often contradictory reality. The practical application of theoretical categories and concepts in this domain is an endeavor that continues to challenge researchers. Brazil’s religious landscape is characterized by an impressive diversity of beliefs, practices, and convictions that often merge and overlap across different boundaries. This complex reality poses a serious challenge to religious studies, which strives to classify, analyze, and compare phenomena in historical and contemporary dimensions. The problems begin with the basic categories, which are often blurred in their applicability and meaning. Therefore, the focus of this article is to argue that the rapid change and impermanence of categories used in religious studies are due to the deep-rooted contradictions in Brazilian religious reality, which (e)merge, transform, and respond to social, cultural, and political changes in a constant state of flux. These changes cause defined categories that may have made sense at certain times. This article argues, however, that a phenomenological perspective is needed to conceptualize the centrality of spiritual entities to comparative religion. The omnipresence of spirits pervades the entire religious field of Pentecostalism, traditional Christianity, indigenous religions and Shamanism, as well as African-derived religions, which will be exemplified in terms of their references and striking parallels when it comes to the concept of spirits while manifested in human bodies and practices.