Theoretical Categories Research Articles

Time, Money, and Race: Simone de Beauvoir on American Abstraction

In 1947, Simone de Beauvoir traveled to the United States for a four-month stay, during which she toured the country extensively. Her copious notes taken during this time eventually became the travelogue, America Day by Day (L’Amérique au jour le jour) as well as a piece written for the May 25, 1947 edition of the New York Times Magazine, “An Existentialist Looks at Americans.” In both of these writings, Beauvoir offers an astute criticism of American culture from a foreign perspective.This paper explores Beauvoir’s treatment of American abstraction and race with three goals in mind: first, to understand the American relationship to time and money as abstractions. Ignoring the past and projecting an idealistic (but ultimately vacuous) future, leads to a strange kind of fatalism and lack of passion that profoundly impacts White and Black Americans but in distinctively different ways. The second part of the paper explores these differences through an analysis of how White Americans attempt to live with “good” consciences through the positing of and attachment to abstract values and things. This attitude, in turn, produces a largely instrumental and racist treatment of many populations, in particular, Black Americans. The final section focuses on how Beauvoir confronts the fact of her own whiteness, and in so doing undergoes the movement of race as an abstract theoretical category to one of lived embodiment.

Repercusión de los dispositivos móviles en la comunicación terapéutica enfermerapaciente en un hospital público de tercer nivel.

El objetivo de la investigación fue describir como interviene el uso de los dispositivos móviles en la comunicación terapéutica enfermera-paciente durante su estancia hospitalaria en un hospital público de tercer nivel de atención en ciudad Obregón, Sonora. Para el análisis del estudio, se utilizaron referencias teóricas sobre la comunicación y la relación terapéutica que establecen teóricas como Peplau y Watson. El abordaje metodológico fue el cualitativo realizando entrevistas a profundidad y realizando el análisis de contenido a través del enfoque del interaccionismo simbólico surgiendo los significados de tres categorías teóricas: Categoría 1.- Comunicación enfermera-paciente, Categoría 2.- Comunicación emocional, y Categoría 3.- Dispositivo móvil y praxis de enfermería.

Representaciones sociales de la salud mental y de los trastornos mentales en estudiantes universitarios de enfermería.

El objetivo del trabajo es Determinar las representaciones sociales de la salud mental y de los trastornos mentales de estudiantes universitarios de enfermería, y para eso, se utilizó un enfoque mixto estructural y procesual. Se determinó el núcleo figurativo de la representación de la salud mental en el concepto de emociones, en tanto que las representaciones sociales de los trastornos mentales se determinó el concepto de depresión como núcleo figurativo de la representación. Para el enfoque cualitativo se encontraron 3 categorías teóricas: 1. Representaciones sociales de la salud mental, 2. Representaciones sociales de los trastornos mentales, y 3. Representaciones sociales de la enfermería en salud mental.

A Escravidão Digital e a superexploração do trabalho: consequências para a classe trabalhadora

Resumo O presente artigo tem como escopo de análise a precarização e a superexploração do trabalho, que se manifestam na atualidade através das novas modalidades de terceirização e flexibilização do contrato de trabalho. Fundamenta-se na teoria do valor-trabalho de Marx e na Teoria Marxista da Dependência (Ruy Mauro Marini), objetiva captar alguns elementos essenciais para apreensão da superexploração, tendo em vista estabelecer uma conexão clara entre esta categoria teórica e as novas modalidades de trabalho precário, tão expressivas na atualidade. Dá especial destaque ao setor de serviços, especificamente o trabalho monitorado e controlado por novos dispositivos tecnológicos e de rede. Pretende demonstrar como o processo de expansão dos serviços privatizados e mercadorizados na era informacional-digital contribui para a subsunção real do trabalho ao capital e provoca consequências profundas para a classe trabalhadora, em especial nos países dependentes e periféricos.

Negation of Universalist Ontology as the Basis for the Conceptualization of the “Postmarxism” Concept

The article addresses the problem of etymological and theoretical uncertainty of the “postmarxism” concept, which is traced in both domestic and specialized Western studies. The basis for the formation of mental constructs, in the direction of clarifying the specifics of postmarxism, is its setting on “overcoming metaphysics”, which is expressed in an actual refusal to decode social phenomena / processes through the reference to their basic values. The study identifies the main theoretical and methodological contradictions in the understanding of postmarxism, and at the same time, in order to confirm the subject of the work, attention is paid to the avoidance of contradictions and oppositions by postmarxism itself. Because any opposition in postmarxism is questionable, it is a prerequisite for superstructure, which is meaningless itself. Also, a theoretical-comparative and semantic analysis of the "postmarxism” concept is conducted, the historical-political context of the evolution of the concept as a theoretical category and as self-identification is analyzed in order to define its position by some philosophers. The background to its formation is fundamental to explain the denial of universal ontology in postmarxism. Namely, they are decentralization, “breaking up” of structure, derriadian critique of the transcendental meaning, which in postmarxism is expressed as an artificial fixation of meaning and “ideological arrangement”.

Subvertendo Gênero: O Lugar da Não-binaridade Numa Análise Discursiva de Conteúdos Midiáticos

As questões de gênero têm despontado inúmeras discussões ao longo da história nas diferentes sociedades. Na contemporaneidade, as diferentes designações de gênero encontradas, têm provocado a necessidade premente de pesquisas aprofundadas que compreendam o fenômeno e apontem intervenções ante a sua complexidade. Na presente pesquisa, buscou-se investigar a construção histórica e cultural das identidades de gênero, a partir das noções binárias de homem/mulher, pautadas nos estudos de Judith Butler (2013) e Michel Foucault (1988; 2009), construindo com isso questionamentos frente às representações sociais e aos modos de identificações e expressões sobre o tema. Traçou-se como objetivo compreender o lugar não-binário de identidade(s) de gênero a partir da análise de mídias virtuais, assim como analisar os discursos produzidos sobre esse lugar de identificação não-binária, além de apreender as dimensões políticas de representação dos discursos acerca da não-binaridade de gênero. Para tanto, utilizou-se uma metodologia de cunho qualitativo, a análise de discurso de Bardin (1977/1979), que viabilizou a apreensão de categorias teóricas das significações dos discursos acessados nas plataformas de blogs, acerca dos modos de compreensão da não-binaridade de gênero. Como resultados obtidos foram esboçadas duas categorias teóricas: 1. Significados não-binários de gênero: construções quanto aos termos descritivo e identitário; e 2. Ser “não-binário”: buscando definição para uma indefinição? Inferiu-se da investigação considerações relevantes sobre os posicionamentos discursivos quanto aos seus significados como termos e designações identitárias, quanto ao lugar de fala dos sujeitos, e quanto a uma dimensão ético e política necessária para a convivência entre os diferentes gêneros.

The quiet agora: Undergraduate perceptions of the academic library

This research paper reports the findings of a grounded theory analysis of undergraduate perceptions of academic libraries serving their university community. The qualitative researchers employed long interviews to interview forty-one participants at various stages in their undergraduate career in order to determine how they perceive the academic library as an institution. Three theoretical categories emerged from the data analysis: (1) Constructing the Academic Library as Geographic Space, (2) Constructing the Academic Library as Idea, and (3) Constructing the Library Worker. The researchers found that participants may simultaneously view the academic library as physical geography and idealistic abstraction, and that the physical navigation of the library may remain hindered despite normative perceptions of the academic library.

Patterns of incongruous media/mode configurations in Viz Magazine

This article investigates how the creators of Viz use media and modes to produce potentially humorous constellations. The aim is to identify novel patterns of media/mode configurations in humour. For this purpose, theoretical categories are developed which reflect various constellations of media, modes and localities in the production of Viz humour. These categories go beyond the well-researched combination of (written) text and image and range from merely humour-enabling constellations (Category 1), via various combinations of modes to introduce incongruities (Categories 2–4) to two different types of constellations that not only carry incongruities but are incongruous in themselves (Category 5). The investigation shows that in Viz, incongruities are most commonly carried by text and image simultaneously. In addition, media/mode constellations are used which so far have been under-researched: the suggested but never realised physical manifestation of objects or manipulations of the temporal dimension of discourse.

LA ÉTICA Y EL LIDERAZGO BAJO LA PERSPECTIVA DE ESTUDIANTES UNIVERSITARIOS Y PROFESIONALES

This research is focused on determining and analyzing the need and the relationship of Ethics and Leadership from the perspective of professionals and university students while obtaining the resulting parameters of respective measurement to use in favor of business and organizational improvement. Additionally, it reveals the way in which professionals behave and apply ethical values through the applied instrument, when they perform in leadership roles, thus achieving results and metrics that have not been previously found with so many values and indicators in the extensive literature analyzed. This empirical study is complemented by the review and analysis of literature where the dimensions of ethics and leadership are related, as well as those associated to education, obtaining indicators that were the basis for the development of new theoretical categorizations. A quantitative instrument was applied with two similar samples, but with different types of participants, one consisting of 436 professionals and the other one of 371 university students; obtaining results with the respective metrics and from there, the descriptive statistical analysis, Anova and correlations that show high significance when relating ethics and leadership and the perception of professionals and students. This study is considered of total relevance and helps businessmen, entrepreneurs, directors and employees, as well as students, teachers, leaders, professionals and human beings in general, to be better prepared as leaders and to analyze and find solutions for ethical and productive achievements. If every company, organization, educational institution and society exercised its leadership based on ethics, the results and achievements generated would not harm humanity and would benefit everyone.

Ryzyko szkody powstałej w szczególnych okolicznościach

Ryzyko socjalne jest kategorią teoretycznoprawną powszechnie stosowaną w rozważaniach na temat instytucji prawnych zabezpieczenia społecznego, w tym służącą do opisu funkcji świadczeń zabezpieczenia społecznego oraz wyróżnienia i charakteryzacji prawa zabezpieczenia społecznego (prawa socjalnego). W opracowaniu autorka wskazuje na normatywne podstawy wyodrębnia ryzyka szkody powstałej w szczególnych okolicznościach oraz dokonuje jego teoretycznoprawnej analizy. Wyjaśnia kwestie terminologiczne oraz opisuje konstrukcję tego ryzyka, jego treść oraz aktualny i postulowany zakres jego ochrony.

Gobernanza urbana: reflexiones a partir de los distritos económicos de la ciudad de Buenos Aires

The article analyses the implementation of the economic districts in the south of the city of Buenos Aires. From a qualitative approach, it studies the different modes of public intervention aimed to create the “business environment”, including tax benefits, investments in infrastructure, transportation, urban space and equipment; and the discursive framework put into play to transform the images and senses that bear upon these areas of the city. The article proposes a methodological crossover to render an account of the specific forms that public action assumes in the public-private articulation. In this way, it allows to provide content to more abstract theoretical categories, such as urban entrepreneurship and actually existing neoliberalism, and at the same time reflect on the processes of urban governance.

O Ritual da Festa do Moqueado: Educação, cultura e identidade na sociedade indígena Tembé-Tenetehara

O povo indígena Tembé-Tenetehara tradicionalmente pratica o Ritual da Festa do Moqueado que celebra a passagem de meninas e meninos da infância para a vida adulta. Neste ritual estão presentes diversos saberes tradicionais do povo Tembé-Tenetehara. Nossa intenção foi analisar como o Ritual da Festa do Moqueado configura-se em um processo educativo no qual são produzidos, circulam e são apropriados múltiplos saberes contribuindo para a construção da identidade e da cultura indígena Tembé- Tenetehara. A pesquisa se posicionou na abordagem qualitativa e estabeleceu a etnometodologia como seu principal aporte metodológico, utilizando Garfinkel (2006), Coulon (2005). As técnicas de coleta de dados utilizadas foram: observação participante, entrevistas, notas de campo. As principais categorias teóricas utilizadas no trabalho de análise são: educação (Brandão, 2002), cultura (Williams, 2011), ritual (Sagalen, 2002), identidade (Giddens, 2002), e saber (Martinic, 1994). Como resultado do estudo, elucidamos que o Ritual é um processo educativo intencional, com objetivos e objetos de conhecimentos definidos e articulados e que os saberes contidos no Ritual da Festa do Moqueado se traduzem em um processo educativo a medida que são apropriados, assimilados e ressignificados pelos jovens protagonistas sendo determinante para a construção de sua identidade étnica e afirmação de sua cultura.

ESTÁGIO SUPERVISIONADO NA LICENCIATURA EM LETRAS: UM ESPAÇO-TEMPO DE CONSTRUÇÃO DA IDENTIDADE DOCENTE DO PROFESSOR DE LÍNGUA PORTUGUESA

Recent researches about teacher training and curricular internship have been developed in order to ensure the improvement of the undergraduate courses. Many of these studies seek to understand how the teacher's identifying process in the teaching profession occurs. From this perspective, this work aims to analyze the relation between supervised internship and the process of building Portuguese language teachers’ identity. We developed a qualitative and documentary research in which we analyzed the discourseof the interns expressed in their written reports of experiences during the internship. The data analysis consisted of the works of 25 undergraduates, who completed the supervised internship in Portuguese 4 of the undergraduate degree course in PortugueseLanguage at the Federal University of Pernambuco, a component that consists of conducting a High School class. We performed the analysis based on theoretical categories related to the identity and teaching professionalization (CORACINI, 2000; NAGAKOME, 2012; AGUIAR, 2016; PERES e GRECO, 2014), teacher training (SILVESTRE; PLACCO, 2011) and supervised internship (COSTA; LIMA, 2012; PIMENTA; LIMA, 2006). We concluded that the interns recognize the internship as an important formative stage of the course, a space for reflection about the pedagogical practice and the process of construction and reaffirmation of the identity and teaching professionality. Furthermore, the interns identified different feelings and impacts –both positives and negatives –as a result of their professional experience and also pointed out what can still be done to ensure a more consistent formation

Mediatization from Within: A Plea for Emic Approaches to Media-Related Social Change

AbstractBased on a literature review, this article shows that current mediatization scholarship is characterized by what Pike (1967) refers to as etic accounts. These accounts forward theoretical categories on media-related social change to conclude that our age is characterized by deepened and expanded media reliance. However, such theoretical extrapolation takes place not from, but at the expense of, people’s lived experiences, that is, emic accounts of mediatization in everyday life. This article is an attempt to insert the etic/emic distinction to mediatization research in order to develop more reflexive and composite accounts. Drawing on examples from a representative survey and qualitative interviews conducted over twenty years, the article problematizes etic-oriented conceptions of mediatization. Emic analyses expose how perceptions of media reliance shift over time and thus underscore the need to develop research strategies that simultaneously consider the objective structures of the social (mediatized) world and subjective meaning-making structures.

What is a minor international theory? On the limits of ‘Critical International Relations’

This article argues that ‘Critical International Relations’, often counterpoised to ‘mainstream IR’, has come to function as a major theoretical category in its own right. It argues that critique involves ‘minor theorising’, defined as the practice of disturbing settled theoretical assumptions in the discipline. The article examines the role and significance of ‘minor theories’ in the context of ongoing debates about Critical IR. It argues that critique is defined by context, and is politically and ethically ambiguous. The article concludes that the scope for critique could be advanced if the terms ‘Critical IR’ and ‘Critical IR Scholar’ are dropped from scholarly parlance.

Guided Models for Teaching Students Research in Science and Engineering


 Context: This article presents the arguments that su­pport the formulation of a research model from the idea of “guided models,” which allows the designing of routes and methodologies for the approaching, formulating, and solving problems in the training of technologists and engineers.
 Method: The methodology used was based on groun­ded theory, which allows solving problems and de­velop innovative research through theoretical and methodological categories.
 Results: It was possible to organize the model with a special emphasis on the generation of monitoring and contrasting matrices as a control mechanism and guide for the researcher.
 Conclusions: The implications of the incorporation of this model are analyzed in relation to the training purposes of engineering and technology professio­nals, articulated through a progression hypothesis as a reference every researcher will be able to get when analyzing and reviewing their own research processes regardless of the methodology developed.

Теоретико-правовая категория ≪мигрант≫: некоторые подходы к определению понятия

Теоретико-правовая категория ≪мигрант≫: некоторые подходы к определению понятия

Ways of exposing the sexuality of university students in digital media

Abstract Background Due to social and technological developments, experiences related to relationships between people express changes, which can be observed in social media, especially in social networks and dating and sexual apps. The use of social networks is growing among people of all age groups, which facilitates the maintenance of interpersonal contact and allows some people to get to know each other digitally, in addition to assisting in the search for information about sexuality and making it possible to meet with women. loving or sexual purpose. Objective to understand the means that university students express their sexuality in digital media. Methods This is a research with a qualitative approach, based on the Theory of Social Representations. University students from Belo Horizonte participated in the study. Data collection took place through a structured questionnaire with open and closed questions made available via the internet. The data were interpreted based on the Structural Analysis of the Narration, proposed by Demazière; Dubar. Results Two theoretical categories were listed. Use of digital media for sexual and amorous encounters - university students reveal the use of apps for casual encounters, where they use photos considered sensual to get a date outside the digital medium. Use of digital media as a source of information - the research subjects say they use the internet as a source of information about sexuality, as they still consider this issue difficult to approach with parents. These students also share the acquired information and personal experiences with friends. Conclusions In the digital environment, social relations are based on a hypervisibility of personal life on social networks, where intimate, private and especially sexual and body issues are exposed. Key messages Understanding how university students express their sexuality in digital media is an important step towards promoting the health of this population group. Social media can be of great value, but it can also present risks. Thus, university students are susceptible to these two factors, especially when it comes to topics such as sexuality.

Digital media and risks involved for the LGBT community

Abstract Background With the increase in the use of the internet and digital media, the number of people looking to network digitally, or just to find someone to have romantic or sexual encounters, has also increased. For this, there are networks and applications that are used for the purpose of romantic and sexual encounters, such as Tinder, Happn, Badoo, Scruff, Grindr, among others. These types of networks currently allow and facilitate sexual contact, making it possible to arrange meetings only for the so-called casual sex, which can be defined as a kind of sexual experience that occurs without the need for a fixed relationship. With the possibility of the ease and practicality of being able to have a sexual relationship, attention should be paid to the vulnerability and risks that the social networks used for this purpose can place its users. Objective To understand how LGBT students deal with the use and risks involved in digital media. Methods This is a research with a qualitative approach, based on the Theory of Social Representations. University students who declared themselves as LGBT in the city of Belo Horizonte participated in the study. Data collection took place through open and in-depth interviews, with a semi-structured script. The data were interpreted based on the Structural Analysis of the Narration, proposed by Demazière; Dubar. Results Two theoretical categories were listed: Ease of contact with the use of social media - this category shows the ease that research participants have to show themselves, give opinions and demonstrate their interest in a person through digital media. Risks of using social media - Risks range from personal exposure, making an appointment with an unknown person, in addition to the risks related to sexually transmitted infections. Conclusions Users of digital media need to interpret the risks that are involved when accessing a social network and outline ways of taking care of themselves and others. Key messages Knowing ways that the LGBT community exposes itself in digital media can contribute to preventive actions and to promote the health of these people in a more effective way. With the ease of exchanging images and dating for casual sex, it is necessary to discuss new approaches to health, including by digital means.

Is Spain becoming a militant democracy? Empirical evidence from Freedom House Reports

Militant democracy can be seen as a useful theoretical category. Its main objective is to preserve the regime by eliminating its opponents through the legal means. They may affect fundamental civil rights and freedoms including freedom of the press. There are two objectives of the article. The first is to determine the differences between the declaratory level, based on national legislation and legal acts adopted between 2008-2017, and actual level of freedom of the press in Spain, based on press freedom status presented in reports of Freedom House. This comparison will provide an answer to the question if Spain is becoming a militant democracy or not. The second objective is to explain the reasons for these differences as well as to formulate conclusions related to the adoption of the attributes of militant democracies by Spain with special reference to freedom of the press. The main hypothesis reads as follows: legislative changes referring to the functioning of the media in the form of national legislation affected the indicator value of the press freedom status in Spain presented by Freedom House. This dynamic proves that elements of militant democracy are being implemented into the Spanish political system.