Theoretical Basis Research Articles

Critical risk factors analysis of infection-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in children.

To analyze the critical factors of infection-associated Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) in children, so as to provide theoretical basis for clinicians to evaluate the disease condition, formulate treatment plan and improve prognosis.This study is a retrospective analysis. 60 cases of children with infection-associated HLH were divided into critical and non-critical groups based on the presence of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), and the clinical characteristics and laboratory data of the two groups of children were analyzed. A multifactor logistic regression analysis model was used to assess the independent risk factors affecting critical illness in children with infection-associated HLH, and the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate the predictive value of risk factors for critical illness in children with infection-associated HLH. Children in the critical group with HLH had a younger age at onset. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), D-dimer (DD), and triglycerides (TG) were significantly higher in the critical group, while albumin (ALB) was significantly lower, showing statistical significance (P < 0.05). Multifactorial logistic regression analysis of age, ALB, and TG showed that younger age and lower ALB were associated with a higher risk of MODS in children with infection-associated HLH, with age and ALB being independent risk factors for critical illness. ALB predicted the ROC area under the curve for critical children with infection-associated HLH was 0.765 (95% CI: 0.643-0.888, P = 0.011), with the optimal cut-off value being 32.50g/L (sensitivity = 68.3%, specificity = 84.2%); age predicted the ROC area under the curve for critical children with infection-associated HLH was 0.711 (95% CI: 0.570-0.851, P = 0.009), with the optimal cut-off value being 1.50 years (sensitivity = 70.7%, specificity = 68.4%). This study suggests that younger patients and those with hypoalbuminemia among infection-related HLH patients are more likely to develop MODS. In the future, verification will be required through large-scale, multi-center studies.

Beyond the 9-to-5: Unravelling the Pros and Cons of Moonlighting in Today’s Job Market

In current years, moonlighting, defined as the practice of performing multiple tasks simultaneously, has gained prominence as an integral part of the evolving business environment. The first section explains the meaning and theoretical basis of moonlight. We explore its historical background, legal implications, and impact on employee well-being through established research. The second section focuses on our research methodology, highlighting the data selection criteria included in this study, which are carefully detailed. Strong research practices ensure the accuracy of our findings. The third category classifies motivations for moonlight behaviour. From economic incentives to personal preferences, we explore why individuals choose to balance multiple roles. The fourth section includes sector-specific research that sheds light on broad moonlighting across sectors. We explore how moonlight and gig economy trends align with traditional employment models. The relationship between moonlighting and organizational commitment is explored in Section V. We examine whether moonlighting affects loyalty, participation, and performance in an employee’s primary job. Our paper concludes by summarizing the main takeaways and proposing avenues for future research. Moonlighting is a multifaceted phenomenon, and understanding its implications is critical for employees and employers alike. This study contributes to the ongoing discourse on career mobility, and provides insights for policy makers, HR professionals, and scholars alike. As organizations adapt to the changing landscape, acknowledging and addressing moonlighting practices becomes essential for sustainable workforce management.

Effect of NR1D1 on the proliferation and differentiation of yak skeletal muscle satellite cells

The severe conditions at high altitudes, where yaks inhabit, contribute to delayed muscular growth and compromised tenderness of their muscle tissue. Myosatellite cells are responsible for the growth and regeneration of skeletal muscle after birth and have the potential to proliferate and differentiate, its development is closely related to meat quality, and the nuclear receptor gene NR1D1 is involved in muscle formation and skeletal muscle regulation. Therefore, in order to understand the effect of NR1D1 on muscle satellite cells, we identified the mRNA expression levels of marker genes specifically expressed in muscle satellite cells at different stages to determine the type of cells isolated. Eventually, we successfully constructed a primary cell line of yak muscle satellite cells. Then we constructed NR1D1 overexpression vector and interference RNA, and introduced them into isolated yak skeletal muscle satellite cells. We performed qPCR, CCK8, and fluorescence-specific to detect the expression of genes or abundance of proteins as markers of cell proliferation and differentiation. Compared with those in the control group, the expression levels of proliferation marker genes KI-67, CYCLIND1, and CYCLINA were significantly inhibited after NR1D1 overexpression, which was also supported by the CCK-8 test, whereas differentiation marker genes MYOD, MYOG, and MYF5 were significantly inhibited. Fluorescence-specific staining showed that KI-67 protein abundance and the number of microfilaments both decreased, while the opposite trend was observed after NR1D1 interference. In conclusion, we confirmed that NR1D1 inhibited the proliferation and differentiation of yak skeletal muscle satellite cells, which provides a theoretical basis for further research on the effect of NR1D1 on improving meat quality traits and meat production performance of yaks.

Increased DNMT1 acetylation leads to global DNA methylation suppression in follicular granulosa cells during reproductive aging in mammals

With increasing age, the reproductive performance of women and female animals declines. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying ovarian aging and age-related fertility decline remain unclear. Granulosa cells (GCs) are suspected to play an important role in reproductive aging, and their proliferation, apoptosis, and steroid hormone secretion are used to determine the fate of follicles and ovarian function. First, we found that the proliferative ability of GCs from the old mouse group (10-month-old) decreased compared with that from the young mouse group (6-week-old), and cell cycle arrest occurred in old mice. To investigate changes in protein modification, we compared the levels of protein acetylation in GCs from young and old mice. We found that the K1118, K1120, K1122, and K1124 sites of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) were increasingly acetylated with age, resulting in a decrease in DNMT1 protein expression. Therefore, we performed whole-genome methylation sequencing of GCs in the two groups and found that the CG methylation levels in the old group were lower than those in the young group. Furthermore, the inhibition of DNMT1 expression in GCs resulted in cell cycle arrest. This study revealed the dynamics and importance of protein acetylation and DNA methylation in GCs during reproductive aging. The findings provide a theoretical basis for studying the mechanism of reproductive aging in mammals.

A Study on the Stability of High Drug Solubility Characteristics of Hydroxyphenyl Adhesives under the Interference of CPEs.

Novel hydroxyphenyl adhesives (HP-PSAs) could significantly increase drug solubility and control drug release through a doubly ionic hydrogen bond (DIH bond) in the patch. However, chemical penetration enhancers (CPEs) always destroy the performance of most adhesives. As a result, this work investigated the stability of both the HP-PSA features and the DIH bond under the interference of the CPEs. Donepezil (DON) was chosen as the model drug, and CPEs with hydroxyl, carboxyl, amido, and ester groups were selected as model CPEs. Unlike the commonly used neutral H-bond, the DIH bond between DON and the HP-PSA was still stable under the interference of the CPEs, resulting in the 2-3-fold drug solubility in the HP-PSA, which was higher than that in the nonfunctional PSA, which reduced the drug crystallization risk and the difficulty of formulation design. FT-IR, 1H NMR, XPS, dynamic simulation, and molecular docking revealed the mechanism of the stability feature of both the DIH bond and the high drug solubility of the HP-PSA, which was that the formed neutral H-bond interaction caused by CPEs is weaker than that of the DIH bond between DON and the HP-PSA. Furthermore, the drug release, skin permeation, and CPE release study showed that the newly formed weak H-bond and strong ionic H-bond interaction promoted or controlled both DON and CPE release, respectively, thereby influencing drug skin permeation, which provided a theoretical basis for drug release regulation. To summarize, besides the reversible, strong features of the DIH bond in our previous study, the stability of the interaction made the HP-PSA's high drug solubility potential to be applied in the TDDS.

Kinetic Modeling of Brilliant Blue Discoloration by Ozonation

This paper presents the results of investigations on the kinetic modeling of Brilliant Blue FCF (BB) discoloration reactions in aqueous solutions with different ozone concentrations and pH conditions. Kinetic studies involve knowledge of the structure and properties of dye and ozone, as well as of the experimental conditions. In general, scientists admit that the predominant oxidation pathway is direct (by free oxygen atoms) or indirect (by free hydroxyl radicals); this will depend on influencing factors such as the physicochemical properties of the dye, the pH of the aqueous solution, ozone concentration, reaction time, and the contact mode with/without stirring. In this experimental research, two pathways were chosen following CBB = f(t)—1. a constant dye concentration and different ozone concentrations, in the concentration range of 100–250 mg/L, in three pH media (acidic, neutral, and basic), with and without stirring; 2. a constant concentration of ozone and different dyes in the concentration range of 2.5–10 mg/L, under the conditions of point 1. With the obtained experimental data, the curves CBB = f(t) were drawn and processed according to the integral method of classical kinetics, based on first- and second-order equations. Unfortunately, this simple procedure did not give any results for the pH values studied. The rate constants were negative, and/or the reaction order depended on the initial conditions. Due to its structure, the BB dye has several chromophore groups, and thus multiple attack centers, resulting in several oxidation by-products, which is why the 1H-NMR spectrum was recorded for the discoloration of BB with ozone. Since the stoichiometry of the overall oxidation reaction, as well as the relationship between the rate constant and the reaction conditions mentioned above, is not known, a kinetic model based on mass transfer coupled with a chain reaction in the bulk liquid phase was proposed and successfully tested at pH = 7. This research approach also involves the consolidation of the theoretical bases of the ozonation process through the kinetic study carried out, as well as the proposal of a kinetic model. These systematics lead to results that are applicable to other aqueous systems that are impure with dyes, allowing for generalizations and the development of the field, ensuring the sustainability of the research.

Spatiotemporal dynamics and driving factors of ecosystem services value in Lanzhou City, China

Aligned with the imperatives of national ecological civilization construction, the systematic investigation into the intricate interplay between shifts in land utilization and the assessment of ecosystem services plays a pivotal and indispensable role in advancing ecological civilization. This endeavor holds significant implications. It aids in optimizing the ecological landscape at the regional level and fosters harmonious coexistence between humanity and the natural world. The study utilizes land-use remote sensing interpretation data from three time periods (2000, 2010, and 2020) and employs various methodologies, including equivalent factor coefficient correction, sensitivity analysis, and spatial autocorrelation. The objective is to uncover the spatiotemporal dynamics of land-use changes and Ecosystem Service Value (ESV) in Lanzhou City. Furthermore, geographic detectors are applied to explore the driving factors influencing ESV spatial heterogeneity and their interactions. The research findings indicate the following: (1) From 2000 to 2020, grassland and cropland were the predominant land-use types in Lanzhou City, with cropland and urban land experiencing the most active changes. (2) ESV in Lanzhou City increased from 179.37 billion RMB in 2000 to 193.86 billion RMB in 2020, reflecting an ESV total growth rate of 8.07% and a gradual improvement in the ecological environment. Spatially, ESV exhibits a “west high, east low” distribution pattern, with the center shifting towards the northwest and southeast, gradually reducing spatial imbalance. (3) Analysis of ESV spatial autocorrelation reveals that high-high clusters are predominantly found within the Tulu Gou National Forest Park and the Xinglong Mountain National Natural Reserve, while low-low clusters are primarily concentrated in the central urban area of Lanzhou City. Over the period from 2000 to 2020, the spatial clustering effect of ESV within the study area has progressively intensified. 4)NDVI, precipitation, and GDP emerge as pivotal factors influencing spatial differentiation within Lanzhou City, with natural and societal elements exerting interactive effects on ESV spatial disparities. The research results integrate environmental considerations into the decision-making process, offering valuable insights for formulating targeted ecological protection policies in Lanzhou City. This study embodies concrete measures taken by Lanzhou City in practicing China’s concept of “green water and green mountains are golden silver mountains,” providing a theoretical basis for the harmonious and sustainable development of the ecological economy.

Modeling of Static Stress Identification Using Electromechanical Impedance of Embedded Piezoelectric Plate

Working stress is an important indicator reflecting the health status of structures. Passive-monitoring technology using the piezoelectric effect can effectively monitor the dynamic stress of structures. However, under static loads, the charge generated by the piezoelectric devices can only be preserved when the external circuit impedance is infinitely large, which means passive-monitoring techniques are unable to monitor static and quasi-static stress caused by slow-changing actions. In current studies, experimental observations have shown that the impedance characteristics of piezoelectric devices are affected by external static loads, yet the underlying mechanisms remain inadequately explained. This is because the impedance characteristics of piezoelectric devices are actually dynamic characteristics under alternating voltage. Most existing impedance analysis models are based on linear elastic dynamics. Within this framework, the impact of static stress on dynamic characteristics, including impedance characteristics, cannot be addressed. Accounting for static stress in impedance modeling is a challenging problem. In this study, the static stress applied on an embedded piezoelectric plate is abstracted as the initial stress of the piezoelectric plate. Based on nonlinear elastic dynamic governing equations, using the displacement method, an impedance analysis model of an embedded piezoelectric plate considering initial stress is established and verified through a fundamental experiment and a finite element analysis. Based on this, the explicit analytical relation between initial stress and impedance characterizations is provided, the mechanism of the effect of initial stress on the impedance characterizations is revealed, and procedures to identify static stress using impedance characterizations is proposed. Moreover, the sensitivities of the impedance characterizations in response to the initial stress are thoroughly discussed. This study mainly provides a theoretical basis for monitoring static stress using the electromechanical impedance of an embedded piezoelectric plate. And the results of the present study can help with the performance prediction and design optimization of piezoelectric-based static stress sensors.

Antioxidant peptides from silver carp steak by alkaline protease and flavor enzyme hydrolysis: Characterization of their structure and cytoprotective effects against H2O2-induced oxidative stress.

Silver carp steak is a rarely utilized silver carp processing byproduct. This study aimed to optimize a dual enzymatic method to extract antioxidant peptide components from silver carp steak and characterize their structure and in vitro antioxidant activity through ultrafiltration purification, response surface methodology, molecular docking, and radical scavenging activity analysis. The optimal extraction conditions for silver carp steak antioxidant peptides (SCSAP) were determined as 1:6 solid-liquid ratio, 1500 U/g alkaline protease addition, 4 h alkaline protease hydrolysis time, 1946 U/g flavor enzyme addition, and 2.5 h flavor enzyme hydrolysis time. The <3 kDa SCSAP component (SCSAP-3kDa) showed the strongest antioxidant activity, with its 1,1-diphenyl-2-trinitrophenyl hydrazine (DPPH) radical scavenging rate, ABTS radical scavenging rate, hydroxyl radical scavenging rate, metal ion chelating rate, and reducing capacity reaching 88.75%, 91.21%, 67.02%, 69.07%, and 0.985, respectively. Moreover, the three peptides (PF-7, GP-8, and YF-10) of 100 µg/mL could protect HepG2 cells from oxidative stress damage by reducing the oxidative damage level and activating Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathways, enabling an increase of superoxide dismutases (SOD) activity, and a decrease of malondialdehyde (MDA) content and reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. The integrated results indicate the enormous potential of SCSAP-3kDa as a functional food ingredient in the food industry. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study selected the antioxidant capacity of silver carp steak peptides as the index and developed a facile dual enzymatic hydrolysis method to obtain three antioxidant peptides (PF-7, GP-8, and YF-10) with biological activity, providing a theoretical basis for bioavailability of antioxidant peptides from silver carp steak and contributing to their application in new functional foods.

Catastrophe theory and thermodynamic instability to predict congruent melting temperature of crystals

Melting temperature (Tm) is a crucial physical property of solids and plays an important role in the characterization of materials. Therefore, the capacity to predict Tm is a relevant issue for solid state sciences. This investigation aims i) to provide a theoretical basis for the link between catastrophe theory and thermodynamic instability; ii) to estimate Tm through the notion of “degenerate critical temperature” (Td), related to (Pd,Vd,Td), where KT → 0 and the Gibbs function shows a non-Morse behaviour; iii) to compare predictions of (Pm,Tm) with observations for three crystalline pure substances that undergo congruent melting and exhibit different bonding and stability ranges: NaCl (halite), SiO2,st (stishovite), and MgSiO3 (perovskite). The P-T locus of KT = 0 associated with melting is identified using the maximum values of Td and ΔH/ΔV at a given pressure. We observed an average absolute discrepancy ranging between 0.2 % (halite) and 5.8 % (stishovite), and an agreement between theoretical and experimental T(P)melting-points from better than 1 to approximately 14 %.

The Impact of Enterprise Digital Capability on Supply Chain Digitalization—From the Perspective of Supply Chain Cooperation

This paper explores in depth the mechanism of enterprise digital capability effects in supply chain digital development by reconstructing the supply chain cooperation capabilities (digital diffusion capability and digital collaborative capability). We use the questionnaire data covering 272 Chinese manufacturing enterprises and apply a structural equation model to test the hypothesis. The empirical result demonstrates that enterprise digital capability does not directly have a significant impact on supply chain digitalization, and the supply chain cooperation capabilities play a mediating role between an enterprise’s digital capability and supply chain digitalization. The results are robust as we thoroughly consider the direction of enterprise capabilities and verify the systematic requirements of supply chain digitalization and the high order of enterprise digital capability. These provide a theoretical basis for enterprises to promote the digital transformation of their supply chain through digital technology.

O IMPACTO DA INTELIGÊNCIA ARTIFICIAL NA SOCIEDADE DIANTE DA LEI GERAL DE PROTEÇÃO DE DADOS: A LIMITAÇÃO JURÍDICA DA INTELIGÊNCIA ARTIFICIAL DIANTE DA LEI Nº 13.709/18

This is a scientific article whose theme is the impact of artificial intelligence on society in light of the General Data Protection Law. The LGPD defines the liability of data processing agents, who are controllers and operators, for damages caused by the exercise of the processing activity, in a manner similar to the system of the Consumer Defense Code (CDC). By providing citizens with rights over their data, the LGPD also tends to increase public transparency regarding data collection and analysis. Thus, it will not be restricted to private companies; in the public sphere, the State will also have to be clearer about how it handles citizen data. The aforementioned law establishes rules for the storage, sharing, use, and collection of citizen data, whether by public or private companies. The article aims to demonstrate how the uncontrolled use of artificial intelligence affects society as a whole, such as the new personal data protection legislation, protecting users and democracy, as well as highlighting the main difficulties faced by companies in the process of adapting and complying with the LGDP standards and the legal limitations of Artificial Intelligence. As a theoretical basis, articles, conventions and laws that corroborate the Brazilian legal system were adopted. The methodology used was a descriptive and exploratory literature review.

Genetic Diversity and Selection Signatures of Lvliang Black Goat Using Genome-Wide SNP Data

Lvliang black goat (LBG) is an excellent local breed resource in China that is known for its black fur, excellent meat quality, and strong adaptability. Studying the genetic mechanism and germplasm characteristics of LBG can provide theoretical and practical basis for the protection of the genetic resources of this breed and help implement conservation and breeding. In this study, the genetic diversity of the LBG population was evaluated using whole-genome SNP data. It was found that the LBG population had a high genetic diversity and a low degree of inbreeding. According to the clustering results of male goats and the relationship between individuals, the LBG population was divided into 13 families. Then, through population structure analysis, it was found that LBG had a close genetic relationship with the Nanjiang goat and Qinggoda goat populations, and they may have the same ancestors. The LBG population has retained some ancient genetic characteristics and is a special population that integrates local genetic characteristics and foreign gene flow. Through four selection signal analyses, we detected multiple candidate genes related to economic traits (CFL2, SCD, NLRP14, etc.) and adaptability (C4BPA, FUT8, PRNP, etc.) in the LBG population. In addition, in a comparative analysis with three commercial breeds (Saanen goat, Boer goat and Angora goat) we also found multiple genes related to physical characteristics (ERG, NRG3, EDN3, etc.). Finally, we performed functional enrichment analysis on these genes and explored their genetic mechanisms. This study provides important data support for the protection and breeding of LBG and provides a new perspective for enriching the genetic diversity of goat populations.

Exploring the Link Between Openness and Entrepreneurial Capacity in Young People: Building Resilient and Sustainable Rural Territories

Youth migration has significant consequences that lead to depopulation and less sustainability of local business, which is particularly pronounced in rural areas. All of this contributes to the potential devastation of rural communities, an impact that could be highly significant and far-reaching. Entrepreneurship and the innovation it brings with it can be important markers for effective rural development if changes are needed. Therefore, the primary objectives of our research were to determine how socio-demographic factors determine the attitudes of young rural people regarding openness to entrepreneurship, whether young rural people believe they have the ability to engage in entrepreneurship and take actionable steps, and what is the relationship between openness and entrepreneurial capacity. The research was conducted from December 2023 to May 2024 among 299 participants in rural areas of two neighboring countries, Serbia and Croatia. The results indicate various factors that influence rural youth’s openness to entrepreneurship, such as unemployment, age and country of origin. Also, the results show a positive correlation between openness to entrepreneurship and the perception of personal capacities for entrepreneurial activities. In addition, the study found significant differences between respondents from Serbia and Croatia in the assessment of personal capacities for entrepreneurial activities. The results of this research contribute to a deeper understanding of how young people perceive and experience life in rural areas, and highlight potential challenges related to their specific needs. This insight enables key stakeholders to design programs that support youth in starting businesses and sustaining entrepreneurial ventures. Furthermore, the study offers both a theoretical and practical basis for future research, serving as a valuable guide for the improvement of rural communities, that is, guidelines for strategies that focus on inclusive development based on the revitalization of social frameworks.

Interference Characteristics of Electromagnetic Transient Overvoltage on Secondary Equipment of UHV Fixed Series Capacitors

This manuscript addresses the issue of electromagnetic radiation interference experienced by secondary equipment in ultra-high voltage (UHV) fixed series capacitors (FSCs) under electromagnetic transient overvoltage conditions, which cannot be easily determined. To tackle this, a simulation and analysis method for the electromagnetic interference characteristics of secondary equipment is proposed. First, a primary system simulation model of UHV FSC is established, including modeling the platform’s multi-conductor system. The electromagnetic transient overvoltage signals between the low-voltage busbar and the high-potential platform are then simulated and analyzed under two conditions: spark gap triggering and disconnector operation. Next, a finite element model of secondary equipment is created to simulate and analyze the electric field distribution of different materials in the area of the measuring box. The shielding effectiveness of the measuring box is calculated using the overvoltage signals at the measuring box location as excitation. This method allows for the simulation of the electric field distribution in the measuring box area for different materials and calculates the shielding efficiency of the measuring box. It effectively simulates the complex electromagnetic environment of secondary equipment, assesses the electromagnetic shielding efficiency of the measuring box, and provides a theoretical basis for analyzing and improving the anti-interference characteristics of the measuring box.

The relationship between loneliness and psychological distress among Chinese college students: the mediating role of mobile phone addiction and the moderating role of core self-evaluation

ABSTRACT Previous studies showed that loneliness and psychological distress are related. However, the potential mechanisms involved in this relationship are unknown. This study examined the mediating effect of mobile phone addiction and the moderating effect of core self-evaluation on the relationship between mobile phone addiction and psychological distress. A total of 826 college students were recruited. A cross-sectional study design and an online questionnaire survey were employed to measure loneliness, mobile phone addiction, core self-evaluation, and psychological distress in college students, and used the PROCESS macro program to conduct moderated mediation analysis. Loneliness was significantly and positively associated with psychological distress, mobile phone addiction partially mediated the relation between Loneliness and college students’ psychological distress and this indirect path was moderated by core self-evaluations. Specifically, the effect of mobile phone addiction on psychological distress was stronger for college students with lower core self-evaluations than for those with higher core self-evaluations. The results are helpful to comprehend the producing mechanism of psychological distress and provide a theoretical basis for the intervention of psychological distress.

Association between human blood metabolome and risk of myocarditis: a mendelian randomization study

Myocarditis is a common disease of the cardiovascular and immune systems, but the relationship between relevant blood metabolites and the risk of myocarditis has not been well-established. To identify potential biometabolic markers associated with myocarditis, we conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study. We performed preliminary MR analysis using the inverse variance weighted (IVW) method, supplemented by MR-Egger, weighted median, and weighted mode methods to adjust for false discovery rate (FDR). Confounders were screened using the GWAS Catalog website. Sensitivity analyses included Cochrane Q-test, Egger regression, Mendelian Randomization Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier (MR-PRESSO), scatterplots, funnel plots, and forest plots. For genetic and directional analysis, we employed co-localization analysis and the Steiger test. MR analysis was performed using the FinnGen database and meta-analysis was performed using the IEU database. MR analysis identified significant correlations for five metabolic biomarkers after FDR correction. These included four known metabolites: kynurenine, 1-stearoyl-GPE (18:0), deoxycarnitine, and 5-acetylamino-6-formylamino-3-methyluracil, as well as one unknown metabolite, X-25,422. Among these, kynurenine (OR = 1.441, 95%CI = 1.089–1.906, p-value = 0.018) and 1-stearoyl-GPE (18:0) (OR = 1.263, 95%CI = 1.029–1.550, p-value = 0.029) were identified as risk factors for myocarditis, while deoxycarnitine (OR = 0.813, 95%CI = 0.676–0.979, p-value = 0.029), 5-acetylamino-6-formylamino-3-methyluracil (OR = 0.864, 95% CI = 0.775–0.962, p-value = 0.018), and X-25,422 (OR = 0.721, 95%CI = 0.587–0.886, p-value = 0.009) were found to be protective factors. No evidence of heterogeneity, horizontal pleiotropy, or sensitivity issues was observed, and no shared genetic factors between exposure and outcome were detected. The causality was in the correct direction. Meta-analysis further confirmed the causal relationship between the five metabolites and myocarditis. This study identifies a causal relationship between five circulating metabolites and myocarditis. Kynurenine, 1-stearoyl-GPE (18:0), deoxycarnitine, X-25,422, and 5-acetylamino-6-formylamino-3-methyluracil may serve as potential drug targets for myocarditis, providing a theoretical basis for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the condition.

Signal-to-Noise Ratio Analysis of Bandpass Sampling Time-Modulated Fourier Transform Spectroscopy

In Bandpass Sampling Fourier Transform Spectroscopy, a comprehensive method for evaluating signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) has not yet been established. This paper employs an energy conservation approach to analyze the relationship of SNR between interferogram and spectra in Bandpass Sampling Time-Modulated Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (BPS-FTS). It systematically presents models for the average SNR of the system interferogram and the average SNR of reconstructed spectra under different parameters. These models are compared with SNR models in traditional Fourier transform spectroscopy (FTS) and are mutually validated through theoretical modeling and simulation analysis. It provides a theoretical basis and simulation verification for the design and implementation of the system.

Linking Vegetation Phenology to Net Ecosystem Productivity: Climate Change Impacts in the Northern Hemisphere Using Satellite Data

With global climate change, linking vegetation phenology with net ecosystem productivity (NEP) is crucial for assessing vegetation carbon storage capacity and predicting terrestrial ecosystem changes. However, there have been few studies investigating the relationship between vegetation phenology and NEP in the middle and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. This study comprehensively analyzed vegetation phenological changes and their climate drivers using satellite data. It also investigated the spatial distribution and climate drivers of NEP and further analyzed the sensitivity of NEP to vegetation phenology. The results indicated that the average land surface phenology (LSP) was dominated by a monotonic trend in the study area. LSP derived from different satellite products and retrieval methods exhibited relatively consistent responses to climate. The average SOS and POS for different retrieval methods showed a higher negative correlation with nighttime temperatures compared to daytime temperatures. The average EOS exhibited a higher negative correlation with daytime temperatures than a positive correlation. The correlations between VPD and the average SOS, POS, and EOS showed that the proportion of negative correlations was higher than that of positive correlations. The average annual NEP ranged from 0 to 1000 gC·m−2. The cumulative trends of NEP were mainly monotonically increasing, accounting for 61.04%, followed by monotonically decreasing trends, which accounted for 17.95%. In high-latitude regions, the proportion of positive correlation between VPD and NEP was predominant, while the proportion of negative correlation was predominant in middle-latitude regions. The positive and negative correlations between soil moisture and NEP (48.08% vs. 51.92%) were basically consistent in the study area. The correlation between SOS and POS with NEP was predominantly negative. The correlation between EOS and NEP was overall characterized by a greater proportion of negative correlations than positive correlations. The correlation between LOS and NEP exhibited a positive relationship in most areas. The sensitivity of NEP to vegetation phenological parameters (SOS, POS, and EOS) was negative, while the sensitivity of NEP to LOS was positive (0.75 gC·m−2/d for EVI vs. 0.63 gC·m−2/d for LAI vs. 0.30 gC·m−2/d for SIF). This study provides new insights and a theoretical basis for exploring the relationship between vegetation phenology and NEP under global climate change.

Elliptic curve cryptography: Theory, security, and applications in modern network security

Abstract. Due to the swift advancement of Internet and computer technology in the 21st century, the demand for network security is increasing. Classic cryptographic algorithms like Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) and Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) are insufficient in the face of modern network environments, while elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) has become a research hotspot due to its high security and high efficiency. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the theoretical basis, security analysis, and practical application cases of elliptic curve cryptography, to provide readers with a comprehensive understanding and trigger further research and thinking. This paper analyzes the theoretical basis of ECC, including group theory, domain theory, and the definition and properties of elliptic curves, and analyzes the application of ECC in combination with practical application cases, such as the SM2 algorithm. The article first introduces the concept of groups, the definition of domains, and the basic properties of elliptic curves. Then, the security of ECC is analyzed, especially the complexity of the Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm Problem (ECDLP) and the selection of key length. In addition, the security of ECC in practical applications is discussed, including digital signatures, key exchange protocols, and applications in blockchain technology. The results show that ECC provides comparable security to traditional public key algorithms at a short key length, and shows strong security and efficiency in practical applications. As technology progresses and new threats arise, research in ECC will also evolve.