Theological Approach Research Articles

Ibn Rushd's Epistemology of Ijtihad in the Completion of Fiqh Ikhtilaf (Study of the Book of Bidayah Al-Mujtahid, Chapter of Worship)

This study analyzes the nature and concept of Ibn Rushd's ijtihad in completing fiqh ikhtilaf among the ulama. He is known for his expertise in philosophy, logic, medical, and the fields of jurisprudence and jurisprudence (Islamic law). It can be proven in his monumental work "Bidayah al-Mujtahid wa Nihayah al-Muqtasid." This study conducted descriptive library research based on a normative theological approach. This study collected data from the primary source of the book "Bidayah al-Mujtahid wa Nihayah al-Muqtasid" and other relevant and related secondary sources and then analyzed it using content analysis techniques. The study results showed that: 1) Ibn Rushd has a rich experience and scientific background. He referred to many sources in his ijtihad that mostly came from the book al-Istiz\kar by Ibn Abd al-Bar, so those books influenced some of Ibn Rushd's ijtihad decisions. Thus, Ibn Rushd cannot be considered an absolute mujtahid. 2) Generally, he is still guided by the ijtihad methodology outlined critically by the Ulama. Meanwhile, there are some approaches to solve the problem of ikhtilaf, such as first, the al-jam'u approach (compromise); second, al-tarjih (selecting among the most substantial arguments); third, al-jam'u baina al-jam'i wa al -tarjih (a combination of the al-jam'u and al-tarjih approaches); fourth, tawaqquf (silence); fifth, al-takhyir (optional).

PEMBACAAN DEKONSTRUKTIF ATAS RELASI AL-QUR’AN DAN BUDAYA

Naṣr Ḥāmid Abū Zayd and Aksin Wijaya argued that the textuality of the Qur'an in the sense that the Qur'an, like other texts, cannot be separated from the cultural situation in which it was revealed. Just as the text certainly contains cultural content, the Qur'an also contains Arab cultural content from the 7th century AD. This idea triggers pro and contra responses, but it is rare – if not to say not – to find an accurate critical response. Researchers who support this do not balance their appreciation with criticism. On the other hand, researchers who reject this idea submit inaccurate responses, because they use a theological approach, even though the argument of these two thinkers have a philosophical-linguistic nuance. This article aims to fill the gap in accurate criticism of the idea of the textuality of the Qur'an. This article criticizes the thinking of the two figures in advance with the same knife, namely the philosophy of language. We will use Derrida's deconstruction as a critical knife for both of their thoughts. Therefore, this article has two problem formulations as an agenda. First, what do the two figures above think about Qur'an? Second, what is the ambiguous point in their thinking regarding the Qur'an? This article will culminate in two conclusion. First, recognize quasi-objectively their thinking by basing understanding on the philosophical linguistic arguments they offer. Second, philosophically emphasizing that Arab culture has not infiltrated the Qur'an.

Moderasi Teologi Balā’ Dalam Tafsir Al-Amtsal Nashir Makarim Shiraz: Respon Atas Fatalisme Dan Eskapisme

Fatalism and escapism are two human responses to the occurrence of balā' from two conflicting theological perspectives, namely the Ash'ariyah who view balā' as an absolute power of God, and the Mu'tazilah who view it as stemming from the absolute freedom of human action. Therefore, there is a need for a moderate mediating attitude between the two. This research aims to uncover the meaning of bala' in a moderate manner so as to provide a solution between fatalism and escapism. This research is a qualitative research with a thematic method and using a theological approach. The primary source of this article is the interpretation of the verses of balā' from Nasir Makarim Shirazi's perspective in Tafsir Al-Amthal, which tends to be moderate and tries to compromise the fatalist and escapist attitudes in responding to bala'. The research findings are that balā' in Nasir Makarim Shirazi's perspective is a means towards human development and perfection through efforts in his life so that his potentials will be seen and his abilities will be actualised. Balā' in the form of bad and good is a test of Allah. Nasir Makarim Shirazi divides the causes of balā' in humans into two. Firstly, because of God's will (irādah takwīniyah), which is based on the natural system he created. Secondly, it occurs due to the effects of man's actions on nature and his life, because balā' does not occur without man's own will and endeavours. From there, it can be concluded that humans are in a moderate and proportional position by not being fatalistic or escapist in their attitude when facing balā'

ISLAMIC APPROACHES TO THE ENVIRONMENTAL PRESERVATION: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW

This study aims to investigate and review the Islamic perspective on the environment, identify Islamic approaches to preserve the environment and examine the effect of the Islamic approach in the empirical reality of the Muslim population. Based on a Systematic Literature Review of journal articles from the Scopus, the review results of 23 articles generated the Islamic perspective on the environment, namely the harmonious relationship of humans and the environment, the caliph’s role, the expression of faith and sharia obligations, and Islamic ethics. In preserving the environment, Islam proposes a theological approach, ethics and Sufism, Islamic law, comparative religion, educational, communication, philosophical, and social movement approaches. The review also found that while most studies demonstrate the positive effect of increasing Islamic environmental awareness, attitude, and actions, the two reveal an ineffective role of the Islamic environmental project and Islamic countries because environmental problems are subject to economic and political considerations. Future research should focus on explaining the diverse Islamic environmental perspectives and practices across different regions and cultures, fostering interdisciplinary collaboration among scholars to provide a comprehensive understanding of the topic.

Mi van a megtérésen túl?

What is beyond conversion? Part I. The theological foundations of spiritual formation Both the soullessness of our times, the spiritual overheating, and the unfolding pragmatism in the field of spiritual life call for practical theology to reflect on the field of spiritual formation. In our Church, in our congregations, evangelization, the call to conversion, is still at the heart of the matter. Little is said about what is or what should be after conversion? In this paper, we will reflect theologically on the subject of spiritual formation. We will examine the ordo salutis discussed in classical dogmatics, and within it the interpretations of justification, conversion, and regeneration. Finally, we will explore the theme of sanctification, what is the responsibility of man in the process of spiritual formation according to the Reformed theological approach. Keywords: spiritual formation, ordo salutis, justification, conversion, regeneration, sanctification

On the Ontotheology of Nature

ABSTRACT This article presents a study of the ontotheology of nature, a philosophical and theological approach that synthesizes ideas from ontotheology and the philosophy of nature. The ontotheology of nature is a secular and generalist program that integrates science, philosophy, and formal theology, particularly metaphysics, while also critically engaging with and transcending these disciplines by examining essential and foundational ontological concepts at the intersection of natural science and the philosophy of nature. Specifically, we focus on the relationship between the living organism and biology on the one hand, and the ontology of space, time, and assemblage on the other.

Problem Of Ugliness Several Arguments For God's Unbeauty Creation

Beauty is in fact fundamental to understanding of divine being. Beauty informs of God’s perfections. Within Qur’an, the principle of tawhid which is that God is the Creator of the heavens is one Islamic metaphysical basis for the integration of the Greek heritage and Islamic revelation The problem in ugliness, especially ugliness in God's creation, raises questions about God's ability to create beautiful things. This study aims to deepen the understanding of imperfections in God's creation, which emerge the idea of bridging the gaps that are not yet well connected between God's most beautiful statement and His creation which is not all beautiful. Using a theological approach, this paper describes three problems not to deny that God is beautiful and loves beauty. First, God is Most Beautiful, and His manifestations in His creation are limited. Second, the formal imperfections in His creation were not created not to confront one another but instead are in a straight gradient line. Third, the physical imperfection is not interpreted as a limitation of God (finitism) but a message to His creatures

A Dialogic Theology of Migration: Martin Buber and Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy

Martin Buber (1878–1965) and Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy (1888–1973) were influential theologians and intellectuals known for their heterodox theologies and for their visions of a society based on dialogue. Both experienced migration. Buber emigrated during his teens from Vienna to Galicia, then, after his marriage, from Vienna to Germany, and finally from Germany to Palestine in 1938. Rosenstock-Huessy, a Christian theologian of Jewish origin, fled Germany in the wake of the Nazi rise to power in 1933. Independently and in different contexts, these thinkers employed their theologies in the 1930s and 1940s, advocating for immigration against the prevailing ideas of nativism and developing an (embryonic) theory and praxis of dialogic integration. Both sought to replace the popular totalistic and intolerant melting-pot ideology. This essay explores Buber’s and Rosenstock-Huessy’s approaches to immigration and its reception, the influence of their immigration experiences, and the relation to their approaches to other aspects of their thought. It explores the nativist theological approaches they opposed and the anti-nativism that might have inspired them. Finally, this essay examines the novelty of their approaches; while their theological advocacy of immigration was unique only in their times, their dialogical approach to integration stands out, even with regard to the contemporary multicultural approach, due to its theological edge.

Nahwu Concept According to Imam Sibawaih and Ibrahim Mustafa in Arabic Linguistics (Comparative Studies of Syntax)

The process of analyzing Arabic syntax has occurred from classical to modern, and in terms of understanding, there has been development and deepening of the discussion. So that the concept in the classical and modern periods is focused on the thoughts of Imam Sibawaih and Ibrahim Mustafa as a whole who have become representatives of both Arabs and non-Arabs. This research uses a Literature Review Design, library research or literature study (literature review, literature research), this research uses a comparative approach or comparison, it is educational research that uses the technique of comparing a object with other objects.This research uses a comparative approach. Both figures have their own methods, the methods used by classical figures to compose Nahwu using sama'i, qiyasi, ijma', ta'lil, istihsan and istishab with a philosophical and theological approach. Meanwhile, the method used by modern figures in compiling Nahwu uses tanziriyyah and tatbiqiyyah. The results of this research explain that the concept of nahwu according to Sibawaih in developing Nahwu lies in the classification of i'rab for nouns (ism) into rofa', nasb and khafd. Meanwhile, the concept put forward by Imam Sibawaih was simplified by Ibrahim Mustafa who said that i'rab consists of dammah and kasrah. Ibrahim Mustafa did not consider fathah an i'rab.This research only reveals the similarities and differences of nahwu, and only focuses on the two figures Imam Sibawaih and Ibrahim Mustafa, so that the results of these findings can be regenerated to be more complete and detailed. However, this research can be a reference for further research on these two figures. The researcher suggests that further research emphasize more on the implementation of Imam Sibawaih and Ibrahim Mustafa's nahwu using the Qualitative Field Method.

Would Jesus Build a Pyramid? Servant-Leadership and Corporate Social Responsibility

The purpose of this article is to examine corporate social responsibility (CSR) from a Christian perspective and to study Jesus’ leadership and speculate whether Jesus would have built a CSR pyramid. First, literature is reviewed in the areas of servant-leadership, how Jesus leads, and corporate social responsibility. Following is a discussion of faith integration perspectives and models, biblical and theological approaches, and whether Jesus would build a pyramid. This article ends with a conclusion.

Analysis of Qaul Qadim Imam Syafi'i in the Social History of Islamic Law

This research analyzes how qaul qadim and how ijtihad are viewed by Imam Syafi'i which is studied from several aspects, namely from historical, social and Islamic legal aspects. This research has the main aim of examining how qaul qadim is from a historical perspective, namely how history was formed and the birth of qaul qadim and then how social changes and Islamic law have affected qaul qadim which was mandated by one of the fiqh scholars, namely Imam Syafi'i, in establishing Islamic law. This research is research with a normative theological approach, namely a theological-normative approach, namely by looking at the texts of the Koran and al-Hadith which are the main sources in determining Islamic law and this type of research. The sociological approach is research whose object of study is seen in terms of different fatwa factors. different to accommodate legal problems that arise at this time and require ijtihad, then Islamic law will do it. This research shows that qaul qadim and ijtihad carried out by Imam Syafi'i are influenced by various factors in their determination, including social, political, cultural, geographical and scientific factors which influence the dynamics of legal determinations carried out by mujtahids like Imam Syafi'i.

The Concept of Love in Islamic Thought: Between Spirituality and Human Relations

This study explores the concept of love in Islam, emphasizes its spiritual dimension, and relates it to a broader impact on human life. With an in-depth analysis of relevant literary sources, it was found that love in Islamic thought is not only concerned with the relationship with Allah but also includes how love affects social interactions and relationships between people. This concept of love carries a deep spiritual dimension and inspires living life. Philosophical and theological approaches affirm the essential role of love in giving meaning to life, with deep ethical consequences. The harmony between the spiritual and social dimensions of love produces positive impacts in various aspects of life, including interreligious relations, social services, education, and many other areas. Through this understanding, individuals and communities are directed to live life with deep love, which connects spirituality with social responsibility, forms ethical and caring individuals, and contributes to creating a better world.

Transformation of Religious Moderation and Islamic Law: Reflections on Siri' Na Pesse Culture in Bugis Community

This study discusses the transformation of religious moderation and Islamic law: a reflection of siri’ na pesse culture in Bugis community. The research methodology is qualitative, descriptive analytical, normative theological approach, normative juridical and formal, socio-anthropological, data analysis with religious moderation, al-urf and maqasid al-syariah theory in Islamic law. The research results show that siri’ na pesse is constructed with various pappaseng which function as advice and benchmarks in Bugis community to strengthen solidarity, unity, create harmony, order, peace and peace in community life. Religious moderation and Islamic law are one unit to maintain human harmony, foster love through siri’ na pesse as an inner bond, thoughts, and foster hearts to forgive each other, be full of understanding, eliminate hatred, violence, radicalism, extremism, and terrorism in good human relations.

Teaching Christian Ethics Beyond Europe and North America: From a Postgraduate Research Seminar to a Theology of Listening

This article explores the process of teaching Christian theological ethics beyond the common focus on European and North American sources. In conversation with moves to decolonise university curricula, the article proposes a theology of listening, an example of a research seminar for master’s and doctoral students at the University of Aberdeen on Christian ethics beyond Europe and North America, and an exploration of broader challenges for the formation of the theologian. The article asks, what can we learn when we give up power and control when teaching and learning theology? How can we shift our methods of knowing and practising theology? We write as theologians from India, Mexico, and the United States living in the United Kingdom. We reflect on forms of exclusion in theological method and formation that arise from colonising, systemic violence, and inequalities. The article considers intercultural challenges when encountering different methods of reflection on the Christian experience. In a search for a more profoundly theological approach, we propose listening to the other as integral to doing theology. In an intercultural move, we draw on Dietrich Bonhoeffer's theology of listening, proposing that theology must be an advent of voices from beyond our usual places and methods.

Reflections on the position paper at the conference of the DVRW (German Ass. for Science of Religion), Bayreuth 2023, calling for integrated teaching of ‘religion’ for all students in Germany

In Germany, Austria, and to some extent in Switzerland, denominational instruction in religion or secular ethics at schools is the legally enshrined norm. Considering that these countries comprise about 100 million inhabitants, with Germany being the by far most populous nation in the EU, this is of cultural significance outside of the German-speaking realm too. A philosophy of inclusion of the Churches and recognised religious communities into the social life and education is pursued, that is legally entrenched in constitutions (notwithstanding the religious-philosophical neutrality of the state). This provides for their active inclusion into education on all levels, in forms of cooperation between state(s) and Church. The present (prevalent) structure of compulsory denominational religious instruction, or secular ethics, at choice, and of the academic training of teachers at denominational faculties of theology, or of other recognised religions, reflect his system. It is in force for over one century, now. This system has come under pressure by the ongoing secularisation that prevents the formation of sufficiently large classes for such separate instruction. As to knowledge about religion, there is also a trend in society for become aware or the role of religion in shaping culture. The presence of large Islamic immigrant communities, has sharpened awareness for differing value systems and mores, between religions and cultures. These factors of sociology of religion, and of societal change, led to developments towards integrated religious instruction, to the inclusion of perspectives and themes of science of religion in denominational curricula, and to the increased inclusion of themes of religion in secular ethics instruction. In this context, the German Association for Science of Religion (DVRW) endorsed a position paper, calling for an integrated instruction of religion (and ethics) for all students. It also calls for science of religion as regular study requirement to qualify for teaching such an integrated subject. This model is in force in only on state of Germany (and in some Swiss cantons). The position paper thus has aspects of promoting the position of the discipline. This review gives a critical analysis of arguments proposed in this position paper that was debated and endorsed at the recent conference of the DVRW in Bayreuth in September of 2023. My critique of this position paper is based on decades of teaching Protestant Religion at upper secondary schools, with the experience of applying instruction on other religions, on the basis of science of religion – as prescribed by the curriculum, about which I published, as with a teacher’s manual for the instruction on Hinduism (including Yoga), and Buddhism,1 as required by the curriculum. (This manual combines perspectives of science of religion, theological approaches, from the perspectives of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Protestant Christianity, and of history of culture.), by contributing to debate in the field,2 and lectures, on didactical consequences of secularisation for religious instruction,3 and professional publications,4 also in sociological perspective.5

Revival of Ancient Questions: Current Developments in Theological Animal Ethics

Since the middle of the 19th century, animal husbandry has been industrialised and subdued to economic efficiency to an unsurpassable degree. Animals as living beings and fellow creatures have largely fallen by the wayside. Whereas philosophical ethics has reflected this situation critically since the 1970s, theological ethics entered the debate only with a notable delay in the 2010s and was enormously fostered by the encyclical Laudato si’ in 2015. The article discusses different theological approaches to animal ethics and links it with the origins of Christian animal ethics in the patristic era. Finally, it focuses attention on the most debated controversy in animal ethics, namely meat consumption, and argues for the postponing of this question in favour of progress in animal welfare.

Visi Deradikalisme Dalam Pendidikan Agama Islam Tentang Demokrasi di Universitas Samudra

This article discusses Islamic Religious Education at Samudera University as an instrument of deradicalism. The aim of this article is to reveal the vision of deradicalism in the topic of democracy taught in Islamic religious education. Primary data is in the form of Islamic Religious Education modules and interviews with course lecturers. Data analysis uses qualitative descriptive methods and hermeneutic, historical, political, and Islamic theological approaches. The findings of this article show that Samudera University has a mission to support regional and national development, and Islamic religious education is an instrument of deradicalism. It was also found that deradicalism on the topic of democracy includes criticism of views that reject democracy in Islam; exploration of meaning, history, and values ​​in democracy; reveals the understanding that supports democracy in Islam, and the relevance of democracy to the history of classical Islamic political praxis. Based on these findings, it is concluded that Islamic religious education regarding democracy at Ocean University not only has a vision of deradicalism, but also functions to build harmony between religious beliefs and empirical social problems.

Кенотическая экклесиология М. М. Тареева: Опыт реконструкции

The article attempts to reconstruct and comprehensively analyze the ecclesiological conception of Mikhail Mikhailovich Tareev (1867-1934), Professor of Moral Theology at the Moscow Theological Academy at the beginning of the 20th century. The study consistently outlines the characteristic features of Tareev's theological approach, examines the features of his ecclesiology, proves the author's definition of his ecclesiology as kenotic. The specifics of the Tareev’s method is the division of the elements of the problem being analyzed into categories of absolute (internal) and relative (external). In other words, this problem appears in his extensive legacy as a problem of the correlation of content and form. Russian theologian understands the Church as a form of Christianity. Christianity as an inner, mystical, spiritual life has the life of the Church as its vestment. Christianity is possible only in the Church, and produces it. Being the realization of spiritual life in the world (“mir”), the Church must be holy and free from the world. At the same time, it is through the Church that the Christian spirit, or the spirit of Christ, influences the world, transforms it by Christ’s grace. According to Tareev, Christians represent a golden chain, on the one hand, connected with Christ and the saints, on the other hand, uniting all the living faithful. The Church is defined by the Russian theologian as a Society, a Kingdom, an Organism, a Union etc.; it is founded by Christ during His sufferings. Church’s purpose is to serve as an intermediary between the mystical life of the individual and the historical life of society. Due to the symmetry of Tareev's Christology and ecclesiology, the latter is defined as kenotic. The article ends with the designation of possible reasons for Tareev's formulation of his idea of the Church

Implementasi Khiyar Majelis Dalam Akad Transaksi Jual Beli Perspektif Ekonomi Syariah

This study aims to analyze one of the rights contained in the sale and purchase transaction, namely the khiyar right. The type of research used is library research. There are two approaches used, namely the normative theological approach and the socio-economic approach. Information on data sources is obtained from primary data and secondary data with data collection methods carried out by in-depth searches of references and then analyzed comprehensively. The results showed that in the perspective of Sharia economics, khiyar is one of the rights that must be given to both parties in buying and selling transactions, but the current phenomenon is very rarely found to be implemented by both parties in the transaction. Therefore, one of the findings in this study is to provide education to the public about the importance of implementing khiyar as an integral part of buying and selling, so that both parties like each other.

SPIRITUALITAS DAN TEOLOGI SOSIAL PENTAKOSTAL ASIA

Asia is a locus of a society full of suffering and poverty. An active role in social life is an expected construction for the relevance of life. The article examines the spirituality and theology adopted by Pentecostals to engage in social life. The research method used is qualitative with a constructive theology approach. The research results show that the relationship between creation and history becomes essential because it provides a way to talk about the importance of action in the divinely created biophysical order while still distinguishing it from the discussion about creation as a product of divine causality. The maintenance of the Holy Spirit in creation is done with involvement in responding to social issues. When one understands creation as a biophysical order, the created order contains development in mind. In other words, the cultural mandate reflects the implicit understanding that the entire biophysical order was created in a potential state, ready for a long development process, and maintained with the help of the Holy Spirit.