Theological Academy Research Articles

Students protests at the Kyiv Theological Academy in 1859: causes, course, consequences

This article tries to reconstruct and analyze the conflict between students and administration in 1859 at the Kyiv Theological Academy. This conflict was different from the rest because it was not typical for this educational institution and, finally, grew into an open protest of students by XX and XXI courses against the administration of the educational institution. This is the first open protest of students, which, among other things, was made known outside the Academy.In 1861 the newspaper “Kolokol” published a collective statement from 1859 of the students of the Kyiv Theological Academy, addressed to the Russian emperor. It talked about the unsatisfactory conditions of providing students. It was not stated how this document ended up in the hands of the editors. The fact that the text appeared in a popular edition banned in the Russian Empire, which, moreover, was republished in Soviet times, shaped the approach to assessing the conflict in the Academy. On the one hand, the student performance remained almost the most famous page not only of the “revolutionary” but also of the everyday history of the Kyiv Theological Academy. On the other hand, most currently known works are not separately about the conflict of 1859. Instead, this is covered in general research on the Kyiv Theological Academy. A main feature of the research that mentions the conflict of 1859 is the emphasis on the superficial causes and consequences of the conflict (there were complaints from students about housing, living conditions, and studying process. Students entered into open conflict, that is why they were expelled from Kyiv Theological Academy). However, this is only a small part of the story. Other studentsʼ motives recede into the background or are not taken into the investigation at all. The article involves personal documents and archival materials (including behavior journals, decisions of the Academic Сouncil, individual notes of the students, etc.), which demonstrate another view of the conflict of 1859. The conflict is able to show the problems in the structure of the Academy, the reactions of the students, and the methods of solving them on the part of the Academy’s employees and teachers. It is proposed to outline the list of participants, trace the actions of students and the administration, and highlight the causes and consequences of conflict for both sides.

The Research Activity of Rev. Prof. Remigiusz Sobański in the Field of Substantive Canon Law

Remigiusz Sobański (1930–2010), a long-time professor at the Faculty of Canon Law of the Academy of Catholic Theology in Warsaw, and then at Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw. Although his research focused mainly on the theory of canon law, he also published several dozen works in the field of canonical matrimonial law. These works cover four main research areas: marriage law (general rules), marriage consent, form of marriage, mixed marriages. Moreover, as a judicial vicar, he prepared and published several dozen sentences in the cases of nullitatis matrimonii.

“Floral Triodion” of 1631 from collection of early printed books of book collection of Volyn Orthodox Theological Academy

“Floral Triodion” of 1631 from collection of early printed books of book collection of Volyn Orthodox Theological Academy

Psychology of Religion in the Infosphere of the Russian Theological Academies of the XIX – beginning XX centuries. (on the example of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy)

Psychology of Religion in the Infosphere of the Russian Theological Academies of the XIX – beginning XX centuries. (on the example of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy)

Ювілейні видання 1930-х років інституцій Греко-католицької Церкви в Галичині

Jubilee editions of such institutions of the Greek Catholic Church as: the Theological Scientific Society, the Greek Catholic Theological Academy, and theological seminaries in Lviv and Przemyśl, published in Galicia in the 1930s, are considered. Publications covered the scientific and educational activities of the mentioned institutions based on the documentary materials. These reflect the leading role of both the head of the Greek Catholic Church, Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytskyi, and the rector of the Theological Academy, Dr. Josyp Slipyi. The documents and materials presented in the jubilee editions, such as the messages of Metropolitan Sheptytskyi, reports of rector J. Slipyi, bibliography of publications of the Theological Scientific Society and Theological Academy, biographies of religious and cultural figures of Galicia, registers of scientific seminars on theology, philosophy, history, Slavic philology and sacred art, evidence the deep scientific research undertaken in the field of humanitarian studies. The main organizer of scientific research in the interwar period was the Shevchenko Scientific Society in Lviv, but the other institutions, such as: the Theological Scientific Society and the Theological Academy, the only Ukrainian higher school in Galicia, also took an important part in the development of national science and culture. Ukrainian theological science was represented at the European level by the journal «Theology», the edition published by the Theological Scientific Society, and later by the Theological Academy. It published materials written not only by theologians, but also by Ukrainian and foreign historians, writers, art critics, philosophers, and national educational figures, which contributed to revitalizing public life in Galicia. The use of these materials and documents by modern researchers of the history of the Greek-Catholic Church of the interwar period in publications, fundamental editions, discussions at symposia and scientific seminars, which are mentioned in the article, attests to the relevance and source value of such jubilee publications.

The Called. Church Musicians in the Face of Cultural Changes

The article is an attempt to diagnose selected cultural and social threats and to relate them to the everyday life of church musicians and their profession. In this regard, the reflection is based on the analysis presented in the book Kłopot za kłopotem. Katolik w dryfującej Europie [Trouble follows trouble. A Catholic in a drifting Europe] by Fr Maciej Zięba OP. In the second part, the article refers to the tripartite model of sacred music, consisting of feeling, aesthetics and mystery, proposed by an eminent theologian, member of the Pontifical Academy of Theology, Professor Inos Biffi. This model should provide answers to quetions of interest to us: How can a Christian musician plan and shape his professional future? Can he face the growing problems, and if so, then how?

The Path from the Idea Of Social Truth to Compromise with the Bolsheviks in the Publications of the Ideologist of the Renovationist Split, Prof. B.V. Titlinov

The article discusses the development of the idea of the “social truth of the Gospel” in the works of Professor of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy B.V. Titlinov, who, after the February Revolution of 1917, became one of the active supporters of the new liberal government, and in 1922 veered into the Renovationist schism in the Russian Orthodox Church, became a key figure in Renovationism, one of the ideologists of the Renovationist schism. The author of the study, based on the texts of Titlinov from different years, proposes to identify the point that made it possible to establish a certain compromise between the renovation movement and the Bolshevik authorities of socialist Russia. A feature of this historical moment was the situation in which what for B.V. Titlinov and other Renovationists was an attempt to reconcile Christianity and revolutionary socialism, for the Bolsheviks themselves it was exclusively a tool for the defeat of Christianity in Russia. The antagonism of these two views — Christianity and Bolshevism — was manifested even at the time of the First Russian Revolution of 1905-1907, although the desire for social truth was also expressed by church liberal democrats of these years, to which Titlinov can be attributed, and the leader of the Bolshevik socialists V.I. Lenin.

Греховное состояние человека. Фрагмент систематического французско-русского словаря религиозной лексики (часть вторая)

This work is a continuation of the publication of separate parts of the Systematic French-Russian Dictionary of Religious Vocabulary. This article is part of a larger section, Protagonistes de la religion chretienne, which includes the topics Dieu, Etres crees, Condition pecheresse de l'homme Attitudes et qualites requises des croyants, Fideles de Dieu (de l'Eglise).As with previous posts, the main goal is to present vocabulary relevant to the topic (without pretensions to theological interpretation). In some cases, we gave as a Russian equivalent not only the lexeme of the modern Russian language, but also Church Slavonicism (if it is found among the authors of the XX-XXI centuries), which has the mark church-arch.The general topic is quite extensive, so the publication is divided into two parts: the second part will begin with the fifth paragraph, and it will include lexemes and lexical expressions denoting specific manifestations of human sinfulness.As in previous publications, examples for individual items (phrases in quotation marks), as a rule, reveal the content of the concept and illustrate the use of the lexeme in the language. In most cases, they are composed of elements (both individual lexemes and phrases) appearing in French and Russian sources, but are not direct quotations.This work has been proofread by Ph.D. Comparative Theologian, vv. teacher of the Moscow Theological Academy, Archpriest Igor Vyzhanov, to whom I express my gratitude for the thoughtful reading and comments that I took into account.

Российская (Псевдо-) Амвросиана в переводческих традициях Синодального периода

The article studies the history of works signed by the name of St. Ambrose of Milan which was translated into Church Slavonic and Russian. The tradition of translations of the Bishop of Mediolanum is very young and heterogeneous. The first translations have been appeared sporadically only in the second half of the 18th century, and they were not systematic. The chronological framework of the article is due to the fact that the main body of the theological, homiletic and moral-ascetic heritage of the St. Ambrose was translated and published precisely in the Synodal period. Later, some early translations have been reprinted again and again or taken as a basis for adapting texts into modern language. Thanks to the educational activities of the St. Petersburg and the Kiev Theological Academies, which began to translate regularly and print the texts of the Holy Fathers, the number of publications from the authentic texts of the saint, as well as The pseudo-Ambrose's “Words”, increased noticeably. Many translations were published in the journals “Christian Reading”, “Sunday Reading”, “A Guide for Rural Shepherds”, which contributed to the spread of the patristic heritage outside the walls of religious educational institutions. In the article we reconstruct, if possible, the names of the translators and establish the source of original Latin texts, due to misattribution of many writings published under the name of St. Ambrose. The results are expected to contribute to clarify and to supply bibliographic lists, as well as to prepare a complete annotated catalog of editions of St. Ambrose of Milan in Russian and Church Slavonic.

CAPITAL LETTERS OF THE "FLOWER TRIOD" OF 1631

It is difficult to imagine our word without a book. It accompanies a person throughout life and is a valuable source of knowledge and information. The masters of Ukrainian printed books have written a bright page in the history of national culture and book heritage. They have created editions that are true artistic masterpieces – with their unique shape, the special beauty of Cyrillic fonts, engravings, screensavers, endings, capital letters and other design elements. The printing house of the Kiev-Pechersk Lavra has published many liturgical books, among which a special place is occupied by the «Flower Triod», dated June 1, 1631. This is the first edition of the «Flower Triod» in Ukraine and today it is one of the rare editions. The book was published at a time when the Archimandrite of the Lavra was St. Petro Mohyla, who contributed to the development of book printing, education and paid great attention to providing national features for the printing house. The «Flower Triod» is an extremely luxurious publication that contains many ornaments and wonderful engravings. It contains many capital letters of various sizes and artistic incarnations. There are about 150 different capital letters, mostly red, one – black. This article briefly described the investigation of the capital letters of the valuable edition of the printing house of the Holy Dormition Kiev-Pechersk Lavra «Flower Triod» of 1631, one copy of which is now stored in the collection of old prints of the Volyn Orthodox Theological Academy. Analysis showed that the two types of capital letters are observed in this valuable edition: letters covered with ornaments and letters with ornamental-plot compositions. Rich and varied themes, iconography, compositional and artistic and stylistic features of miniatures-illustrations of capital letters, their placement on the pages of the book, etc. open many new opportunities for the researcher of the art of books, which in turn will complement the glorious history of Ukrainian printing and book heritage.

Valentin Feliksovich VOINO-YASENETSKY - Archbishop, professor-surgeon. To the 145th of birthday

Valentin Feliksovich VOINO-YASENETSKY - Archbishop, professor-surgeon. To the 145th of birthday

Ф. М. Достоевский на страницах церковной академической периодики конца XIX - начала XX века (на материале журнала Московской духовной академии «Богословский вестник»)

В статье рассматривается проблема восприятия творческого наследия Ф. М. Достоевского в церковной академической периодике рубежа XIX-XX вв. В «Богословском вестнике», журнале Московской духовной академии, представлен довольно большой пласт материалов, так или иначе связанных с Достоевским (в этом смысле писатель оставляет далеко позади себя Пушкина, Гоголя, Лескова и др.). Обращает на себя внимание широта тематического контекста, в котором упоминается Достоевский и/или его произведения (от историко-литературного и религиозно-философского до социально-психологического и естественнонаучного). Типичные формулы, через которые определяется образ писателя на страницах «Богословского вестника» - проповедник православия, учитель пастырей, панславист, психолог, философ, гений и др. В большинстве публикаций «Богословского вестника» сочинения Достоевского выступают не столько как объект историко-литературного анализа, сколько используются в качестве материала, позволяющего прокомментировать актуальные нравственно-философские вопросы современности или, что наблюдается в статьях научно-богословского характера, проиллюстрировать на доступном для читателей языке догматические основы христианства и православной аскетики. В некоторых статьях проводится сопоставление известных людей с персонажами произведений Достоевского (например, личность В. Розанова и его религиозность сравнивается с образом Алёши Карамазова и его верой в Бога). В «Богословском вестнике» творческое наследие Достоевского рассматривается не только как вершинное явление отечественной литературы, но и как значимый фактор русской православной культуры. The article deals with the problem of perception of the creative heritage of F. M. Dostoevsky in the church academic periodicals at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. The journal of the Moscow Theological Academy «Theological Bulletin» presents a fairly large layer of materials in one way or another related to Dostoevsky (in this sense, the writer leaves Pushkin, Gogol, Leskov and others far behind him). Noteworthy is the breadth of the thematic context in which Dostoevsky and / or his works are mentioned (from historical-literary and religious-philosophical to socio-psychological and natural science). Typical formulas through which the image of a writer on the pages of the Theological Bulletin is determined are a preacher of Orthodoxy, a teacher of pastors, a Panslavist, a psychologist, a philosopher, a genius etc. In most of the publications of The Theological Bulletin, Dostoevsky’s works are not so much an object of historical and literary analysis as they are used as material to comment on current moral and philosophical issues of our time or, as observed in articles of a scienti c and theological nature, to illustrate in a language accessible to readers dogmatic foundations of Christianity and Orthodox asceticism. Some articles compare famous people with characters in Dostoevsky’s works (for example, V. Rozanov’s personality and his religiosityare compared with the image of Alyosha Karamazov and his faith in God). Dostoevsky’s reception in The Theological Bulletin is carried out in a religious and philosophical aspect, the writer's creative heritage is viewed not only as the summit phenomenon of Russian literature, but also as a signi cant factor in Russian Orthodox culture, expressing its most important features.

Between Orthopraxy and Orthodoxy: International Yezidi Theological Academy in Tbilisi

The International Yezidi Theological Academy established in Tbilisi is a breakthrough initiative in the history of Yezidism. The objective of my study is to describe the environment in which it was founded, its goals, leading figures and courses taught. The main part of the article is preceded by a brief description of Yezidism and its religious principles, which, due to the ban on writing, have been spread for centuries orally and have not been codified in writing. The following section outlines the changes that have taken place among Yezidis living in Transcaucasia, especially since the 20th century, when the ban on writing was widely violated, as well as the initiatives taken to preserve their cultural and religious identity. The latest of these initiatives is the Yezidi Theological Academy that provides Yezidis with traditional religious knowledge in an academic style.

Awaiting Mercy: Structural Commentary on the Epistle of Jude by Kalina Wojciechowska and Mariusz Rosik

Reviewed by: Awaiting Mercy: Structural Commentary on the Epistle of Jude by Kalina Wojciechowska and Mariusz Rosik Dominik Tomczyk kalina wojciechowska and mariusz rosik, Oczekując miłosierdzia. Komentarz strukturalny do Listu św. Judy [Awaiting Mercy: Structural Commentary on the Epistle of Jude] ( Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Naukowe ChAT, 2020). Pp. 458. PLN 92, 40. The Epistle of Jude is one of the four shortest NT writings (following the Epistle to Philemon and the Second and Third Epistles of John). The 456-word text contains 227 unique words (Philemon consists of 328 words of which 141 are unique). In the mid-1970s, D. J. Rowston suggested that "the most neglected book in the New Testament is probably the book of Jude" ("The Most Neglected Book," NTS 21 [1975] 554). Even Martin Luther considered it merely an "extract" of 2 Peter (p. 43), although today quite the opposite view is held. It is therefore not surprising that in biblical studies this letter has attracted little attention, which led to the neglect of Jude's theological message. Does this mean that the twenty-five verses of this epistle are bereft of theological meaning for the church and believers? The present book is not the first time that Polish Bible scholars Kalina Wojciechowska (Lutheran; Christian Theological Academy in Warsaw) and Fr. Mariusz Rosik (Catholic; Pontifical Faculty of Theology in Wrocław) have jointly reflected on NT texts. In 2018, they published a structural commentary on the Epistle of James, in which they highlighted the theme of wisdom in their exegesis (Mądrość zstępująca z góry: Komentarz strukturalny do Listu św. Jakuba [Wisdom that Comes from Heaven: Structural Commentary on the Epistle of James] [Wydawnictwo Naukowe ChAT; Warsaw, 2018]; English translation in preparation by Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht). In the present work, they seek to restore the Book of Jude to its rightful place in contemporary biblical reflection (p. 33). An individual commentary on the Epistle of Jude "is rare" (p. 33). This commentary is divided into two parts. The first part presents a typical introduction to the main topics concerning the epistle: its contents and canonicity, authorship and date, recipients, vocabulary and style, literary genre, and structure. The second part of the monograph is an extensive structural commentary. In contrast to the proposals of other commentators (Richard Bauckham, G. L. Green, F. D. Watson, Ernst R. Wendland, and C. D. Osburn), W. and R. propose their own chiastic structure of the epistle, in which Hebrew rhetoric "overlaps the Hellenistic rhetorical structure" (p. 94). With this approach, "it is possible to view the text in a more holistic way and to draw out not only its alarming and paraenetic (protreptic) aspects but the theological aspect as well" (ibid.). [End Page 340] The table below presents the general organisational structure of the commentary as adopted by the authors (p. 94). Structure of classical rhetoric Epistle of Jude Structure of Hebrew rhetoric 1. Prescript 1–2 1–3 Salvation A 2. Exordium/prooimion 3–4 4 Godlessness and judgment B 3. Narratio 5 5ab Salvation A′ 5c Godlessness and judgment B′ 4. Probation/argumentatio 6–19 6–19 Godlessness and judgment B″ 5. Peroratio/epilogos 20–25 20–25 Salvation A″ In contrast to commentaries that take a linear approach to the structure of Jude, W. and R.'s concept of the concentric structure of the epistle allows its full theological message to be extracted. In the view of the authors, if the correct literary structure of the book is not grasped, its theological depth remains unrevealed. According to W. and R., vv. 14–15 (eschatological judgment announced from the beginning of salvation history) are the axis of the text in their synthesis of the main "elements of Jude's soteriology, Christology and hermeneutics" (p. 34). This is in contrast to S. M. Coder and Wendland, who see v. 11 as the center, or C. D. Osburn, who argues for vv. 17–19. The chiastic structure of the book clearly shows the "hidden" elements of Jude's teaching on salvation in the face of eschatological judgment (p. 95). Verses 14–15 of the epistle, according to the W. and R.'s structure, are a "culmination of theological...

А. ВАСИЛЬЕВТІҢ «ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЙ ОЧЕРК РУССКОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ В ТУРГАЙСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ» АТТЫ ЕҢБЕГІНІҢ ТАРИХИ ДЕРЕКТІК ЖӘНЕ ТАНЫМДЫҚ МАҢЫЗЫ (Очерктің ІІ және ІІІ бөлімдері бойынша)

Alexander Vasilievich Vasiliev (1861–1943) was a missionary, he worked in the field of organizing education for “inorodtsy” (indigenous people) during the period of the Russian Empire. He was a Turkologist who could speak the Chuvash, Tatar, Kazakh and Arabic languages. He was Chuvash by his origin. A. Vasiliev studied at the Cheboksary Theological School in 1869-1876, then at the Kazan Theological Seminary in 1876-1882, later at the Kazan Theological Academy with a degree in anti-Muslim religion. After graduating from the Kazan Theological Academy in 1886, he taught Greek, missionary subjects, and music at the Orenburg Theological Seminary.After teaching, he works as an official. One of these positions was his work as an inspector of the Turgai region in 1889-1894. In this position, he deeply familiarized himself with the history of the spread of Russian education in the Turgai region. As a result, his historical work “Historical sketch of Russian education in the Turgai region” was published, published in 1896 in Orenburg. Under the influence of the class ideology that prevailed in the Soviet era, this study was “closed” and little known in the scientific community.This research by A. Vasiliev is a valuable historical work based on the works of N. Ilminsky, V. Grigoriev, official letters from the Orenburg administration, government documents, archival materials that were at the forefront of attracting Russian education in the Turgai region. The work contains detailed historical data on the opening of Russian-Kazakh schools in the Turgai region, teachers who worked there, students who received education. The book also contains the first information about the pedagogical activity of the teacher A. Baitursynov. This book is important for understanding the history of the spread of Russian education in the Kazakh steppe.

Spiritual Concert "By my Voice" in the Context of the Problem of Author's Attribution

The urgency of the problem of authorial attribution of works by Ukrainian composers of the second half of the 18th – early 19th centuries is substantiated. The author emphasizes the importance of defining authorship as one of the urgent tasks of modern Ukrainian music studies, the relevance of which is justified not only by the scientific component, the need for a deeper understanding of stylistic processes in contemporary art, but also the practical significance of research results, as they are directly related to the performance. Emphasis is placed on the need to clarify the authorship of opuses in today's conditions, when, unfortunately, we have many cases of works under other people's names due to appeals to low-quality music sources in which the authorship of works is erroneous. It is shown that modern researchers have to deal with double and even triple authorship, that is with the opposite authorial attribution in different sources, as well as with other cases, as much as the need to clarify the authorship of the work. The achievements of modern contemporary musicologists who work in the appropriate direction, trying to return the losses and erroneously attributed works to the heritage of their true creators are summarized. Different approaches to solving the set goal are revealed. The main features of the functioning of Ukrainian musical culture and its features that caused a large-scale problem of authorial attribution in relation to the creative activity of the Classicist era are identified. The role of the Kyiv-Mohyla and theological academy in preserving the Ukrainian musical heritage is emphasized. A source study and comparative textual study of the spiritual concert "By my voice", which in different sources has different authorial attributions – Artemy Wedel, Stepan Degtyarev and Lev Gurilev. The available printed editions and the manuscript list of the concert from the library of the Kyiv Theological Academy are stored in the Department of Library Collections and Historical Collections at the Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine. The elements of musical language and musical speech that may testify against the authorship of A. Wedel, as well as those that, on the contrary, testify in his favor, are singled out. A hypothesis is expressed regarding the authorship of the work and it is stated that there is currently a lack of musical materials for the final conclusion, first of all two musical texts attributed to L. Gurilov, which are in Russian music collections.

Development of Theological-Apologetical Discourse in Biblical Studies at Kiev Theological Academy of the late XIX - early XX centuries

The article highlights the development of hermeneutical strategies for the analysis and refutation of rationalist “negative” biblical criticism, represented by the works of leading theologians - professors of the Kiev Theological Academy of the late XIX - early XX centuries. In the conditions of secularization, the decline of church authority, the spread of political radicalism, the need for apologetic understanding of the biblical heritage increased. A systematic analysis of the signs, approaches and methods of rationalism in biblical studies has been heuristicly valuable, in particular: criticism of panlogism, abstract schematics, empirically groundless extrapolations and generalizations. At the same time, Kyiv Biblical scholars criticized the insolvent apologetic techniques: the literalistic view of the inspiration, the absolute authority of the tradition, the excessive spiritualization in the perception of the biblical prophecy. Their main goal was to prove the authenticity and authenticity of the content of biblical books and the very biblical hystory. The methodological impulse for the biblical apologetics was the intensification of supranaturalism, providentialism, and soteriology in the reading and interpretation of the Bible - just as the Holy Scriptures of the Church. The apologetic motive was to determine both scientific bibliological studies, and school teaching and study of the Bible, and private and public Biblical reading for religious and moral instruction.

The infosphere of theological schools of the Russian Empire in the 19th — early 20th century

The article explores a field quite new for Russian religious studies: research into the infosphere of religious institutions. In our case, the term “infosphere” defines a totality of institutions and informational resources of various origin, as well as channels of research communications, including verbal communication, those providing the development of this infosphere. At that, we rely on works by one of the creators of contemporary philosophy of information Luciano Floridi, who built that neologism according to the pattern of the term “biosphere” and put it in the research circulation in the mid 1990s, in the context of studying the new informational reality. In this work, we consider a small segment of the research of infosphere: studying the infosphere of the Orthodox theological schools of the Russian Empire of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. We analyze the main methodological approaches to studying the noosphere of seminaries and theological academies, the historiography, and the sources of that topic. The scale of the tasks requires the involvement of a wide range of sources. There are various written materials, both printed matters and manuscripts. There are catalogues of libraries collected in seminaries and theological academies, lists of personal libraries of teachers of theological educational institutions. Another valuable source of data on the infosphere of theological schools is a variety of notes and plans of lectures, journals of meetings of councils and conferences organized in theological academies, correspondence, and memoirs. Analysis of the content of periodicals makes it possible to reconstruct the informational field of teachers and students of theological educational institutions of the Russian Empire. It allows us to make a complex research of the circle of reading of representatives of the clergy, which played a significant role in the Russian culture of the pre-Soviet period.

DIFFICULT WAY OF FORMATION: THE THEOLOGICAL LYCEUM IN LVIV AS A «FORERUNNER» GREEK-CATHOLIC THEOLOGICAL ACADEMY (1919–1928)

The presented article examines the activities of the theological lyceum in Lviv, which was the predecessor of the greek-catholic theological academy. This academy is a promising educational project started by Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytskyi and rector of the archdiocesan seminary priest Yosyf Slipyi – was created and started its work in 1928–1929. Until the end of its existence, due to unfavorable social and political circumstances, it was never able to receive official accreditation either from the Polish state or from the Roman Apostolic See. However, despite this, the theological academy left a noticeable mark in the history not only of greek-catholics, but also of ukrainians as a whole. After the collapse of Austria-Hungary at the end of 1918 and the subsequent defeat of the army of the West Ukrainian People’s Republic, Eastern Galicia came under the rule of Poland. Various punitive and restrictive measures were applied to ukrainians who did not agree with this development of events. This also applied to the opportunity to obtain higher education. Taking into account all the above facts, galician greek-catholic Metropolitan Andrei Sheptytskyi was forced to stop the education of his seminarians at the theological faculty of Lviv University and organize private lectures for them at the theological seminary. In the future, he planned to realize his old dream and create a full-fledged theological educational institution for eastern catholics in Lviv, but the realization of such a plan required more time. The study shows that theological lyceum became an intermediate stage that allowed to pass the crisis period and to continue the formation and scientific training of future greek-catholic priests. Keywords: higher education, theological academy, theological seminary, Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church, Yosyf Slipyi, Andrei Sheptytskyi.

Infosphere and the Study of Religious Education in the Russian Empire

For humanitarians, the latest century was a period of active search for new methodological approaches. New informational technologies have expanded the capabilities of the human body; they have become “prostheses” expanding the perspectives of scholarly research. And it applies not only to data processing methods, but to the search for necessary research information as well. Thanks to digitized archives and research publications, which are located in virtual libraries, knowledge is coming into the infosphere. The concept of “infosphere”, that complemented a series of other “spheres”, such as “bibliosphere”, “noosphere”, etc, was introduced into the modern research vocabulary by Luciano Floridi. In the 1990-s, he stated that the emergence of new information systems means the onset of “the fourth revolution” and shaping the infosphere. But, in fact, the infosphere and the “virtual world” existed earlier; they appeared along with book collections. In this sense, we may talk about the infosphere in the context of the nineteenth century and even earlier epochs. The article sets issues of the reconstruction of the infosphere of the Orthodox educational institutions of the Russian Empire. The sources for such research include descriptions of book collections of seminaries and theological academies, the periodicals of those educational institutions, memories of teachers and students, and so on. The basis for the study of the infosphere of the Orthodox educational institutions is built on the numerous research works on the process of teaching in theological educational institutions, and on the history of their book collections. It is acceptable to talk about the infosphere of the Orthodox educational institutions of the Russian Empire in relation to virtual collections that are actively created in the Internet.